Spatial Management and Planning Methods for Urban Fringe

Transcription

1 IFHP 55 th World Congress Tallinn 13 September, 2011 Spatial Management and Planning Methods for Urban Fringe - A Case Study of Raigad district, Mumbai metropolitan region, India - Minsun Kim International Development and Regional Planning Unit Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo

2 Ⅰ. Introduction - Background, Objectives, Outline of study area Ⅱ. Spatial Analysis on Land use change Ⅲ. Review on Planning and Development control system Ⅳ. Clarification of Urbanization effect and Urban-Rural Linkage - Case study on rural villages Ⅴ. Conclusion and Findings

3 Challenges of Peri-Urbanization Asian megacities have experienced urban growth at an explosive pace. Decentralization for balaced regional development Centralization for making competitive city in the global economy Social and economic negative consequences and disparities between urban and rural area in metropolitan region. Rural: human quality of life and agriculture environment degradation, new type of immigrants from remote rural area.. Urban: pollution, congestion, informal employment and settlement.. Developing countries: Irrational land ownership and poorly planned and managed land use and development Integrated management system beyond the urban-rural boundary for a better balanced metropolitan region development Role of Peri-urban, rural space For urban residents: fresh and low-cost agricultural production, recreation, environmental relaxation... For rural residents: stable consumer market, access to the goods and materials, side-job opportunity... Institutional and planning support to increase benefits from co-existence for strenthening urban-rural linkage in metropolitan area

4 Situation of Asian Countries Compressed growth: began to establish their national infrastructure and governance after independence Colonial city: well-resourced primacy cities in the colonials era, e.g. Seoul, Shanghai, Mumbai, became the bases of economic growth MEGAcities: 7 out of 10 world s biggest metropolitan regions are in Asia based on the population criteria Changes in land use: land markets are experiencing competitive pressure as urban center expand and satellite towns are developed, speculation is frequent Aging and decreasing rural (agricultural) population: in case of Japan, agricultural population is only 3.5, 60% of those are over 65. abandoned agricultural land Urban residents growing interest in agriculture: weekend house in suburban area, public farms, involvement in activities to support farmers

5 Why India? History of decentralization Panchayati Raj self-governing village communities by elected bodies ensures greater participation of people 73 rd Constitutional amendment: to devolve state s authority to local government, to ensure minorities participation Rural population: 72%, Agricultural population: 60% Problems resulted from rapid urbanization trends In Mumbai, 60% of the population is living in slum Concept of Urban-rural Linkage ー Based on the concept of a functional urban region which can extend to include both the rural and peri-urban regions. ー not only the flow of public and private capital, people and goods between urban and rural areas, but also the flow of ideas, information and diffusion of innovation. ー Adequate infrastructure such as transportation, communication, energy and basic services is the key of approach. (Source: / UNESCAP, 2006)

6 1. Analysis on long-term trends in land-use change and clarify various factors which have influenced spatial pattern of urban expansion in Mumbai metropolitan region 2. Review the development control system (acts, regulations and organizational structure) operated within the context of the preservation of agricultural land 3. Case study on suburban villages in Panvel block, Raigad district to reveal urbanization effects on the local economy and characteristics of existing urban-rural linkage

7 M.Corp. of Greater Mumbai India s economic hub, consist of Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban Uran M.Council Famous for J.N. Port and its rear industrial function Thane Municipal Corp. Population increased due to industrial/residential development since 70s. Current Pop. 1,260,000 Navi Mumbai M.Corp. Planned satellite city for decongestion of Mumbai. Current Pop. 700,000 Panvel M.Council Transportation hub by 2 national highways link, planned site for new intl airport Approx. Pop. (2001 Census) MMR 18,890,000 2,200,000 Urban Pop. 94.5% 24% Density 4,065/k m2 308/k m2 Area 4,355 k m2 942k m2 Admin. Divisions 8 municipal corporations, 9 municipal councils 15 blocks Raigad Admin. Bureau MMRDA (1975~) Raigad District Collector Office Master plan Regional Plan ( ) None Mumbai city Mumbai suburban Thane Raigad Alibag M.Council Pen M.Council Incorporated into MMR since 1996 <District-wide built-up area expansion> Rapid urbanization in Raigad since 90s

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9 <Analytical method> 1. Classification of land cover from remotely-sensed data Landsat images in 1992, 2002 and 2010 NDVI analysis, ISODATA clustering method Extraction of urbanized (built-up) areas and its distinct pattern 2. Comparison with various factors by reference to Population data by Census Regional Plan/Industrial Growth Policy Maharashtra Industrial Location Policy Maharashtra Special Economic Zone Proposal <Spatio-temporal urban footprints of MMR in 1992, 2002 and 2010> (Red: Built-up area, Yellow: Slum area) Find the relationship with Population growth, Physical infrastructure location/network <Change detection of urbanized area in MMR from 1992 to 2010>

10 Built-up Area Industrial Area Main Road Branch Road Railways <Distribution of population and its increasing rate in MMR> < Comparison of the direction of built-up area expansion with the transportation network >

11 <National level> Promotion of industrial shift - Primary to Secondary, - IT software to Export-driven manufacturing Special Economic Zone Act, 2005 SEZs can slice off a major chunk from any city and are given public utility status among other liberties. A.Vedula, <State level> New Industrial Location Policy, Revision of industrial categorization - Site locational zoning Polluting and hazardous industries were banned from Mumbai and Thane, were to be moved to Raigad m2 0 Mumbai 旧市街地 city Mumbai サバーバン suburban Thane ターネ県 Raigad ライガド県 <Changes in area of industrial land> <MMR industrial zone and location of major industrial developments> Greater M. Thane Raigad MMR avg. State avg. <Regional, Sectoral annual growth rate > Primary Secondary Tertiary

12 <Revised Regional Plan Zoning> Urbanizable zone-1 Existing urban centers, new towns, etc. Concerned planning authorities prepare development plan, regulate developments in the zone Urbanizable zone-2 Potential area for urban development - side of major roads, around railway stations Developments depend on private land owners and developers Development Plan doesn t prepared; developments are regulated by DCRs Green Zone-1 DCRs permit farm houses, week-end houses, resorts, highway amenities, etc. Unauthorized construction of shops, workshops and residents along the highways in G-1 Zone < MMR Zoning map overlapped with built-up 2010> <Problems related Land Act> Land Acquisition Act 1894, Town Planning Act 1966 allow government to acquire private land for public purpose Rural land owner s protest Informal development and conversion of farmland increased due to complicated procedure and high stamp duty

13 SPAs are established in 43 of the region Increased more than 60% Target area selection> Categorized U-2 (14), G-1 (39) villages in Panvel block by demographic trends 60% 50% 40% and changes on area of agricultural land 30% based on Census % Selected 3 villages showed clear changes 10% Decreased Urban footprints in SPA unestablished area Increased more than 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% -5% -10% Decreased more than 20% Village mapping by Demographic trends and Changes on area of agricultural land around Panvel

14 <Questionnaires survey about urbanization effects and urban-rural linkage> Date:5-22 Dec, 2010 Accompanied by 3 interpreters in Hindi and Marathi, 1 member of Gram panchayat (village committee), 1 member of local NGO (Yusuf Meherally Center) Collected 42 household samples from 6 settlement Barapada Karnala -Tara(Karnala)15 -Kalhe(Karnala)6 -Bandhanwadi(Karnala)5 -Barapada(Barapada)7 -Khairat wadi(barapada)4 -Kharpada(Dolghar)5 Dolghar Village Total Area Population 1991 Population 2001 Distance from Panvel Agri Land 1991 Agri Land 2001 Karnala km 10.8% 12.9% Barapada ,881 19km 27.8% 33.5% Dolghar ,026 19km 61.2% 21.5%

15 Agricultural Income: Full-time farmer: 9766 Rs Side-job farmer: 6850 Rs Farmer total: 7566 Rs Total ex.farmer: 6957 Rs - Only 10-15% of farmers product crops for sale -No agricultural modernization, Unstable price rice, wheat only

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17 = weekly total point (frequency x weighted value) Sales network - Vendors - Retail market in the village (Governmental market in Panvel) Purpose of trips to the cities - Panvel: Job, Selling and Shopping - Pen, Alibag: Hospital, Government - Navi Mumbai/Mumbai: None

18 Positive Effects of Urbanization Negative Effects of Urbanization 都市化による悪影響 Requirement to govt. schemes

19 1. Transportation networks, industrial and residential(new Town) enclaves, deregulation of zoning/development control regulations, irrational land acts and procedures served as a trigger of urban sprawls, especially in the areas outside SPA boundary 2. In general, the connections with urban area appeared to be weak due to lack of mobility. Connection with the neighbor small and medium-sized cities was stronger than large cities. However, employment connection with the small and medium-sized cities was weak. 3. In case of remote village, residents especially tenants and non-farmers tend to indicate negative effects of urbanization rather than positive effects. 4. New movement: highly-educated people of the younger generation have different pattern of employment and connection to the cities. Suggestions: Agricultural intensification and organization Opportunity for extra earning from increasing tourism demand