What is a Metropolitan Region? Why Do They Matter? What is Effective Metropolitan Management? Or, What Performance Should We Be Aiming For?

Transcription

1 What is a Metropolitan Region? Why Do They Matter? What is Effective Metropolitan Management? Or, What Performance Should We Be Aiming For? 1 1. Context urban region anchored on central economic core having more than 1 million non-farming residents hinterland defined by one or more of: daily worker commutershed (1 hr drivetime?); majority of daily supply flows to firms (2 hr drive-time?) Core and hinterland contiguous with high (differentiating) population and employment densities (in China, 500 inh/km2 non-farming pop. Densities) What is a Metropolitan Region? 2 1

2 3 50 km radius Metropolitan Core (high density) Metropolitan Core (low density, e.g. North America) Outer Core Major Inter-city Road, Commuter Rail 25 km Principal Metropolitan Sub-Center Secondary Metropolitan Sub-Center Towns High Density Suburban Medium Density Suburban Low Density Suburban Very Low Density Suburban What is a Metropolitan Region? 4 What is a Metropolitan Region? 2

3 5 Population Densities, Context 6 Cities by size of non-farming population, Context 3

4 7 53 Metropolitan Regions in China today 1. Context Urbanization Economies (households and firms) - large and multiple (competitive) input and output markets for households and firms - economies of scope and scale in private and public goods and services (including land, transport, and infrastructure services) Localization Economies (firms and workers) - sharing of specialized factor inputs, including labor - sharing of sectoral information, knowledge and innovations - sharing of distribution channels 8 Why Do Metropolitan Regions Matter? 4

5 Meeting basic human needs of all: urban/suburban, permanent/migrant, wealthy/middle income/near poor/poor 9 Maximizing Potential Agglomeration Benefits inherent in metropolitan regions for all present and future households and firms What is Effective Metropolitan Management? Maximizing Potential Agglomeration Benefits: 1. (almost) sufficient serviced land and building stock to affordably meet locational, quantitative, and qualitative demands of all households (including the poor and near-poor) 2. transport systems to affordably, safely, and predictably meet household and worker demands for accessibility to services and places of work 3. infrastructure services to affordably, safely, and predictably meet quantitative and qualitative demands of households and firms for power, communication, water, sanitation where needed 4. affordable options to facilitate the proximate location of firms, service providers, and innovation partners 5. least-effort (time and cost), safe, and predictable accessibility to firms supply and output markets, and to innovation partners 6. minimum of agglomeration diseconomies 10 What is Effective Metropolitan Management? 5

6 11 Prefecture-level Municipality of Guangzhou 2. Metropolitan Governance + Management 12 Built-up Urban Land Uses in Guangzhou and Foshan 2. Metropolitan Governance + Management 6

7 13 Population Densities, Metropolitan Governance + Management 14 Transport in Metropolitan Region 2. Metropolitan Governance + Management 7

8 15 Environmental Spillovers Regional scale 2. Metropolitan Governance + Management 16 The Real Guangzhou Metropolitan Region has no coordinating entity 2. Metropolitan Governance + Management 8

9 17 Yangtze River Shangha i O ut er Ring Road. 1. Huangpu D. 2. Luwan D. 3. Jin'an D. 4. X uhu i D. <Empty Legend> 5. Changning D. 6. Hongkou D. 7. Yangp u D. 8. Zhabei D. 9. P ut uo D. Jiading D. Jian gsu Province Jiangsu Province Qingpu D. Chongming County Baoshan D Pudong New Area 4 East East China China Sea Sea Songjiang D. Minhang D. Nanhui D. Jinshan D. Fengxian D. Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Bay Hangzhou Bay Shanghai Administrative Areas 2. Metropolitan Governance + Management Shanghai CPC: Central Neighbourhood Party Government Committees Municipal & Congresses Government at suburban urban County Commissions; Mayor District Shanghai National Ministries, State Statutory Townships Villages, Council and & hamlets Towns Vice County Municipal Mayors District Bureaux Peoples' Commissions Congress District/County, Municipal Level National Congress of CPC 18 Shanghai Governance Structure 2. Metropolitan Governance + Management 9

10 19 2. Metropolitan Governance + Management km Service Area Wastewater Treatment Plants (Current and Planned) 3. Regional Service Delivery: GuangFo 10

11 Class V Water Quality: GuangFo Regional Service Delivery: Shanghai Jiangsu Pr ovince Zhejian g Province Shanghai Outer Ringroad Jia ding Chongmi ng Q ingpu Songji ang Fengxi an Jins han Na nhui Shanghai Inner Ringroad Statuory Towns.. Area serviced by District water companies Area serviced by Town water companies Municipal Water Company Service Catchment curent service area recently expended service area commited service expension Municipal Waterworks

12 Suburban Shanghai Open Dump Facilities in 2002 There are 219 illegal open dumps with a capacity of 4060 tons/day Regional Service Delivery: Shanghai Regional Service Delivery: Shanghai Transport 12

13 25 3. RSD: New Expressways RSD: Drive-times by

14 27 4. Metropolitan Planning: Guangzhou Metropolitan Planning: Shanghai 14

15 29 4. Metropolitan Planning: Shanghai 30 Planning Preparation organized by Planning Approved by Shanghai City Development Master Plan Shanghai Municipal Government 1) Muni. People's Congress' approval 2) State Council's approval Master Plans Sector Master Plan for Water, WW, Transportation.etc Suburban District and County Master Plan Municipal Urban Planning Bureau or Sector Administration Bureaus District Government Municipal Government's approval 1) Muni. Urban Planning Bureau's review 2) District People's Congress's approval District Plan for Core City (within Out Ring Road) Municipal Urban Planning Bureau Municipal Government's approval Sub-District Zoning Plan for Core City Municipal Urban Planning Bureau Municipal Government's approval Detailed Planning for Control for "Special Areas" Municipal Urban Planning Bureau Municipal Government's approval Detailed Plans Detailed Plan for Control for the Core City (excluding the special areas) 1) Detailed Plan for Control for Satellite Cities, state level indus. Parks, 2) Master Plan for municipal level indu. parks, key towns 1) Master Dev Plan for municipal level indus.park, 2) Detailed Plan for Control for key rural towns District Government District Government District Government Muni. Urban Planning Bureau's approval Muni. Urban Planning Bureau's approval submit to Municipal Urban Planning Bureau for filing Detailed Plan for Site Planning District or Muni.Urban Planning Bureau, or developers District or Muni. Urban Planning Bureau's review Special Areas includes: 1) designated Heritage Conservation Areas 2) coastal areas, waterfront along Huangup River, Suzhuo River, Seshan National Tourism Area, Dianshan Lake Scenic Area 3) infrastructures of municipal/regional significance 4) greens space along the out ring road, reserved public green space, forestry and other eco-environmental sensitive area 5) other specific area SMG designated 4. Metropolitan Planning: Shanghai 15

16 31 Tier of local government Number of local government Revenue as % of the total local revenue Average annual revenue per Government (Y) Provincial Government % 12,900,000,000 Prefecture level city % 1,560,000,000 County level city and county 2, % 140,000,000 Towns and townships 39, % 7,000,000 [1] China Reform and Development Research Institute, Bulletin 538 Distribution of revenue among China s local governments, Fiscal Issues Assignment of Revenue Generated in Shanghai Revenue (billion yuan) Revenue captured by Central Gov. Revenue captured by Shanghai Municipal Gov. 5. Fiscal Issues 16

17 33 per caita GDP (yuan) 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 Differentiated Fiscal Policys to Districts/County Eight Suburban Districts Pudong New Area 30, Six Central Urban Districts 14 20,000 Three laging urban Districts , Chongming 7 0 County 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 per capita fiscal revenue (yuan) 1. Huangpu 2. Luwan 3. Xuhui 4. Changning 5. Jin'an 6. Hongkou 7. Putuo 8. Zhabei 9. Yangpu 10. Pudong NewArea 11. Minhang 12. Baoshan 13.Jiading 14. Jinshan 15. Songjiang 16. Qingpu 17. Nanhui 18. Fengxian 19. Chongming Cnty. 5. Fiscal Issues 34 Structure of Beijing Municipal Revenue, Year On-Budget Revenue 39.4% 45.2% 47.4% Off-Budget Revenue 18.2% 18.0% 20.3% Other Revenue 42.4% 36.8% 32.3% Total Municipal Revenue 100% 100% 100% 5. Fiscal Issues 17

18 Central challenge: how to get governments to work together to better manage land, transport, infrastructure, and environmental protection across metropolitan regions? Top-down, command and control not sustainable Incentives needed: Career: performance appraisals not sustainable Equity: do good not likely Effectiveness: do more, better save the environment dubious Efficiencies: do it at less cost maybe ECONOMIC RETURNS to governments: job creation, inward investment, fiscal returns from taxes on economic activity Analytical and Policy Priorities ECONOMIC RETURNS: How can we quantify improvements to agglomeration benefits from better management of land, transport, infrastructure, and environmental protection across jurisdictions, including in suburban areas (ie. spatially disaggregated analysis) How can we quantify returns to governments, including fiscal returns, of maximizing metropolitan agglomeration benefits across jurisdictions, including in suburban areas? (from abstract to concrete) How can we communicate the above in terms that local stakeholders especially governments can easily and fully understand? Institutional modalities will follow; should not be the core focus at expense of incentives. 6. Analytical and Policy Priorities 36 18