EPA Vapor Intrusion Database
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1 EPA Vapor Intrusion Database Preliminary Analysis of Attenuation Factors Helen Dawson, Ph.D US EPA, Region 8, Denver, CO Vapor Intrusion Workshop AEHS Spring 2008, San Diego, CA
2 Acknowledgments Ian Hers Golder and Associates, Vancouver, B.C., Canada Robert Truesdale RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA William Wertz New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, NY, USA Todd McAlary Geosyntec Consultants, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 2
3 Presentation Outline Database evaluation considerations Impact of background on attenuation factors Groundwater-to-indoor air attenuation Soil gas-to-indoor air attenuation Subslab-to-indoor air attenuation Crawlspace-to-indoor air attenuation 3
4 Database Evaluation Considerations Data quality Handling of data reported below a given reporting limit Differences in site conditions and the types of data compiled Spatial and temporal variability in media concentrations 4
5 Differences in Site Conditions and Types of Data Compiled 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Soil 4 V. Coarse Multi-Use > Non-Residential Coarse 50% 40% 30% 37 Groundwater 34 Residential 31 <10 20% 10% 0% 13 Fine Vapor Source Soil Type Building Use Num. Buildings 5
6 Spatial & Temporal Variability Spatial Variability Temporal Variability Graphics by EnviroGroup Limited 6
7 Indoor Air Spatial Variability 1,1 DCE REF Indoor Air REF REF REF Redfield Facility REF Denver, CO D. Folkes, ,1 DCE RESULTS (µg/cubic meter) >45 REF REF 4.6 to to 4.5 <=0.46 NEGATIVE NUMBER INDICATES RESULT BELOW DETECTION LIMIT REF REFUSED ACCESS FOR SAMPLING/NO RESPONSE APPROXIMATE EXTENT OF DETECTED VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND IN GROUNDWATER FORMER REDFIELD FACILITY D. Folkes 7
8 Indoor Air Temporal Variability Lowry Air Force Base, CO Indoor Air Concentration (ug/m3) UA03 UA22 UA25 H. Dawson Jan-00 Apr-00 Jul-00 Sep-00 Dec-00 Mar-01 T. McAlary 8
9 Sub-Slab Spatial Variability New York State Dept. of Health C TCE Soil Vapor & Sub-slab Vapor (ug/m3) K. Anders 9
10 Subslab Spatial Variability 1,1,1-TCA 1,1-DCE TCE c-1,2-dce ,1,1-TCA 1,1-DCE TCE c-1,2-dce ,1,1-TCA 1,1-DCE TCE c-1,2-dce D. DiGiulio 10
11 Sub-Slab Temporal Variability Sub-Slab Concentration (ug/m3) UA03 UA05 UA18 UA21 UA22 UA24 UA28 1 Mar-00 May-00 Jun-00 Aug-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Date H. Dawson 11
12 Soil Gas Spatial Variability Soil Gas (ug/m3) Lowry Air Force Base Indoor Air (ug/m3) 12
13 Soil Gas Temporal Variability Endicott, NY Soil Gas Groundwater W. Wertz 13
14 Exterior Soil Gas vs. Subslab Depth bgs (m) Css Cnb E Cnb: near building soil gas concentration Css: subslab concentration 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 x (m) L. Abreu,
15 Exterior Soil Gas vs. Subslab 1.E+05 Subslab Concentration (ug/m3) 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 Subslab > Soil Gas 1.E+00 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 Soil Gas Concentration (ug/m3) H. Dawson 15
16 Impact of Background on Empirical Attenuation Factors AF emp = (C ia-vi + C ia-bkgd )/C subsurface PCE 111TCA TCE 11DCE Max th % th % Background Database Background Database Background Database Background Database 16 Concentration (ug/m3)
17 Impact of Background on Empirical Attenuation Factors Indoor Air Concentration (ug/m3) Plateau from Background Influence Background conc. No Background Influence Source Vapor Concentration (ug/m3) 17
18 Background Indoor Air Concentrations Compound N Studies N Samples %Detect RL Range 25% N 50% N 75% N 90% N 95% N Max N Benzene Carbon Tetrachloride Chloroform Dichloroethane,1, <RL 5 <RL 5 <RL 5 <RL 5 <RL Dichloroethene, 1, <RL 4 <RL Dichloroethene, cis 1, <RL 4 <RL 4 <RL 4 <RL Dichloroethene, trans 1, <RL 3 <RL 3 <RL 3 <RL 3 <RL 2 <RL 3 Ethylbenzene Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) <RL Methylene chloride 7 1, Tetrachloroethene <RL Toluene Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, <RL Trichloroethane, 1,1, Trichloroethene Vinyl chloride <RL 6 <RL Xylene, m/p Xylene, o
19 Impact of Background on Empirical Attenuation Factors 1.E+04 Indoor Air Concentration (ug/m3) Background Influence No Background Influence Source Vapor Concentration (ug/m3) Indoor Air Concentration (ug/m3) Indoor Air Concentration (ug/m3) 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 1.E-01 1.E-02 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 Subslab (ug/m3) 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 1.E-01 1.E-02 EPA Data (IA > RL) EPA Data (IA < RL) Alpha = 1.0 Alpha = 1E-1 Alpha = 1E-2 Alpha = 1E-3 Alpha = 1E-4 Alpha = 1E-5 EPA Data (IA > RL) Alpha = 1.0 Alpha = 1E-1 Alpha = 1E-2 Alpha = 1E-3 Alpha = 1E-4 Alpha = 1E-5 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 Subslab (ug/m3) 19
20 2008 Database Attenuation Factor Type 2002 Database Attenuation Factors Screening Data Quality Screen a Subsurface Concentration Screen b Data Set 1 Data Consistency Screen c Data Set 1: Subsurface and indoor air concentrations >RL Data Set 2 95 th Percentile Background Screen d groundwater to indoor air 1,058 1, soil gas to indoor air subslab to indoor air 1,584 1, crawlspace to indoor air Total 2,989 2,915 2,229 1,038 Data Set 2: Sbset of Data Set 1 (2002) > geomean background 20
21 Groundwater-to-Indoor Air Attenuation Cumulative Percentile Plots 1.0E+00 Data Set vs 2008 Groudwater Attenuation Factor 1.0E E E E E E-06 Data Set 1 (2002) Data Set 1 (2008) 1.0E-07 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Cumulative Percentile 1.0E+00 Data Set vs 2008 Groudwater Attenuation Factor 1.0E E E E E E-06 Data Set 2 (2002) Data Set 2 (2008) 1.0E-07 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Cumulative Percentile 21
22 Groundwater-to-Indoor Air Attenuation 1.E+04 Data Set Indoor Air Concentration (ug/m3) 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 1.E-01 1.E-02 EPA Data (IA > RL) EPA Data (IA < RL) Alpha = 1.0 Alpha = 1E-1 Alpha = 1E-2 Alpha = 1E-3 Alpha = 1E-4 Alpha = 1E-5 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 Groundwater Vapor (ug/m3) 1.E+04 Data Set Indoor Air Concentration (ug/m3) 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 1.E-01 1.E-02 EPA Data (IA > RL) Alpha = 1.0 Alpha = 1E-1 Alpha = 1E-2 Alpha = 1E-3 Alpha = 1E-4 Alpha = 1E-5 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 Groundwater Vapor (ug/m3) 22
23 Groundwater-to-Indoor Air Attenuation Box Whisker Plots 1.0E E E-02 Max 1.0E-03 95th% 1.0E-04 50th% 1.0E E-06 5th% Min 1.0E-07 Data Set 1 (2002) Data Set 1 (2008) Data Set 2 (2002) Data Set 2 (2008) 23 Groundwater AF
24 Groundwater-to-Indoor Air Attenuation 1.0E-01 Chemical 1.0E-01 Building Use 1.0E- 01 Soil Type Under Slab Groundwater AF 1.0E E E E E-06 Max 95th% 50th% 5th% Min Groundwater AF 1.0E E E E E-06 Max 95th% 50th% 5th% Min Groundwater AF 1.0E E E E E- 06 Max 95th% 50th% 5th% Min 1.0E-07 All CHCs 11DCE TCE PCE cis12dce All PHCs 1.0E-07 Residential Commercial 1.0E- 07 Fine Coarse V.Coarse 24
25 1.0E E E E E E E-07 Groundwater-to-Indoor Air Attenuation Individual Site Box Whisker Plots Groundwater AF for Individual Sites 25 Groundwater AF > 500 X BKG Allepo BillingsPCE BP Site CDOT Davis Eau Claire Endicott Fresh Water Lens Grants Hamilton- Sundstrand Harcros/Tri State Hopewell Precision Jackson LAFB Lakeside Village Lockwood All MADEP Moffet MCH Mount Holly Mountain View Rapid City Redfield SCM - Cortlandville Stafford Twins Inn Uncasville Wall West Side Corporation WZ CA Bay
26 Soil Gas-to-Indoor Air Attenuation 1.E+04 Data Set Indoor Air Concentration (ug/m3) 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 1.E-01 1.E-02 EPA Data (IA > RL) EPA Data (IA < RL) Alpha = 1.0 Alpha = 1E-1 Alpha = 1E-2 Alpha = 1E-3 Alpha = 1E-4 Alpha = 1E-5 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 Soil Gas (ug/m3) 1.E+04 Data Set Indoor Air Concentration (ug/m3) 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 1.E-01 1.E-02 EPA Data (IA > RL) Alpha = 1.0 Alpha = 1E-1 Alpha = 1E-2 Alpha = 1E-3 Alpha = 1E-4 Alpha = 1E-5 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 Soil Gas (ug/m3) 26
27 Soil Gas-to-Indoor Air Attenuation Box Whisker Plots 1.0E E+00 Soil Gas AF 1.0E E E E E-05 Max 95th% 50th% 5th% Min 1.0E-06 Data Set 1 (2008) Data Set 2 (2008) 27
28 1.0E E E E E E E E-06 Soil Gas-to-Indoor Air Attenuation Individual Site Box Whisker Plots Soil Gas AF for Individual Sites Max 95th% 50th% 5th% Min 28 Soil Gas AF > RL Alameda Allepo Alliant BP Site CA Dry Cleaners Endicott Fresh Water Lens Georgetown Grants Harcros/Tri State Jackson MADEP1 Mountain View Rapid City SCM - Cortlandville Stafford Uncasville West Side Corporation
29 Subslab-to-Indoor Air Attenuation Cumulative Percentile Plots 1.0E+00 Data Set 1 (2002) Data Set vs 2008 Subslab Attenuation Factor 1.0E E E E-04 Data Set 1 (2008) 1.0E-05 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Cumulative Percentile 1.0E+00 Data Set 2 (2002) Data Set vs 2008 Subslab Attenuation Factor 1.0E E E E-04 Data Set 2 (2008) 1.0E-05 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Cumulative Percentile 29
30 Subslab-to-Indoor Air Attenuation 1.E+04 Data Set Indoor Air Concentration (ug/m3) 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 1.E-01 1.E-02 EPA Data (IA > RL) EPA Data (IA < RL) Alpha = 1.0 Alpha = 1E-1 Alpha = 1E-2 Alpha = 1E-3 Alpha = 1E-4 Alpha = 1E-5 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 Subslab (ug/m3) 1.E+04 Data Set Indoor Air Concentration (ug/m3) 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 1.E-01 1.E-02 EPA Data (IA > RL) Alpha = 1.0 Alpha = 1E-1 Alpha = 1E-2 Alpha = 1E-3 Alpha = 1E-4 Alpha = 1E-5 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 Subslab (ug/m3) 30
31 Subslab-to-Indoor Air Attenuation 1.E+04 Data Set Indoor Air Concentration (ug/m3) 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 1.E-01 1.E-02 EPA Data (IA > RL) Alpha = 1.0 Alpha = 1E-1 Alpha = 1E-2 Alpha = 1E-3 Alpha = 1E-4 Alpha = 1E-5 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 Subslab (ug/m3) 1.E+04 Data Set & SS > 50xBkgd Indoor Air Concentration (ug/m3) 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 1.E-01 1.E-02 EPA Data (IA > RL) Alpha = 1.0 Alpha = 1E-1 Alpha = 1E-2 Alpha = 1E-3 Alpha = 1E-4 Alpha = 1E-5 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 Subslab (ug/m3) 31
32 1.0E E E E E E-05 Subslab-to-Indoor Air Attenuation Box Whisker Plots Max 95th% 50th% 5th% Min Data Set 1 (2002) Data Set 1 (2008) Data Set 2 (2002) Data Set 2 (2008) 32 Subslab AF
33 Subslab-to-Indoor Air Attenuation Subslab AF and Vapor Source Strength 1.0E E E E E E-05 > RL > 1 X BKG > 10 X BKG > 50 X BKG > 100 X BKG > 500 X BKG Subslab AF Max 95th% 50th% 5th% Min 33
34 1.0E E E E E E-05 Subslab-to-Indoor Air Attenuation Individual Site Box Whisker Plots Subslab AF for Individual Sites Max 95th% 50th% 5th% Min 34 Subslab AF > 50 X BKG Alameda BillingsPCE DenverPCEBB Endicott Georgetown Harcros/Tri State Hopewell Precision LAFB Orion Park Raymark SCM - Cortlandville Stafford West Side Corporation
35 Crawlspace-to-Indoor Air Attenuation 1.E+04 Data Set Indoor Air Concentration (ug/m3) 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 1.E-01 1.E-02 EPA Data (IA > RL) Alpha = 1.0 Alpha = 1E-1 Alpha = 1E-2 Alpha = 1E-3 Alpha = 1E-4 Alpha = 1E-5 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 Crawlspace (ug/m3) 1.E+04 Data Set Indoor Air Concentration (ug/m3) 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 1.E-01 1.E-02 EPA Data (IA > RL) Alpha = 1.0 Alpha = 1E-1 Alpha = 1E-2 Alpha = 1E-3 Alpha = 1E-4 Alpha = 1E-5 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 Crawlspace (ug/m3) 35
36 1.0E E E E-02 Crawlspace-to-Indoor Air Attenuation Max 95th% 50th% 5th% Min Data Set 1 (2008) Data Set 2 (2008) 36 Crawlspace AF
37 Crawlspace-to-Indoor Air Attenuation Individual Site Box Whisker Plots 1.0E+01 Crawlspace AF for Individual Sites Max 1.0E E E-02 > RL Grants Jackson LAFB Lockwood Crawlspace AF 95th% 50th% 5th% Min 37
38 Summary & Conclusions 1.0E+01 Data Set 1 1.0E+00 Attenuation Factor 1.0E E E E E-05 Max 95th% 50th% 5th% Min 1.0E E-07 Groundwater Soil Gas Subslab Crawlspace 38
39 Summary & Conclusions 1.0E+01 Data Set 2 1.0E E-01 Max 1.0E E E E E E-07 GW > RL SG > RL SS > RL CS > RL Attenuation Factor 95th% 50th% 5th% Min 39
40 Summary & Conclusions 41 sites, 15 states, 913 buildings, 21 chemicals: mostly groundwater vapor sources, chlorinated hydrocarbons, residential buildings. Influence of background sources on indoor air concentrations needs to be considered in vapor intrusion investigations The range of attenuation factors for any given site spans several orders of magnitude; attributed to spatial and temporal variability and/or nonrepresentative samples The attenuation factor distributions obtained for each of the media are generally consistent with the conceptual model for vapor intrusion. 40
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