INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES Volume 3, No 1, 2012

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1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES Volume 3, No 1, 2012 Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0 Research article ISSN Land Use and Land Cover change detection of Indra river watershed through Remote Sensing using Multi- Gajbhiye.S 1, Sharma.S.K 2 1- Department of Water Resources Development and Management, Indian Institute of Technology, (Uttarakhand) 2- Department of Soil and Water Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering, J.N.K.V.V. Jabalpur, (M.P.) gajbhiyesarita@gmail.com ABSTRACT Land use and land cover is an important component in understanding the interactions of the human activities with the environment and thus it is necessary to be able to simulate changes. Empirical observation revealed a change in land use land cover classification in Indra river watershed located in Hoshangabad district (M.P). In this paper an attempt is made to study the changes in land use and land cover in Indra river watershed over 14 years period. The study has been done through remote sensing approach using Land Sat imageries of October 1992 and November The land use land cover classification was performed based on Satellite imageries. GIS software is used to prepare the thematic maps. The present study has brought to light that forest area that occupied about per cent of the study area in 1992 has increased to per cent in Built up area, water body and Waste land also have experienced change. Farm land (Agricultural land/open land) has decreased from per cent to per cent of the total area. Proper land use planning is essential for a sustainable development of Indra nadi watershed. Keyword: Land use, Land cover, Change analysis, remote sensing, change detection 1. Introduction Only few landscapes on the Earth that are still in there natural state. Due to anthropogenic activities, the Earth surface is being significantly altered in some manner and man s presence on the Earth and his use of land has had a profound effect upon the natural environment thus resulting into an observable pattern in the land use/land cover over time. Land use and land cover (LULC) change is a major issue of global environment change. Scientific research community called for substantive study of land use changes during the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, and again 20 years later, at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). At the same time, International Geosphere and Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and International Human Dimension Programme (IHDP) co organized a working group to set up research agenda and promote research activity for LULC changes. Land use/ land cover mapping is essential component where in other parameters are integrated on the requirement basis to drive various developmental index for land and water resource. Land use refers to man s activities and the varied uses which are carried on over land and land cover refers to natural vegetation, water bodies, rock/soil, artificial cover and others noticed on the land (NRSA, 1989). Land use and land cover change in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh: Using remote sensing to promote sustainable urbanization (Ashraf M. Dewan Submitted on May 2012 published on July

2 and Yasushi Yamaguchi, 2009 and D. Lu et al. 2005). Land Cover, defined as the assemblage of biotic and a biotic components on the earth s surface is one of the most crucial properties of the earth system. Land cover is that which covers the surface of the earth and land use describes how the land cover is modified. Land cover includes: water, snow, grassland, forest, and bare Soil. Land Use includes agricultural land, built up land, recreation area, wildlife management area etc. Many studies have discussed land cover and land use changes in arid, semi-arid and agricultural productive land. D.L. Civco (1989) studied Knowledge based land use and land cover mapping. (I.I. abbas et al. 2010) studied mapping land use-land cover and change detection in kafur local government katsina, Nigeria using remote sensing and GIS. J. Chilar, (2000) studied land cover mapping of large areas from satellites, (J.L. Star et al. 1997) uses Integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing. John Rogan and Dong Mei Chen (2004) used remote sensing technology for mapping and monitoring land-cover and land-use change. Rajan and Shibasaki (2000) studied GIS Based Integrated Land Use/Cover Change Model to study human land interactions. Louisa and Antonio (2002) studied parametric land cover and land-use classifications as tools for environmental change detection Agriculture. Adepoju et al. (2006) mapping land use/land cover change detection in metropolitan Lagos (Nigeria). Rajeev Jaiswal et al. (1999) studied application of Remote Sensing Technology for land use/land cover change analysis. S. Panigrahy et al Rice acreage estimation for Orissa using remotely sensed data. Blaser et al. (1992) Updating a Land Planning Database from Landsat Thematic Mapper Data: Geographic Information Systems and Mapping Practices and Standards. Temporal monitoring of forest land for change detection and forest cover mapping through satellite remote sensing. (Kachhwala 1985, Sharma et al. 2001). Land use/land cover Change Detection through Remote Sensing and its Climatic Implications in the Godavari Delta Region Application of remotely sensed data made possible to study the changes in land cover in less time, at low cost and with better accuracy (Kachhwaha, 1985, A. Veldkamp and E.F. Lambin,2001) in association with Geographical Information System (GIS) that provide suitable platform for data analysis, update and retrieval (Star et. al. 1997; McCracker et. al.1998; Chilar 2000). Spaceborne remotely sensed data may be particularly useful in developing countries where recent and reliable spatial information is lacking (Dong and Alessandra et al. 1997). Adel Shalaby and Ryutaro Tateishi (2007) studied remote sensing and GIS for mapping and Monitoring land cover and land-use changes in the North-western coastal zone of Egypt. C.Prakasam (2010) studied Land use and land cover change detection through remote sensing approach: A case s tudy of Kodaikanal taluk, Tamil nadu.remote sensing technology and geographic information system (GIS) provide efficient methods for analysis of land use issues and tools for land use planning and modeling. By understanding the driving forces of land use development in the past, managing the current situation with modern GIS tools, and modeling the future, one is able to develop plans for multiple uses of natural resources and nature conservation. The change in any form of land use is largely related either with the external forces and the pressure builtup within the system (Bisht and Kothyari, 2001) (Ashbindu Singh, 1989). Therefore, attempt an attempt has been made in this study to produce a land use land cover map of Indra river watershed between 1992 and 2006 in order to detect the changes that have 90

3 taken place over a given period using both Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing data. 2. Material and methods Study area and data source- The study area is bounded by Satpura range in south and by Narmada River in the north. Indra River watershed is a tributary of Narmada River and its geographically located in Hoshangabad district, it lies between N to N Latitudes and E to E longitudes, its covering sq.km. (Figure- 1). It is situated in the eastern part of Madhya Pradesh. The climate of Hoshangabad district is characterized by a hot summer and general dryness except during the south west monsoon season. The normal rainfall of Hoshangabad district is mm. Soils of the area is characterized by deep clayey black soil. Figure 1: Location Map of the study area 91

4 For the study, Landsat satellite images were acquired for two year; 1992 and Both were obtained from Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) an Earth Science Data Interface. Table 1: Spatial data sources S.No. Data type Date of production Scale Source I. II. Landsat image Landsat image m ETM 30m ETM GLCF GLCF The resolution is 30 meters/pixel. Digital land use / land cover classification through unsupervised classification method, based on the field knowledge is employed to perform the classification. Arc GIS 9.2 and Erdas Imagine 9.2 are powerful tools for extracting the land use, land cover layer, from satellite imageries. The land use land cover classes include Farm land (agriculture land, open/harvested land), wasteland, forest (Dense forest, schurb), built-up (settlement, road), water bodies. This classification is performed based on the classification scheme of National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC), Department of Space, Government. of India.The comparison of the land use land cover statistics assisted in identifying the percentage change, trend and annual rate of change between 1992 and 2006.In achieving this task, to develop a table showing the area in hectares and the percentage change for each year (1992 and 2006) measured against each land use land cover type. Percentage change to determine the trend of change can then be calculated by dividing observed change by sum of changes multiplied by 100. (Trend) percentage change = (observed change/ Sum of change) * 100 In obtaining annual rate of change, the percentage change is divided by 100 and multiplied by the number of study year (14years). 3. Result and discussion Land Use Land Cover Distribution - The static land use land cover distribution for each study year as derived from the maps are presented in the table below- Table 2: Land Use Land Cover Distribution (1992, 2006) Land Use/Land Cover Categories Area (Ha.) Area (%) Area (Ha.) Area (%) Farm Land Built-up Land Forest Land Water Body TOTAL Built-up in 1992 occupies the least class with just 0.19 % of the total classes. In 1992, Farm land occupies the highest class with 84.16% of the total class, taking up more than half of the total classes. The pattern of land use land cover distribution in 2006 also follows the pattern in Farm land still occupies a major part of the total land. Still, Built up maintains the least position in the classes whilst forest land occupies % of the total class. 92

5 Land Use Land Cover Change, Trend and annual rate of change - From Table 3, there seems to be a negative change i.e. a reduction in farm land between 1992 and Subsequently, built-up land increased by 1.48% whiles both forest land and water bodies both increased by % and 3.72 % respectively. Water Bodies included lakes, reservoirs, ponds, rivers and streams. Water bodies covered only 0.62 per cent of the study area in 1992 and increased to 4.34 per cent in (Figure 2, 3, 4 and Table 3). Most of the forest lands are reserved and dense forest. It is worth observing that in the 14 years almost per cent of the farm lands have got transformed to Forest land (scrubs), water body and Built-up land. Because of human population farm land got converted to forest Plantation, Settlement and Road. Figure 2: Land use land cover map in 1992 Figure 3: Land use land cover map in

6 Table 3: Land use land cover change of Indra river watershed 1992 and 2006 Land Use/ land cover categories Area (Ha) % change Farm Land Built-up Land Forest Land Water Bodies Total Annual rate of change Figure 4: Distribution of land use / land cover during the two periods in the study area 4. Conclusion The objective of this study were to provide recent perspective for land cover type and land cover changes that has been taken place in the last fourteen years, using remote sensing and GIS capabilities in studying the spatial distribution of land cover changes. Indira nadi watershed was found to have experienced rapid changes in land use/ land cover particularly in Farm land and Forest land. Farm land has decreased by ha. In 1992 to ha in Here Farm land converted to forest land (scrub), Built-up, and water body. Due to this changes we loss our natural ecosystem and biodiversity also. The increase in the area under built up lands may lead to a lot of environmental and ecological problems. Hence government should come forward to take effective measures to protect the land under agriculture in Indra river watershed. Here proper land use planning is needed otherwise we lost our natural resources i.e. farm land. 6. References 1. Adel Shalaby and Ryutaro Tateishi, (2007), Remote sensing and GIS for mapping and Monitoring land cover and land-use changes in the North-western coastal zone of Egypt, Applied Geography 27,

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