INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES Volume 2, No 1, 2011
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1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES Volume 2, No 1, 2011 Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services Research article ISSN Land Use / Land cover change detection in Doon valley (Dehradun Tehsil), Uttarakhand: using GIS& Remote Sensing Technique 2 1 Research Associate, Central Soil & Water Conservation (CSWC&RTI) of India, Dun 2 D.Phil Research Scholar, Dpt. of Geography, HNBGU, JRF, FSI, Dehradun, India ecnhas@gmail.com ABSTRACT Land use and land cover is an important component in understanding the interactions of the human activities with the environment and thus it is necessary to be able to simulate changes. The study has been done through remote sensing approach using SOI map of Dehradun Valley. The aims of this study are to detect land use changes between 2000 to 2009 using satellite images of Landsat (ETM +, TM, MSS), LISS III, SRTM and digital SOI topographic maps have been used. The aim of this study is to produce a land use/ land cover map of Dehradun valley at two epochs in order to detect the changes that have taken place particularly in the built up land and forest areas. Landuse changes have been detected by image processing method in EDRAS imagine9.3, ArcGIS9.3. Finally to predict the changes in urban habitants and landuse/landcover changes occurred. Monitoring of landuse/landcover changes which would help to plan development activities such as major schemes and their land requirements. The nine year time period of shows the major type of land use change. Forest area is decreased 3.75 % and water (seasonal) decreased 9.5%. Most remarkable change has taken place in Built up area resulting in 112.4% growth in less than a decade period. Keywords: Landuse, Landcover, Change Detection, GIS& Remote Sensing 1. Introduction Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental change. The rapid development of the concept of vegetation mapping has lead to increased studies of land use and land cover change worldwide. Although the terms Land Use and Land Cover are often used interchangeably, their actual meanings are quite distinct. Land Use refers to human activities that take place on the earth s surface. (How the land is being used; such as residential housing or agricultural cropping.) Land Cover refers to the natural or man made physical properties of the land surface. During the past millennium, humans have taken an increasingly large role in the modification of the global environment. With increasing numbers and developing technologies, man has emerged as the major, most powerful, and universal instrument of environmental change in the biosphere today. Both globally and in India, land cover today is altered primarily by direct human use (Meyer, 1995). Any conception of global Submitted on July 2011 published on September
2 change must include the pervasive influence of human action on land surface conditions and processes. The growing demand for new agricultural land is generally met from nearby resources such as forest areas/scrub dominated areas. Such practices can be minimized by land use intensification, (by growing rabi, kharif and zaid crops) thereby satisfying a greater demand for more land requirement for agriculture. 2. The Study Area The Doon Valley is a longitudinal topographic depression situated in the foothills of Lesser Himalaya of Uttarakhand. Doon valley covers 85.7% area of Dehradun Tehsil of Dehradun district. Considering the comparison requirements whole tehsil has been mapped. The Valley is believed to have been formed due to folding of Siwalik sediments of Upper Tertiary age. It is bounded in the north by the Main Boundary Fault or Krol Thrust. To the south the Siwaliks abut against Gangetic alluvial plains. (Rao, 1977). Doon valley has a rich vegetation cover. Although the major portion of Doon is occupied by the Sal (shorea robusta) but miscellaneous forests are also found here. The hydrogeological and meteorological conditions (231.5 cm. annual average rainfalls) of the valley are responsible for the condition for the different types of forest cover. Figure 1: Location Map of Study Area 35
3 A presence of large proportion of clay soil and better drainage act as favourable conditions for the growth of Sal trees. One can easily visualize Doon valley as it must have been in past, covered by dense forests interspersed within swampy grasslands, a situation that must have prevailed several centuries ago (Palanidurai, K.V., 1992). Land use of the valley is dominated by forest and cultivated area as they respectively cover about 66.13% and 17.12% of the total area. During parst independence era, urbanization in the valley has become most powerful agent of transformation. As per census 2001, urban population of Dehradun Tehsil reached 58.1% of total population and this urban population account for 31.0% of the total urban population of Uttarakhand state. After creation of Uttarakhand state in 2002, Dehradun city became state capital which ushered the era of rapid expansion in Built up area beyond municipal limits. There has been massive expansion in construction activities for industries, institutional infrastructure and residential colonies. Figure 2: Relief and Slope Categories of the Dehradoon Valley & Dehradun Tehsil Physiographical Division Doon Valley Table.1 Reliefs and Slope Condition of Dehradoon Valley Height in Meters Percent % Slope in Degrees Percent % Below Below Dehradun Tehsil Above Above Note: Northern boundry of Doon valley is delimited by 1000 m contour. 3. Objectives 36
4 The basic objectives of the study involved to produce a land use/ land cover map of Doon Valley at two different part of time in order to detect the changes that have taken place particularly in the built up land and forest areas. 1. Creation of Land Use / Land Cover Map 2. To analyze the nature, location and magnitude of change within the land use classes for the period 2000 to Methodology Methodology is a sequence of activities that starts with the decision making, problem recognition and ends with recommendation. The procedure adopted in the current work forms the basis for deriving statistics of land use dynamics and subsequently in the overall, the findings. A flow chart has been provided for easy and better understanding of the procedure adopted. 5. Result and Discussion Figure 3: Methodology of research Based on a brief reconnaissance survey with additional information from previous research in the study area, a classification scheme was developed for the study area after Anderson et al (1967). The classification scheme developed gives a rather broad classification where the land use / land cover was identified by a single digit. The classification scheme given below is a modification of Anderson s in 1967 and the same 37
5 was used in the current study. Premised on the objective of this study, Land Use/Cover over the study area has been analyzed for the time periods of The results are presented in form of maps, charts and statistical tables as given below Table.2 & Figure 4. Table 2: Landuse / Land Cover Classification ( ) Land Use Class Area (km 2 ) Area% Area (km 2 ) Area% Characteristic Features Forest Forest Farm Fringe Agriculture Urban Fringe Barren/Scrub Degraded Forest Built up Area Urbanization Water Bodies Seasonal streams Total Figure 4: Landuse \Landcover Dehradoon valley & Dehradun Tehsil ( ) 5.1 Land Use/Cover Changes Analysis of
6 The multi temporal satellite datasets used in the current study yielded the following comparisons with respect to land use / land cover change. From the current study it is evident that there is considerable decrease in the in forest cover for the period of 2000 to Barren/Scrub and Built up class is showing an increasing trend and thereby resulting to the inference that the population pressure is playing a very active role towards diminishing forest cover. This is very much evident from the Table.3 and Figure.5 depicting the overall trend in the land use / land covers change for the period Table 3: Area under Different Land Use/Land Cover Categories Changes Land Use Changes Area Class Area% Area% Area% Forest Agriculture Barren/Scrub Built up Water Total Figure 5: Landuse\Landcover Changes in Doon Valley for the Year Table 4: Land Use/Land Cover Changes Value for the year ( ) Value Value Forest Forest 12 Barren\Scrub Forest 39
7 2 Forest Water bodies 13 Barren\Scrub Barren\Scrub 3 Forest Barren\Scrub 14 Barren\Scrub Agriculture 4 Forest Agriculture 15 Barren\Scrub Built up 5 Forest Built Up 16 Agriculture Built up 6 Water bodies Forest 17 Agriculture Water bodies 7 Water bodies Water bodies 18 Agriculture Barren\Scrub 8 Water bodies Barren\Scrub 19 Agriculture Agriculture 9 Water bodies Agriculture 20 Agriculture Built up 10 Water bodies Built up 21 Built Up Built up 11 Barren\Scrub Forest 6. Conclusion Land is main natural resource for life support system. The land and landcover changes are equally important elements of the larger problem of global and regional environmental changes. Remote sensing technology and satellite data are very helpful for the detection of changes in landuse \landcover between The increasing urban population pressures is putting tremendous pressure on the land use & landcover of Doon valley. The expansion of agriculture land can also be attributed to increasing demand to feed the growing population. The decline in the area of the scrub land is due its conversion to arable land. The increase in the built up area is because of increasing demand for institutional and residential space for capital level establishments. Beside urban population of the valley has grown 3.4 fold during four decades ( ) and is causing immense pressure for Built up area. The water body(seasonal streams) has shown little change area due to encroachment slum dwellers and land developers. Acknowledgement Author express thanks to Mr. Prabir De and Dr. Harnam Singh, SCIENCE, have contributed immense support and encouragement in bringing out the technical guidelines, data issuing and supervision for the project work in SCIENCE lab. Special appreciation and thanks to Prof. M. Imtiyaz, (Allahabad Agricultural Institute Deemed University) for their support and valuable supervision. Authors are thankful to Prof. Kamlesh Kumar (Rtd.), HNBGU, Srinagar for his suggestion and necessary improvement at the final stage of this paper. References 1. Tiwari,Kuldeep,(2009), Detection of Changes in Land Use / Land Cover for the Period of Using Satellite Remote Sensing Techniques for Doon Valley of Uttarakhand State, Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Deemed University, Allahabad, M.tech Unpub., Thesis. 2. R.Manonmani, G.Mary Divya Suganya,( 2010), Remote Sensing and GIS Application In Change Detection Study In Urban Zone Using Multi Temporal Satellite, Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, International Journal of Geomatics And Geosciences,1(1). 40
8 3. Balaguru, B. et.al (2003), Vegetation Mapping an.d Slope Characteristics in Shervarayan Hills, Eastern Ghats Using Remote sensing and GIS, Current Science, 85(5). 4. Chauhan, S. Parmeshwar (2003), Change Detection in Sal Forest in Dehradun Forest Division using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 31(3). 5. Tuhin Ghosh et.al. (2001) Assessment of Landuse/Landcover Dynamics and shoreline Changes of Sagar Island Through Remote Sensing. 22 Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, 59 Nov Bolstad, P (2005), GIS Fundamentals: A first text on Geographic Information Systems, Second Edition. White Bear Lake, MN: Eider Press, 543 pp. 7. Elangovan, K (2006), GIS: Fundamentals, Applications and Implementations", New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi"208 pp. 8. Harvey, Francis (2008), A Primer of GIS, Fundamental Geographic and Cartographic Concepts The Guilford Press, 31 pp. 9. Singh.R.B & Haigh, M.I.(1995), Sustainable Reconstruction of Highland & Headwater Regions. Oxford & I.B.H Pub., New Delhi. 10. Palaniyandi, M., & Nagarathinam, V (1997), Land Use / Land Cover mapping and Change Detection using Space Borne data Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 25(1): pp Tomlinson, R.F.(2005) Thinking About GIS: Geographic Information System Planning for Managers,ESRI Press. 328 pp. 12. Sajeevan, G., (2008), Latitude and longitude A misunderstanding, Current Science: March 2008, 94(5), 568 p. 41
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