Impacts anthropiques (suite de BIO1530)

Transcription

1 Impacts anthropiques (suite de BIO1530) Gabriel Blouin-Demers Professeur titulaire Département de biologie BIO2529 Écologie

2 Population mondiale

3 Il y a présentement plus de 600 villes de plus de 1 million d habitants

4 le 31 octobre le 23 novembre 2018 Science (2011) 333: 539

5 Science (2011) 333:

6 Science (2011) 333:

7 Science (2014) 346:

8 Science (2014) 346:

9 REVIEW The interaction of human population, food production, and biodiversity protection Eileen Crist, 1 * Camilo Mora, 2 Robert Engelman 3 Research suggests that the scale of human population and the current pace of its growth contribute substantially to the loss of biological diversity. Although technological change and unequal consumption inextricably mingle with demographic impacts on the environment, the needs of all human beings especially for food imply that projected population growth will undermine protection of the natural world. Numerous solutions have been proposed to boost food production while protecting biodiversity, but alone these proposals are unlikely to staunch biodiversity loss. An important approach to sustaining biodiversity and human well-being is through actions that can slow and eventually reverse population growth: investing in universal access to reproductive health services and contraceptive technologies, advancing women s education, and achieving gender equality. in population policies, and from common convictions that human numbers cannot be influenced other than through coercive population control (10). We argue that research increasingly demonstrates that continuing population growth plays a substantial role in the destruction of biodiversity, and that this role deserves more exploration in scientific circles. Policies for slowing and eventually reversing the size of the global population, within aframeworkofhumanrights,areafeasiblepathway to reducing humanity s impact, increasing human welfare, and protecting biodiversity. Neglect for the population factor The 1990s and 2000s saw a desertion of concerns about population in scientific, policy, and public arenas (11 13). A number of factors converged to downplay ecological and socioeconomic issues related to population growth. A globally declining fertility rate promoted a widespread perception that the population problem was on the way to solving itself (14). Additionally, the combination Science (2017) 356:

10 The average eco-footprints of residents of high-income countries range from almost 5 to over 10 hectares, whereas the poorest of the poor live on less than 0.5 hectare. The world s average human eco-footprint is about 2.3 ha, even though there are only 1.9 ha of productive land and water per person on Earth. Nature (2003) 421:898

11 Science (2014) 344:

12 Science (2014) 344:

13 Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation Oscar Venter 1,2,3, Eric W. Sanderson 4, Ainhoa Magrach 5,6, James R. Allan 2,7, Jutta Beher 2, Kendall R. Jones 2,7, Hugh P. Possingham 2,8, William F. Laurance 3, Peter Wood 3, Balázs M. Fekete 9, Marc A. Levy 10 & James E.M. Watson 4,7 Human pressures on the environment are changing spatially and temporally, with profound implications for the planet s biodiversity and human economies. Here we use recently available data on infrastructure, land cover and human access into natural areas to construct a globally standardized measure of the cumulative human footprint on the terrestrial environment at 1 km 2 resolution from 1993 to We note that while the human population has increased by 23% and the world economy has grown 153%, the human footprint has increased by just 9%. Still, 75% the planet s land surface is experiencing measurable human pressures. Moreover, pressures are perversely intense, widespread and rapidly intensifying in places with high biodiversity. Encouragingly, we discover decreases in environmental pressures in the wealthiest countries and those with strong control of corruption. Clearly the human footprint on Earth is changing, yet there are still opportunities for conservation gains. Nature Communications (2016) 7: 12558

14 a 2009 Human footprint ,000 km km 0 1,000 km b Human footprint change Improve Slightly improve Slightly degrade Degraded Highly degrade Figure 1 Maps showing the current state and recent change in the global human footprint. (a) The global human footprint map for 2009 using a 0 50 cool to hot colour scale, and (b) absolute change in average human footprint from 1993 to 2009 at the ecoregion scale 74. Data on human footprint change are summarized by ecoregions to allow for interpretation of broad patterns. Inset panels in b show focal regions that span the full breadth of the human footprint pressure scale. Nature Communications (2016) 7: 12558

15 American Naturalist (1984) 124:

16 Humains American Naturalist (1984) 124:

17 Avertissements répétés de la communauté scientifique

18 Thomas Robert Malthus ( ) «Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio.»

19 Catastrophe malthusienne Population Nourriture Quantité Temps

20 World Scientists' Warning to Humanity (1992) UNION OF CONCERNED SCIENTISTS World Scientists Warning to Humanity Union of Concerned Scientists Signé par plus de 1500 scientifiques

21 Viewpoint World Scientists Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice WILLIAM J. RIPPLE, CHRISTOPHER WOLF, THOMAS M. NEWSOME, MAURO GALETTI, MOHAMMED ALAMGIR, EILEEN CRIST, MAHMOUD I. MAHMOUD, WILLIAM F. LAURANCE, and 15,364 scientist signatories from 184 countries Signé par plus de scientifiques BioScience (2017) 67:

22 It s time to get real about conservation To protect endangered species from extinction, the ecological community must become more politically involved, argues Aaron M. Ellison. H BETTER DATA WILL NOT SAVE ELEPHANTS, RHINOS OR ANY OTHER SPECIES. Nature (2016) 538: 141

23 The Lorax (1972) Le Once-ler coupe un Truffula pour faire du Thneed Le Lorax parle pour les arbres et émet un avertissement Le Once-ler démarre une manufacture pour fabriquer du Thneed La manufacture ferme après avoir récolté le dernier Truffula, fait fuir tous les animaux et complètement détruit l environnement Le Once-ler donne la dernière graine de Truffula à un jeune garçon pour qu il replante une forêt en espérant que le Lorax et les autres animaux reviennent

24 HARPERCOLLINS CHILDREN S BOOKS HARPERCOLLINS CHILDREN S BOOKS COMMENT BOOKS & ARTS The Lorax leaves in despair after failing to save his ecosystem from poisoning by the Thneed factory, run by the greedy, green-armed Once-ler. The Lorax leaves in despair after failing to save his ecosystem from poisoning by the Thneed factory, run by the greedy, green-armed Once-ler. IN RETROSPECT IN RETROSPECT The Lorax The Lorax Emma Marris reflects on a classic children s fable that still has lessons for environmental policy 40 years on. This being a children s book, they don t This go being a children s extinct. Rather, they book, they don t go are packed off, with extinct. Rather, they much lamentation, to points unknown are by packed off, with much lamentation, to the creature who gives unknown by the book its title: points the Lorax, a diminutive, the creature who gives grandly moustached the book its title: the character who acts as The Lorax Lorax, a diminutive, advocate for the eco- DR SEUSS Emma Marris reflects on a classic children s fable that Nature (2011) 476: