I. Peterson Science News

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1 Department of Geography and Planning University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY USA urban agglomeration system of cities urban agglomeration K901 A 0 terminological minefield I. Peterson Science News Urban Development Studies Vol. 24 No

2 agglomeration 4 the problems of large urban agglomerations the state urban decentralized the university system Bickley agglomerations UA Townsend K. Davis agglomeration City Proper CP Urbanized Areas UA Metropolitan Areas MA 5 6 Davis Frankhauser intraurban geography interurban geography 7 fragmentation irregular 12 MA confusion / chaos order chaos 13 White agglomeration urban agglomerations The act or process of gathering into a mass A confused or jumbled mass urban agglomerations agglomeration fringe area 13cluster spatial process 8 Cincinnati White agglomeration CP 14 8 agglomeration central city CC urban area 15 UA MA urban region 9 MA agglomeration MA UA 6 MA UA 15 To avoid fractal cities city fractals urban agglomeration Urban Development Studies Vol. 24 No

3 agglomeration agglomeration MA agglomeration confused UA Kaye MA agglomerate aggregate subunit agglomerate agglomerate made into a globe or a ball 1. 2 aggregate aggregate to bring together like a flock of sheep aggregate 17 agglomerate aggregate Agglomeration agglomerate Urban agglomeration Washington DC Baltimore Newark Paterson Ruhr GB / T Urban agglomeration 16 urban agglomeration Urban Development Studies Vol. 24 No

4 urban complex 23 Urban complex MA 1964 B. J. L. Berry MA 24 Bertalanffy urban complex J. Gottmann Megalopolis 20 Boston 25 Washington Boswash 19 conurbation urban area multimetropolitan complexes spatial interrelation spatial interaction 27 urbanization urban system system of cities Christaller L sch 26 elements 1960 O. D. Duncan Urban Development Studies Vol. 24 No

5 urban systems cities as systems system of cities Environment and Planning B 2 CA 21 CA urban systems 29 / Phipps CA urban systems 29 Phipps 30 urban systems system of cities scaling Bertalanffy allometric growth 16 Bertalanffy Zipf Urban Development Studies Vol. 24 No

6 Zipf Zipf = = 4 SOC SOC SOC power-lawcp UA MA 41 Wiki CC / CP SOC systems of cities urban agglomeration 38 Zipf Urban Development Studies Vol. 24 No

7 10 Frankhauser P. Stuttgart 1991 pp W. H. Freeman and Company White R Engelen G Uljee I urbanization EB / OL unsd / urban agglomeration - 98 EB / OL guihua / 1999 York VCH Publishers Batty M Longley PA. Function M. London Academic Press Gallagher R Appenzeller T. Beyond Reductionism J. Science Fund M. 2 Einstain A. J. E C / /. 22 Knox PL Marston SA. Places and Regions in Global Context Human Geography M. Upper Saddle River NJ Prentice 3 Abrahams M. M.. Hall Peterson I. The shapes of cities mapping out fractal models of urban growth J. Science News Davis K. World urbanization C / / Bourne I. S. Simons J. W. Systems of Cities New York Oxford University Press J De Blij HJ Muller PO. Geography Realms Regions and Concepts Eighth edition M. New York John Wiley & Sons De Blij HJ. Human Geography Culture Society and Space Fifth Edition M. New York John Wiley & Sons M The fractal approach A new tool for the spatial analysis of urban agglomerations J. Population An English Selection Frankhauser P Sadler R. Fractal analysis of agglomerations C / / M. Hilliges ed.. Natural Structures. Stuttgart University of. 12 Mandelbrot BB. The Fractal Geometry of Nature M. New York The use of constrained cellular automata for high-resolution modeling of urban-land dynamics J. Environment and Planning B Planning and Design United Nations Statistics Division. Population density and. Available from http / / unstats. un. org / 15 Brinkhoff T. The Principal Agglomerations of the World EB / OL. Available from http / / www. citypopulation. de / GB / T http / / www. law110. com / lawserve / 17 Kaye BH. A Random Walk Through Fractal Dimensions M. New Fractal Cities A Geometry of Form and 19 Rubenstein JM. The Cultural Landscape An Introduction to Human Geography Sixth Edition M. New York Macmillan Publishing Company Gottmann J. Megalopolis M. New York Twentieth-Century 23. M Berry BJL. Cities as systems within systems of cities J. Papers in Regional Science Bertalanffy L. General System Theory Foundations Development and Applications M. New York George Breziller Batty M. Less is more more is different complexity morphology cities and emergence Editorial J. Environment and Planning B Planning and Design M J Urban Development Studies Vol. 24 No

8 29 Batty M Couclelis H Eichen M. Urban systems as cellular automata Editorial J. Environment and Planning B Planning and Design Phipps M Langlois A. Spatial dynamics cellular automata and parallel processing computers J. Environment and Planning B Planning and Design Portugali J. Self-Organization and the City M. Berlin Springer J Z. 41 Bak P. How Nature Works the Science of Self-organized Criticality Bourne IS Simons JW. Systems of Cities M. New York Oxford University Press J. EB / OL. http / / www. scorus2006. ae. wroc. pl / J Lee Y. An allmetric analysis of the US urban system J. Environment and Planning A J. 38 Chen YG. The spatial meaning of Pareto's scaling exponent of citysize distributions J. Fractals Chen YG Feng J. A hierarchical allometric scaling analysis of Chinese cities J. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society Volume 2017 Article ID pages M. New York Springer-Verlag Rai M. Operational Definitions of Urban Rural and Urban Agglomeration for Monitoring Available from Human Settlements Urban Agglomeration Urban System and Chengshiqun Different Concepts CHEN Yanguang JIANG Shiguo Abstract Twenty years ago Chinese scholars put forward a set of over high standards for identifying systems of cities. Based on these standards many regions of Chinese cities could not be treated as urban systems. Thus the concept of chengshiqun arises as the times require. From then on unfortunately chengshiqun urban systems and urban agglomerations are mixed up with one another by Chinese people. This paper is devoted to clarifying the relationships and distinctions between these concepts of cities. Using semantic analyses and logical deduction we make a clear yet justifiable clarification on the three main concepts in urban geography and city planning in China. We argue that urban agglomeration is a city concept in the sense of urban landscape and urban system represents both a city as a system and system of cities. We also argue that chengshiqun a Chinese term is actually the colloquialism of system of cities. The term Chengshiqun is to system of cities what the salt is to sodium chloride. Thus the English expression for chenshiqun should be system of cities rather than urban agglomeration. According to the ideas from general system theory and complexity theory the principal quantitative criterions of a system of cities comprise fractal structure power law rank-size distribution Zipf's law and allometric growth allometric scaling law. Among the three methods the simplest approach to identifying a system of cities is to use the rank-size distribution. If a set of cities and towns in a given region follows Zipf's law rank-size rule it can be regarded as an urban system. Keywords Urban Definition Urban Agglomeration System of Cities Chengshiqun Rank-size rule Allometric Scaling Urban Development Studies Vol. 24 No