Chapter6. Block-wise Distribution of Water Supply and Sanitation Services in West Bengal: Role of Panchayat Samiti

Transcription

1 Chapter6 Block-wise Distribution of Water Supply and Sanitation Services in West Bengal: Role of Panchayat Samiti

2 Chapter6 Block-wise Distribution of Water Supply and Sanitation Services in West Bengal: Role of Panchayat Samiti 6.1. Introduction The second tier of rural local government, Panchayat Samiti, has the responsibility of planning, execution and supervision of all developmental programmes of the block in West Bengal. It has the responsibility of setting up of sources of water supply. In addition to that maintenance and up-gradation of water supply sources is also taken care by the Panchayat Samiti (PS). PS can bargain resources from Zilla Parishad (ZP) for setting up of new water supply sources and maintenance of existing sources. Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) is the line department in implementing water supply schemes. In West Bengal the P!inchayat Samiti is functionally linked to the line department through a Standing Committee at PS (Subrahmanyam and Choudhury, 2002). In the sanitation programme, PS is responsible for distribution of subsidies to the BPL families, setting up of sanitary marts and implementing Information Education and Communication (IEC) programme. In the last chapter, we have examined the district-wise distribution of funds for rural water supply and district-wise achievement of sanitation programme. We have observed that funds for rural water supply are distributed more in favour of districts, which are more capable to bargain resources from state government through Zilla Parishad. In other countries like Malawi, Uganda and Zimbabwe it has also been observed that provision of water services (investment and maintenance) are significantly greater in already well served area, dominated by powerful politicians than in poorly served areas (Slaymaker and Newbome, 2004; Mtisi and Nicol, 2003). In the sanitation programme, Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC), we have found that it has progressed more in districts where there are less BPL families, more literate people and more state ruling party representative in the ZP. So decentralisation has 165

3 Chapter 6 been found to have a negative impact on equity in provision of services at the district level analysis. Bardhan, (2002) and Litvack, Ahmad and Bird (1998) has also raised the suspicion that decentralisation may lead to disparity. In this chapter we have examined the same issue at the block level. We will look into the aspects of allocative efficiency of Zill Parishad (ZP) regarding distribution of rural water supply and sanitation services to Panchayat Samitis (PSs). We will examine whether water supply sources are more distributed in favour of blocks (of a district) which are more capable to bargain resources from Zilla Parishad and blocks where there is more need for water supply. In addition to that we will examine the other determinants of distribution of water supply sources across blocks. The block-wise progress of sanitation programme in a district will also be analysed. We will look into the relation between different socio-economic variables and progress of TSC across blocks. For the purpose of analysis we have chosen Birbhum and South 24 Patganas district of West Bengal. These two districts have certain typical characteristics, which are important in choosing the type of water supply source. In Birbhum district, soil condition is rocky and hard in few blocks. Ground water of some of the blocks are affected by fluorite contamination. In South 24 Parganas district soil is not hard but groundwater of many of the blocks is affected by arsenic contamination. In case of progress in TSC, the variation of progress of the programme across the blocks is highest in Birbhum district. This makes it interesting for analysis. On the other hand, the variation across the blocks in South 24 Parganas district is substantially lower than Birbhum district. Politically the Zilla Parishads of these two districts are dominated by Left Alliance, which is also the ruling party of the state. A comparison of findings obtained from these two districts could have been very interesting but due to data constraint we could not do it for each and every result. We have taken into account maximum possible aspects of water supply and sanitation of these two districts given data constraint. We expect that sources and funds of rural water supply would be distributed more in favour of the blocks where there is need for it. In addition to this, we expect that 166

4 Chapter 6 blocks having higher literacy rate are able to bargain more sources of water supply in their favour. Moreover, greater is the presence of Left Alliance (majority party of Zilla Parishad and state government) elected representative in the PS, larger would be bargaining power of the later in the ZP in garnering resources for water supply 1 It is also expected that water supply would be distributed more towards blocks where households are economically weaker and presence of Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) population is higher. We also expect that within different types of water supply sources, the blocks having greater capability_ to bargain will pre-empt more reliable and technologically sophisticated source. Choices of different type of water supply systems are also expected to be determined by geographical conditions and quality of groundwater. With regard to the progress of sanitation programme, we expect that it is higher in blocks where literacy rate is high and residents are economically stronger. Literacy rate increases understanding of people regarding the programme and usefulness of using toilet. Economic strength increases capability to contribute for taking up the programme. The greater presence of ruling party representatives in the PS is expected to have positive impact on the progress of the programme. This is because the Left Alliance in West Bengal is one of the big champions of decentralised Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC). We have divided the chapter into several sections. In section 6.2 we have discussed about the data and methodology involved. In section 6.3 we have discussed about water supply of Birbhum and South 24 Parganas district. This section has been divided into several subsections. In subsection we have looked in the choice of different water supply systems with respect to the geographical condition and quality of groundwater available in the blocks. In section we have discussed about distribution of sources and funds for water supply across blocks. We have made an attempt to analyse how socio-economic characteristics of the blocks in the two 1 Political discretion of higher level government plays a major role in distribution of resources for poverty alleviation programme in West Bengal (Bardhan and Mookherjee, 2004). 167

5 Chapter6 districts have determined the distribution of sources and fund for water supply. In section 6.4 we have looked into the progress in TSC. In the next section we have concluded the chapter Data & Methodology The distribution of water supply source and fund across the blocks has been illustrated in this chapter. An effort has been made to examine the relation of distribution of water supply source and fund across blocks with need of water supply, socioeconomic characteristics, geographical conditions and groundwater quality of the blocks. The relation of distribution of water supply sources and fund across blocks with bargaining capability of the blocks has also been looked into. We have collected information regarding rural water supply from PliED and Zilla Parishad of Birbhum and South 24 Parganas district. Only cross sectional analysis has been done in this chapter since time series data is not available. We have taken information regarding the status of different types of drinking water sources, such as stand posts, ring bored tubewell, masonry well and deep well pump in Birbhum district as on March, Information regarding tubewells sunk in South 24 Parganas till 2004 has been collected from PHED in South 24 Parganas district. Funds distributed from the Zilla Parishad to the Panchayat Samities for sinking and resinking of tubewell ( ), operation and maintenance of rural piped water supply scheme taken over by Panchayat Samiti ( ) and maintenance of all water supply system ( ) have been collected from Birbhum Zilla Parishad. We have also collected information regarding percentage of households using tap, handpump, tubewell and well in Birbhum and South 24 Parganas district from Census In case of sanitation, blockwise progress of sanitation in Birbhum and South 24 Parganas district has been analysed. An effort has been made to examine the relation of blockwise progress of sanitation programme with socio-economic characteristics of the blocks. We have collected information regarding block-wise construction of latrines from State Institute of Panchayat and Rural Development. Bock-wise number 168

6 Chapter6 of toilet constructed till March 2007 has been collected for only South 24 Parganas!llld Birbhum district. The allocation of funds for different components of TSC has!lls.o been analysed for both South 24 Parganas and Birbhum district. This information bas bteen collected from respective Zilla Parishads. 'Wile bave added percentage of households having sources of tap, handpump, tubewell!lllal well away from premises and all other sources of water supply (which are considered to be unsafe) to obtain the need of water supply in the block. We denote trhi:s wariable as NEEDWATER as has been done in the earlier chapter. The need of soanitation of a block has been measured by calculating percentage of households ba'viog no latrine at home. This variable has been denoted as NOLA TRINE. Sirnilar to the earlier chapter, in this chapter too we have considered the two channels of bargaining for water supply services. These two channels are political and 10li tical channels. In case of political channel, bargaining capability of Panchayat Sanniti (PS) for the block would increase if there is more elected representatives from the dominant party of Zilla Parishad and state ruling party. In both the districts dolllli:nant party of the Zila Parishad is Left Alliance in both 1998 and 2003 Panchyat ele-..ction. The state ruling party is Left Alliance for last thirty years. So we have callclllated the percentage of representation of Left Alliance in the Panchayat Samities tt() teapture the political channel of bargaining. We have denoted it for as LA1 for 1998 elction and as LA for the average of 1998 and 2003 election. The other important chmnnel of bargaining is through greater consciousness, which is generally created by l:itenucy. To capture this channel of bargaining, blockwise rural literacy rate (LITERACY) for the two districts has been obtained from Census of India, [n tlris study we have examined whether due to anti-poverty measures taken by the o'vemment, the provision of services are higher towards blocks where there are more Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (SC and ST) population and economically depri.ved people. The blockwise percentage of rural SC and ST population has been obtalned from Census of India, Economic deprivation of the households have 169

7 Chapter 6 been measured by percentage of household occupying temporary type of houses, percentage of households having no electricity at home, and percentage of households not possessing assets like radio/transistor, television, telephone, bicycle, scooter/motor cycle/moped, car/jeep/van. We have constructed an index of deprivation (DEPRIVATION) by taking average of these three variables Rural Water Supply Type of water supply system is supposed to be primarily dependence on geographical condition and water quality. This aspect has been discussed in subsection In the next subsection we have discussed about distribution of water supply sources and funds in Birbhum and South 24 Parganas district. In addition to that we have made an effort to relate distribution of water supply with socio-economic conditions of the blocks, given geographical conditions and quality of water Geographical Conditions, Water Quality and Choice of Different Sources Sources of drinking water supply are mainly of four types. They are tap, handpump, tubewell and well. In case of tap water supply water is lifted from the ground and is purified in the reservoir. Then it is distributed to the sources through pipe from a reservoir. It is considered to be the most reliable and safe source of drinking water source if contamination can be avoided. Contamination due to leakage of pipe can be avoided by maintaining pressure within the pipe. This is possible if water flows 24 hours in a day through the pipe. Ordinary handpump lifts the static groundwater if it is within 10 meters from the surface. As a source of water supply it is very unreliable due to frequent breakdown and reduction in the water level. It is also susceptible to contamination/ infection since it is not purified and water from outside can seep in the tube. Tubewelllifts groundwater from more than 10 meters depth. It is more reliable than ordinary handpump. The most unreliable among all types of handpump/ tube well is ring-bored tubewell. It is installed when the surface is rocky. It sucks water from a natural bore within the rocks. It is not a stable source since water supply stops when 170

8 Chapter6 water within the bore gets finished. The most reliable among all types of handpump/ tubewell is deep tubewell or deep well pump. Deep tubewell and deep well pump has been mentioned interchangeably in this chapter. Well is also a very unsafe source of drinking water as it is susceptible to contamination and infection. On the cost side, the cost of piped water supply generally depends on density of population. If the density of population increases, then cost of provision declines. Tubewell is generally costlier than handpump and well. It is costlier when the surface is hard. The choice of sources is supposed to depend on the soil conditions and ground water quality. We have taken into account both these features in case of Birbhum district. In case of South 24 Parganas district, we have only looked into groundwater quality. As per agro-climatic classification, Birbhum falls under the Lower Gangetic Plain Region, but the soil in more than half of the blocks is red laterite with very low clay and /or alluvium content. In the western part of the district (Rampurhat Subdivision and some of the western bocks in Sadar Subdivision) there is rocky consolidated formation and old alluvium soil. However, the eastern and southern parts of the district (Bolpur Subdivision and eastern blocks in the Sadar Subdivision) have deposits of both old and new alluvium. Moreover, as many rivers are passing through the eastern part of the district, so the groundwater level is relatively shallow in the eastern and southern part rather than the western part of the district. There are a few blocks in the Birbhum district where groundwater is affected by fluoride contamination. In South 24 Parganas, we have not looked into the soil condition since soil in this district is not the constraining factor behind installing any type of cheap groundwater water supply source. The groundwater level is also shallow in the district. However, groundwater of many blocks in this district is affected by arsenic contamination. Block-wise details of these features are available in Table

9 Chapter6 Table 6.1: Block-wise Soil Conditions and Water Quality in Birbhum and South 24 Parganas District Birbhum South 24 Parganas Block Main Soil Type Block Arsenic Contamination Bolpur-Sriniketan Old&New Baruipur Affected Alluvium Old Alluvium. Basanti Affected Dubrajpur Fluoride Mfected Bhagore-1 Mfected Bhangore-II Mfected Dlambazar Old&New Bishnupur-1 Mfected Alluvium Khoirasole Old Alluvial & Bishnupur-II Affected Consolidated formation Labpur Old&New Budge Budge I NotMfected Alluvium Mayureswar-1 Old&New Budge Budge II Mfected Alluvium Mayureswar-II Old&New Canning-I Not Affected Alluvium Md. Bazar Old Alluvial. Canning-II Not Affected Consolidated Formation Murarai-1 Old Alluvial Diamond Harbour- I Not Affected Murarai-11 New Alluvial Diamond Harbour- II Not Affected Old Alluvium & Falta Not Affected Consolidated Nalhati-1 Gosaba Not Affected Formation. Joynagar-1 Affected Fluoride Mfected Nalhati-11 New&Old Joynagar-II Not Affected Alluvium Nanoor New&Old Kakdwip Not Affected Alluvium Rajnagar Consolidated Kulpi NotMfected formation & Old Alluvium Old Alluvium. Kuitali Not Affected Rampurhat-1 Fluoride Mfected Mograhat-1 Not Affected Mograhat-II Mfected Rampurhat-II New Alluvial Mandirbazar Not Affected Saithia Old Alluvial Mathurapur-1 Not Affected Suri-1 Old Alluvial Mathurapur II Not Affected Suri-11 Old Alluvial Namkhana Not Affected Pathar Pratima NotMfected Sagar Not Affected Sonarpur Mfected Thakurpukur-Maheshtala Not Affected Source: Government of West Bengal 172

10 Chapter 6 We have found that in Birbhum district percentage of households using handpump as a source of water supply is less and well is more in western blocks. The case is reverse in eastern and southern blocks. This is shown in Figure 6.1 where blocks in the western part of the district has been marked as W. Other unmarked blocks belong to eastern and southern part of the district. There is a substitution between block-wise percentage of households using handpump and well in Birbhum district This is evident from correlation matrix presented in Table 6.2. Since handpump cannot lift water from deep it is more used as source in the eastern and southern blocks where groundwater level is relatively shallow. Tubewell can lift water from deeper level than handpump. Tubewell is also safer than handpump since it lifts water from a deeper level where groundwater is more pure. It is better source of drinking water than handpump and well in the western blocks since groundwater level is deep and a few of the blocks are affected by fluoride contamination. Well, on the other hand, is considered to be relatively unsafe source. It has been observed that percentage of household using tubewell as source of water supply is more in blocks where percentage of household using tap as source of water supply is high. Tap is considered to be the most reliable and safe source of drinking water, so as tubewell. Both of these sources are not installed by higher amount in blocks where there is need, i.e, the western blocks. There must be some other determinants of distribution of tap and tubewell as sources of water supply. This aspect we will explore later in this chapter. 173

11 Chapter 6 Table 6.2: Correlation Matrix: Block-wise Percentage of Households Using Different Water Supply Sources in Birbhum and South 24 Parganas District Birbhum Tap HandpJIID_I! TubeweU WeU Tjlp 1.00 Hanc!Pump TubeweU 0.45* WeU *** South 24 Pare:anas Tap Handpump TubeweU WeD Tap 1.00 Handpump -0.78*** 1.00 Tube wed 0.41 ** -0.89*** 1.00 wen 0.55*** Source: Census of lnd1a, 2001 * Significant at 10% Level, ** Significant at 5% Level and *** Significant at 1% Level Density of population is one important criterion in supply of water through piped water supply. If population density is thin and villages are scattered then piped water supply may tum out to be uneconomical. Per capita standposts are supposed to be higher in areas (blocks) where population density is high, since it makes per capita expenditure for piped water supply more economical. In Birbhum district, we found that this is indeed true. The correlation between per capita standpost and population density across blocks is 0.51, which is significant at 5 percent level. The relation between these two is also evident from Figure 6.2. In South 24 Pargans district we have found that percentage of households using tap and tubewell is more in blocks affected by arsenic contamination. In Figure 6.3 these blocks are marked by A. Percentage of households using handpump is relatively less in these blocks compared to blocks not affected by contamination. This is because tap and tubewell are safer source of water supply than handpump in blocks affected by arsenic contamination. It has also been found that percentage of people using tap in a block increases with increase in percentage of people using tubewell (see correlation matrix in Table 6.2). It is less in blocks where there is percentage of people using handpump is higher. It is presumably the quality of water that has determined the choice of different types of sources. 174

12 Chapter Distribution of Water Supply and Socio-Economic Characteristics of The analysis of provision of rural water supply across blocks has been done on Birbhum and South 24 Parganas districts. In case of Birbhum district, it was possible to collect more information than in case of South 24 Parganas district. In this section, we have illustrated block-wise variation of water supply in both the districts and also have made an effort to estimate the determinants of variation. We have also compared and contrasted our findings for both the districts wherever possible. Birbhum District Installation of Sources There are mainly five types of sources of water supply in Birbhum district. The types of sources vary across the blocks. As on March 2000, in Nalhati-I block there are 18 standpost per ten thousand population, while in Khoirasole, Rajnagar and Rampurhat I there are no existing standpost (Table 6.3). The number of deep well pump per ten thousand population is 75 in Mayureswar-I and 68 in Labpur. On the other hand, there is no deep well pump in Rajnagar and number of deep well pump per ten thousand population in Md. Bazar is 7. Instead there are 83 ring bored tubewell per ten thousand population in Rajnagar and 43 per ten thousand population in -Md Bazar. In Md. Bazar there are also 60 masonry well per ten thousand population. Blocks where number of deep well pump is more the number of ring bored tubewell and masonry well is less. Ordinary tubewells are also few in number in blocks where the number of Ring Bored Tubewell is higher. Geographical conditions have led to choice of different type of systems. Blocks in western part of the districts have rocky consolidated formation and old alluvial. So ring bored tubewell and masonry well are the main sources of water in these blocks. On the other hand, blocks in the eastern and southern part of the district have deposits of both old and new alluvial. Ordinary tubewell and deep well pump are more prevalent in these blocks. In this section, we 175

13 Chapter6 have attempted to examine whether along with geographical considerations there are some other factors, which determine the installation of different type of sources. Table 6.3: Block-wise Different Type of Water Supply Sources in Birbhum District as on March 2000 per JOh t ousan d popu l atzon. Ring Bored Masonary Deep Well Ordinary Stand post Block Tubewell Well Pump Tubewell Bolpur-Sriniketan Dubrajpur lllambazar Khoirasole Labpur Mayureswar Mayureswar Md. Bazar Murarai Murarai Nalhati Nalhati Nanoor Raj nagar Rampurhat Rampurhat Saithia Suri Suri Source: Public Health Engmeenng Department, West Bengal The ZP in the Birbhum district distributes funds for sinking andre-sinking of tubewell to the Panchayat Sarnities. Distribution pattern of such fund during illustrates that funds are almost equally distributed across blocks. Most of the blocks have received 5.71 percent of total fund (Table 6.4). Other blocks have obtained 4 to 5 percent of total fund. Per capita allocation has been found to be lowest at Rs in Nalhati-1 block and highest at Rs in Suri-II block. However, the block-wise per capita allocation of fund also does not differ much across blocks. It implies that distribution of fund for sinking and resinking of tubewell is not guided by any strong criteria based on geographical condition and need of the people. Funds available to the ZP are almost equally distributed in all the blocks. 176

14 Chapter6 Table 6.4: Block-wise Sub-allotment of Fund from Zilla Parishad to Panchayat Samiti for Sinking, Resinking of Tubewell in Birbhum District during Block Per capita Allocation (Rs.) Percentage Distribution Suri Suri Md.Bazar Sainthia Rajnagar Dub raj pur Khoyrasole Bolpur-Sriniketan Dlambazar Lab pur Nanoor Rampurhat Rampurhat Mayureswar Mayureswar Murarai Murarai Nalhati Nalhati Total Source: Zilla Panshad, B1rbhum D1stnct. We have made an attempt to find out the determining factors of per capita standpost (PSP), per capita ring bored tubewell (PRBTW), per capita deep well pump (PDWP), per capita ordinary tubewell (PORD) and per capita masonry well (PMW) at the block level. These variables have been regressed on LITERACY, SCST, NEEDWATER, DEPRIVATION, and LAl. To control for geographical condition we have taken WESTERN as a dummy variable. It takes the value 1 if blocks belong to western part of the district and 0 otherwise. The dependent variables in these regressions are truncated since any single type of water supply source is not available in each and every block. So we have used Tobit regression model in our analysis. We have taken LA1 instead of LA in this case because the figures available are as on The regression model is specified as: 177

15 Chapter 6 SOURCE= c +LITERACY+ SCST + NEEDWATER +DEPRIVATION+ LAl + WESTERN+ ei i = 1, 2, 3,... m blocks where SOURCE= PSP, PRBTW, PDWP, PORD or PMW The regression results are illustrated in Table 6.5. We have found that when PSP is the dependent variable, statistically significant independent variables are UTERACY, SCST, NEEDWATER, DEPRIVATION and LAl. The coefficient of LITERACY is positive, SCST is negative, NEEDWATER is positive, DEPRIVATION is negative and LAl is positive. WESTERN has turn out to be insignificant When PRBTW is dependent variable, only the coefficient of WESTERN turns out to be significant having a positive sign. When PDWP is the dependent variable the significant independent variables are UTERACY and WESTERN. The coefficient of UTERACY has turned out to be positive and the coefficient of WESTERN has turned out to be negative. When PORD is the dependent variable none of the independent variables have turned out to be significant. Lastly when PMW is the dependent variable the independent variables that turn out to be significant are SCST, NEEDW A TER and WESTERN. Coefficients of all these variables are positive. Table 6.5: Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Determinants of Block-wise Per Capita Stand post, Ring Bored Tubewell, Deep Well Pump, Ordinary Tubewell, Masonary Well in Birbhum District ason2000 PSP PRBTW PDWP PORD PMW LITERACY ** ** (2.34) (-1.39) (2.18) (1.09) (-1.16) SCST -Q.00003* ** (-1.82) (1.39) (-0.68) (1.11) (2.15) NEEDWATER * ** (1.85) (-1.30) (0.91) (-0.19) (2.53) WESTERN ** *** ** (-1.59) (2.64) (-3.64) (-1.46) (2.25) DEPRIVATION *** o (-5.25) (0.95) (-0.76) (-0.71) (0.79) LA *** (3.33) (-0.73) (-0.60) (0.62) (-1.34) constant *** (3.90) (-0.06) (-0.48) (-0.04) (-0.87) Log likelihood LR chi square Prob>Chi Numbers m the parenthesis are t statistics * Significant at 10% Level, ** Significant at 5% Level and *** Significant at 1% Level 178

16 Chapter 6 The results suggest that as need of water supply of a block increases, per capita standpost also increases in the block. Representation of Left Alliance in the PS is also important in ushering in new standposts but not in other type of water supply systems. This may be because PS having higher percentage of Left Alliance representatives can bargain funds for piped water supply by greater amount from ZP, where the same party is the dominant force. Moreover, piped water supply system is most safe and reliable source, and so it is politically most attractive type of source. Piped water supply is also distributed more in blocks where percentage of SC and ST population and deprivation is less. It is contrary to out expectation that water supply sources would be more distributed in blocks where SC and ST population is higher and blocks that are economically more deprived. This relation could be due to higher bargaining strength of ZP, that are economically stronger and resided by less SC and ST population, for pre-empting the safest and most reliable type of water supply source. Deep well pump is the second most safe and reliable source of drinking water. Both in case of stand post and deep well pump sources are distributed in blocks where people are more literate, having more bargaining power. Another aspect that comes out of the analysis is that ring bored tubewell is distributed more in western blocks having old alluvial and rocky surface. On the other hand, deep well pump is distributed more in eastern and southern blocks where there are both new and old alluvial. Masonary well is distributed more in blocks where there is more SC and ST population and need for drinking water. It is also distributed more in western blocks. Functioning of Sources Installation of sources is important, so as functioning of these sources. In Birbhum district it has been observed that percentage of sources functioning varies widely across blocks (Table A.6.1. in Appendix). It has been observed that in many other blocks all the standposts are functioning. On the other hand, in Suri-11 only 68% of the standposts are functioning. In case of ring bored tubewell in Bolpur-Sriniketan block all the sources are functioning, while in Md. Bazar block only 33 percent of the 179

17 Chapter6 sources are functioning. In Labpur and Sainthia blocks no masonry well is functioning, while in Bolpur-Sriniketan block all the sources are functioning. Similarly, in case of deep well pump, in lllambazar and Suri-1 96 percent of the sources are operating while the same in Md. Bazar is 49 percent. In Suri-1 block 95 percent of ordinary tubewells are functioning. On the contrary, in Labpur, Nalhati-11 and Rampurhat-11 blocks none of the ordinary tubewells are functioning. The prime responsibility of operation and maintenance (O&M) of piped water supply is with PHED. The responsibility of O&M of the rural piped water supply has been given to the Panchayat Samiti in nine schemes. The names of schemes in respe.ctive blocks are 1. Tinor, lllambazar block; 2. Joydeb-Kenduli, lllambazar; 3. Illambazar, lllambazar block; 4. Muraroi, Muraroi-1 block; 5. Pachiara, Dubrajpur block; 6. Nanoor, Nanoor block; 7. Surul, Bolpur-Sriniketanblock; 8. Layek Bajar, Bolpur Sriniketan block; 9. Chatra-Zone-1 & II, Muraroi-1 & II block. Either civil or. mechanicavelectrical component or both of O&M activity have been transferred to the Panchyat Samiti in these schemes. In Bolpur-Sriniketan block the O&M of lifting of the groundwater to the reservoir is taken care of by PHED. The distribution of water from the reservoir to the standposts and households is taken care of by the PS. In case of maintenance of other tubewell and handpump, PS and GP have the responsibility of maintaining these sources. The Zilla Parishad of Birbhum district allocates funds for O&M of rural piped water supply by the Panchayat Samities. During , the Zilla Parishad has distributed more than Rs. 17 lakhs for this purpose. This fund is distributed almost equally to the schemes. Table 6.6 shows that in Murarai-1, Murarai-11, Nanoor and Dubrajpur blocks percent of total fund has been allocate. In lllambazar block percent of total fund has been allocated as there are three schemes in this block where responsibility of O&M has been transferred to the Panchayat Samiti. 180

18 Chapter6 Table 6.6:Block-wise Allocation of Fund for O&M of Rural Piped Water Supply Scheme Run by Panchyat Samiti in Birbhum District during Name of Block/ Name of location of Water Percentage Amount Sub-allotted (Rs) Panchayat Supply Scheme Distribution Samiti lllambazar Tinor/ Joydev-Kendulil lllambazar Murarai-1 Murarai Murarai-11 Chatra/ Paikar Nanoor Nanoor Dubrajpur Pachiara All Source. Z11la Panshad, 811bhum Distnct Zilla Parishad also allocates funds to Panchayat Samiti for O&M of other rural water supply systems. It has been observed that in Birbhum district yearly per capita fund (PFUND) for O&M of water supply distributed tops by ZP during is Rs 4.53 (Table 6.7). It is lowest in Bolpur-Sriniketan block at Rs and highest in lliambazar block at Rs In our analysis, we will examine whether the distribution of funds from ZP to PS are related to the need of fund of the block and influence of the Left Alliance representative in the PS. Maintenance fund is expected to be distributed according to the need of maintaining different kinds of systems. Need of fund for maintenance would increase as per capita standpost, ring bored tubewell, masonary well, deep well pump and ordinary tubewell increase in a block. Higher Left Alliance representative in the PS may be able to bargain larger amount of fund for the PS. 181

19 Chapter6 Table 6.7: Block-wise Per Capita Annual Distribution of Fund by Zilla Parishad to Panchayat Samiti for O&M of Rural Water Supply in Birbhum District during R upees Panchayat Samiti Per Capital Annual Fund Bolpur-Sriniketan 2.33 Dubrajpur 5.56 lllambazar 8.74 Khayrasole 5.62 Labpur 3.05 Mayureswar Mayureswar Md. Bazar 7.38 Murarai Murarai Nalhati Nalhati Nanoor 4.83 Raj nagar 6.31 Rampurhat Rampurhat Saithia 4.52 Suri Suri Total 4.53 Source: Zilla Panshad, Btrbhum District We have analysed the detenninants of the distribution of fund from ZP to the PS. Fund for O&M of water supply across blocks is expected to be distributed according to the existence of different types of water supply sources in the blocks. Among various types of water supply sources, we have only considered standpost, ring bored tubewell and ordinary tubewell among different types of water supply sources. Other types of water supply sources have been dropped due to the presence of multicollenearity problem. We have constructed two different models taking PFUND as dependent variable. The common sets of independent variables in these two different models are per capita ring bored tubewell (PRBTW), per capita ordinary tubewell (PORD) and LA (Table 6.8). In some of the blocks maintenance of piped water supply schemes is done through PS. We expect that funds would be distributed by a higher margin in these blocks. Blocks where PS maintains the piped water supply has been marked by an dummy variable (intercept dummy) PSMAINTAIN. 182

20 Chapter6 Alternatively, we have constructed a slope dummy of PSP representing the blocks where PS maintains piped water supply. This variable is named as DPSP. We have alternatively used PSMAINT AIN in Model I; and PSP and DPSP in Model II. The specification of these models is as follows: Model I: PFUND= c + PRBTW + PORD + PSMAINTAIN +LA+ Model II: PFUND = c + PRBTW + PORD + PSP + DPSP + LA + i = 1, 2,... m blocks The results of regression models are represented in Table 6.8. We found that PRBTW is significant in both the models. In Model I PSMAINTAIN and in Model II only DPSP turns out to be significant. The variable LA is insignificant in both the models. We have found that Model II is better fitted than Model I Table 6.8: Detenninants of Distribution of Block-wise Per Capita Funds from ZP to PS in Birbhum District PFUND Modell Model II PRBTW * (2.00) (1.76) PORD (0.63) (0.21) PSMAINTAIN 1.59** (2.17) PSP (-0.72) DPSP ** (2.45) LA (1.02) (0.82) Constant (1.17) (1.1 0) R square Adjusted R square Prob>F Numbers m the parenthesis are t statistics * Significant at 10% Level, ** Significant at 5% Level and *** Significant at 1% Level 183

21 Chapter6 The result implies that funds are distributed more in blocks where there are more ringbored tubewell and maintenance responsibility for piped water supply has been taken over by the PS. Moreover, fund for maintenance of piped water supply increases with the scale, i.e, per capita available standpost. These two models reveal that representation of ruling party (Left Alliance) in the PS does not influence distribution of fund. The reason behind it might be that maintenance of water supply systems is not politically as attractive as installation of sources, particularly in case of piped water supply. South 24 Parganas District lnstallajion of Sources The analysis of delivery of water supply is very limited in this section due to paucity of data. We have only done an analysis on deep tubewells/ deep well pumps sunk for school under the PMGY programme. It has been found that number of tubewell sunk per lakh population under PMGY programme varies widely in South 24 Parganas district (Table 6.9). In 14 out of 29 blocks no tubewells has been sunk under the PMGY programme. On the other hand, in Sonarpur and Budge Budge-ll block number of tubewell sunk per lakh population is 42 and 37 respectively. Tubewell is a better sources of drinking water in blocks affected by arsenic contamination. 184

22 Chapter6 Table 6.9: Block-wise Distribution of Tubewells Sunk Under PMGY Programme Till July 2004 in South 24 Parganas District per l a kh pop ulation PS Number Baruipur 23 Basanti 0 Bhangor-1 39 Bhangor Bishnupur-1 23 Bishnupur Budge Budge-1 6 Budge Budge Canning-I 0 Canning-II 0 Diamond Harbour-1 0 Diamond Harbour-11 0 Falta 2 Gosaba 0 Joynagar-1 26 Joynagar-11 0 Kakdwip 0 Kulpi 0 Kultali 1 Mandir Bazar 0 Mathurapur-1 5 Mathurapur-11 2 Mograhat-1 0 Mograhat Namkhana 0 Pathar Pratima 0 Sagar 0 Sonarpur 42 Thakurpukur Maheshtala 1 Total 10 Source: Public Health Engmeenng Department, West Bengal We have looked into the determinants of construction of per capita PMGY tubewell (PPMGYTUBE) in different blocks of South 24 Parganas. We have regressed PPMGYTUBE on LITERACY, SCST, NEEDWATER, DEPRIVATION, LA and ARSENIC. The variable arsenic is a dummy variable, which takes the value 1 for blocks where groundwater is affected by arsenic contamination and 0 otherwise. In this case, we have again used Tobit regression model since in many of the blocks no tubewell has been installed. The Tobit regression model has been specified as follows: 185

23 Chapter6 PPMGYTUBE = constant + LITERACY + SCST + NEEDW A TER + DEPRIVATION + LA + ARSENIC + i= 1, 2,... m blocks The maximum likelihood estimated of the determinants of per capita PMGY tubewell is presented in Table We have found that only DEPRIVATION and ARSENIC turns out to be significant. The coefficient of DEPRIVATION is negative and ARSENIC is positive. It implies that per capita installation of tubewell is higher in blocks where groundwater is affected by arsenic contamination. Moreover, it has been set up more in blocks where people are less deprived. It is contrary to the expectation. The reason behind this may be that as people become economically stronger their bargaining strength increases in getting tubewell from ZP. It has also been observed that the representation of Left Alliance in the PS does not significantly influence the sinking of tubewell in the block. The last two finding are similar to the findings obtained in case of deep well pump in Birbhum district. Table 6.10: Maximum Likelihood Estimates of Determinants of Block-wise Per Capita PMGY Tubewell in South 24 Parganas District as on 2004 Variable PPMGYTUBE LITERACY -2.97e-06 (-0.57) SCST 4.55e-07 (0.29) NEEDWATER -2.19e-06 (-0.91) DEPRIVATION -4.63e-06 ** (-2.71) ARSENIC *** (6.44) LA -3.22e-07 (-0.80) constant (1.07) Log likelihood LR chi square Prob>chi Numbers m the parenthests are t statistics * Significant at 10% Level, ** Significant at 5% Level and *** Significant at 1% Level 186

24 Chapter 6 In this section, it has been found that geographical conditions and water quality are important detenninant of type of water supply source. In western part of Birbhum district where soil is made of rocky consolidated formation and old alluvium, there ring bored tubewell are mainly installed. On the other hand, in the eastern and southern part of the district where soil is made of both old and new alluvium, there deep :-ven pump is mainly installed. In South 24 Parganas district PMGY tubewells are mainly installed in blocks affected by arsenic contamination. The installation of suitable source according to geographical condition and groundwater quality has been possible may be due to decentralisation in the sector by making PHED at block level accountable to the PS. In a centralised system poor hydrological investigation often plagues rural water supply scheme (World Bank, 1998a). Literacy and/or economic condition has been found to be important detenninant of blockwise provision of water supply sources, which are more reliable and technologically sophisticated. This has been found to hold true in case of piped water supply and deep well pump in Birbhum district; and in case of PMGY tubewell in South 24 Parganas district. Greater presence of Left Alliance (majority party in the ZP) in the PS leads to greater provision of water supply service which is safer and technologically more sophisticated. This is because these sources are politically attractive to the representatives of PS. If they are from Left Alliance then it is easier for them to bargain resources for it from ZP. Tubewell installation has been observed to be not politically attractive for members of PS in both Birbhum and South 24 Parganas district. This is because tubewell is the less safe and reliable source of drinking water than piped water supply. Maintenance of sources has not been found to be politically attractive in Birbhum district. Maintenance fund has been distributed according to the need of the blocks Progress of TSC The progress of TSC has not been uniform across the districts as has been observed in the earlier chapter. In this section we have examined the progress of TSC across 187

25 Chapter 6 blocks. We have information about block-wise yearly construction of latrines during to for Birbhum and Jalpaiguri district; and during to for Hugli district. In case of Purulia we have information for the period to For other districts information is available from to Yearly construction of latrines per thousand population has been observed to be much higher in Howrah, Medinipur and Barddhaman districts as compared to other districts of the state (Table 6.11). It is low in Birbhum, Malda Uttar Dinajpur and Purulia. It has been observed that variation of progress of TSC across blocks, measured by coefficient of variation (CV) of construction of toilet per thousand population, is high in districts where progress is less and vice versa. The correlation coefficient between construction of latrine per thousand population and its coefficient of variation is -0.67, which is significant at 1% level. This is probably because in districts where progress is less there TSC has only been initiated in few blocks. Table 6.11: District-wise Yearly Construction of Latrine and Variation of Yearly Construction across Blocks in West Bengal pert ho usan d :]!_opu l atzon. District Latrine Coefficient of Constructed Variation Bankura Barddhaman Birbhum Dakshin Dinajpur Howrah Hugli Jalpaiguri Koch Bihar Maida Medinipur Murshidabad Nadia North 24 Parganas Puruliya South 24 Parganas \ Uttar Dinajpur Source: State lnstttute of Panchayat and Rural Development, West Bengal 188

26 Chapter 6 Construction of latrine per thousand population has been found to be lowest in Birbhum district. On the other hand, coefficient of variation (CV) of construction of latrine per thousand population is highest in Birbhum. In South 24 Parganas district per capita construction is much higher but variation across blocks is substantially lower than Birbhum district. In the remaining part of this section, we have looked into the blockwise progress of TSC of Birbhum and South 24 Parganas district in detail. It has been observed that by March 2007 toilet cbnstructed per 100 population in Birbhum district is 5 and in South 24 Parganas district it is 7 (Table 6.12). In both the districts number of toilet constructed per hundred populations varies highly across blocks. In Birbhum district it is lowest at 2 in Nalhati-I block and it is highest at 20 in lllambazar block. In lllambazar block it is substantially higher than other blocks of the Birbhum district. In South 24 Parganas district it is 2 in Mograhat-11 block, while it is 25 in Budge Budge-I block. 189

27 Chapter6 Table 6.12: Block-wise Construction of Toilet in Birbhum and South 24 Parganas District Till March 2007 per 100 p_p]jll 1 atwn. South 24 Parganas Birbhum Block No of Latrine Block No of Latrine Baruipur 5 Bolpur 7 Basanti 7 Dubrajpur 5 Bhangore-1 8 lllambazar 20 Bhanoore-11 7 Khovrasole 3 Bishnupur - I 13 LabQUr 7 Bishnupur - II 5 Mayureswar-1 6 Budge Budge I 25 Mayureswar-11 4 Budge Budge II 11 Md. Bazar 3 Cannino-1 4 Murarai-1 3 Cannino -II 3 Murarai-11 3 Diamond Harbour- I 4 Nalhati-1 2 Diamond Harbour- II 4 Nalhati-11 5 Falta 7 Nanoor 5 Gosaba 11 Rajnagar 7 Joynagar-1 4 Rampurhat-1 4 Joynagar -II 4 Rampurhat-11 5 Kakdwip 10 Sainthia 4 Kulpi 7 Suri -I 4 Kultali 4 Suri-11 6 Mandirbazar 8 All 5 Mathurapur- I. 9 Mathuraour-11 5 Moorahat-1 7 Mograhat-11 2 Namkhana 11 Pathar Pratima 10 Sagar 11 Sonarpur 4 Thakurpukur - Maheshtala 14 All 7 Source: State Institute of Panchayat and Rural Development, West Bengal Before going into the reasons behind interblock variation in programme performance we will look into the block-wise distribution of funds for implementation of TSC. The funds are distributed by ZP to the Executive Officer of the PS. It has been observed that in case of Birbhum district, around 51 percent of the government expenditure on TSC has been incurred on school sanitation till 2007 (Table 6.13). Subsidy for individual latrine has accounted for around 35 percent of total expenditure in 190

28 Chapter 6 Birbhum. On the other hand, in South 24 Parganas district till 2004 around 50 percent of the total expenditure of the government on TSC has been on subsidy for individual household latrine. Information Education and Communication (IEC) which is an important component in TSC, has accounted for 9 percent of total expenditure in Birbhum and 12 percent in South 24 Parganas district. Table 6.13: Percentage Distribution of Fund by Different Components of TSC in Birbhum and South 24 Parganas District South 24 Parganas Birbhum (during 13/08/2001 to (As on 30/4/07) Components of TSC ) Strat up Activity IEC Alternate Delivery Mechanism (RSM/ PC) Subsidy for Individual Household Latrrine School Sanitation Total Amount Source: Z1lla Panshad, South 24 Parganas and B1rbhum D1stnct The block-wise allocation of government fund for TSC for both the districts has been illustrated in Table A.6.2. in Appendix. It has been observed that in South 24 Parganas district although 50 percent of the expenditure is spent on subsidy but there are wide variations across the blocks. In Namkhana and Kulpi block, no fund has been allocated as subsidy, while in Sagar block percentage of funds allocated as subsidy is as high as 78 percent. Low allocation for subsidy may lead to less adoption of the programme by the BPL population. Furthermore, the percentage of fund allocated for IEC is as low as 4 percent in BhangoreI block and 5 percent in Pathar Pratima block. In Birbhum district, percentage of allocation for IEC is between 6 to 7 percent in Nanoor, Labpur and Rampurhat-11 block. Expenditure on IEC is important as it helps in generating demand for sanitary facility. Although school sanitation has accounted for around 51 percent in the district but in Illambazar block it has accounted for only 23 percent of the total allocation. In both the districts in many blocks there has not been any expenditure on alternative delivery mechanism (rural sanitary mart or the production centre). This component of expenditure is important as it is used or setting 191

29 Chapter 6 up of rural sanitary mart or the production centre. Moreover, it is used as construction of shed, training of masons and also as a revolving fund. Scarcity of this fund may hamper timely delivery of sanitary facilities to households adopting TSC. Utilisation of funds allocated has also been found to vary across different components and also across blocks. In Birbhum districts it has been observed that in all the blocks 100 percent fund for start-up activity has been utilised till2007. Utilisation of fund for IEC activity differs extensively among the blocks. It has been observed that in Labpur 100 percent of the fund for IEC has been utilised while in Raj nagar only 24 percent of the fund has been utilised (Table 6.14). Low utilisation of the fund for IEC activity is of grave concern since IEC is one of the most important components of TSC. In case of subsidy, 100 percent of the fund has been utilised in lllambazar block but utilisation is as low as 20 percent in Murarai-11. Low utilisation of fund for subsidy implies less construction of toilet by the BPL households than they ought to have constructed. In Khoyrasole, lllambazar, Nanoor and Labpur the entire fund allocated for school sanitation has been utilised. However, in Mayureswar-1 and Nalhati n it is at 56 percent and 54 percent respectively. Overall utilisation of fund allocated for TSC has been around 74 percent on Birbhum district till

30 Chapter6 Table 6.14: Block-wise Percentage of Utilisation of Fund Sub-alloted to the Panchayat Samiti for TSC from Birbhum Zilla Parishad as on 30/4/07 Subsidy Block Alternate for Start up School Total IEC Delivery Individual Activity Sanitation Amount Mechanism Household Latrine Suri Suri Md.Bazar Sainthia Rajnagar Dubrajpur Khoyrasole lllambazar Bolpur- Sriniketan Nanoor Lab pur Mayureswar Mayureswar Rampurhat Rarnpurhat -II Na1hati-I Nalhati Murarai Murarai Total Source: Zilla Panshad, Bnbhum 01stnct In Birbhum district, till April 2007 total allocation per hundred populations has been around Rs Variation in this case is also high across blocks. It ranges from Rs per hundred population in Murarai-II to Rs 3783 per hundred population in lllambazar (Table A.6.3 in Appendix). The per capita allocation of different components of the fund also varies widely across the blocks. In lllambazar allocation of subsidy per hundred populations is around Rs. 2486, while in Murarai-II it is around Rs High positive correlation has been observed between per capita total allocation and per capita construction of toilet till The relation between the two is illustrated in Figure 6.4. The correlation coefficient has been observed to be 0.88, which is significant at 1% level. This may be due to increase in per capita subsidy as construction of toilets by households from the BPL population increases. Moreover, 193

31 Chapter 6 expenditure for other purposes like start up activity, IEC.and alternative delivery mechanism (RSMIPC) may also increase the per capita construction of toilet. Total allocation per hundred population till2004 (13/8/2001 to 31110/2004) has been around Rs. 593 in South 24 Parganas district. It has been found to vary from Rs 173 in Kulpi to Rs in Bhangore-1 (Appendix Table A.6.3). Similar variation can also be observed for different components of allocation, among which variation is highest in per capita subsidy. In Kulpi and Namkhana subsidy per hundred populations is 0, may be as the programme has not been adopted by any BPL household. It has been found to be highest in Bhangore-1 block at around Rs. 850 per hundred populations. Allocation of subsidy indicates progress of the programme among BPL households. It has been observed that allocation per hundred population till 2004 is having high positive correlation with per capita construction of toilet till The relation between them is illustrated in Figure 6.5. The correlation coefficient has been observed to be 0.62, which is significant at 1% level. The reasons behind such a correlation are same as in case of Birbhum district. In analysing the inter-block variation in distribution of funds for different components of TSC in South 24 Parganas and Birbhum district, we have only considered allocation on subsidy, school sanitation and IEC. This is because allocation on these components constitutes major shares in total allocation for TSC. In addition to that, we have also analysed inter-block variation in latrine construction. All these have been analysed by taking partial correlation of per capita allocation in subsidy (PSUBSIDY), per capita allocation in IEC (PIEC), per capita allocation in school sanitation (PSS), per capita total allocation (PTOTAL) and per capita total construction of latrine till March 2007 (PTCL) with NOLA TRINE, LITERACY, LA, SCST, and DEPRN ATION. In case of South 24 Parganas it has been found that the partial correlation of LA with PSUBSIDY and PTOTAL is significant and positive (Table 6.15). PTCL is having significant positive correlation with LITERACY. All other correlation coefficients are 194

32 Chapter6 insignificant. It implies that the higher is the presence of Left Alliance representative in the PS, greater is the amount disbursed from ZP tops for subsidy. It may be due to greater bargaining strength of Left Alliance dominated PS in garnering more resources for subsidy from the ZP which is also dominated by the Left Alliance. The positive relation between per capita total expenditure and percentage of Left Alliance in the PS is presumably due to the same reason since subsidy accounts for a major proportion of fund allocated. Per capita construction of latrine increases as literacy rate increases since literacy helps people to better understand the programme and also benefits of using toilet. Table 6.15: Partial Correlation of Block-wise Different Components of Per Capita Fund Distributed from ZP to PS and Per Capita Yearly Latrines Constructed With Other Variables in South 24 Parganas and Birbhum District District PSUBSIDY PIEC PSS PTOTAL PTCL NOLA TRINE literacy ** South 24 Parganas LA 0.56*** ** 0.16 SCST O.ol DEPRIVATION NOLA TRINE literacy Birbhum LA SCST DEPRIVATION * 0.32 * S1gmficant at 10% Level, ** S1gruficant at 5% Level and *** S1gruficant at 1% Level In Birbhum district it has been observed that among all the variables only DEPRIVATION is having significant positive relation with PTOTAL. All other correlations have been found to be insignificant. It may be due to higher amount of subsidy getting allocated towards blocks where deprivation as well as BPL population is higher. However, it has been observed that the correlation between PSUBSIDY and DEPRIVATION is insignificant although positive. The coefficient is very close to the coefficient of partial correlation between PTOTAL and DEPRIVATION. Other than 195

33 Chapter 6 subsidy, per capita allocation for startup activity and school sanitation may also be higher in blocks where deprivation of household is higher. The correlations between socio-economic variables and per capita allocation as well as per capita construction of toilet are not similar in both the districts. It suggests that allocation pattern of fund by ZP to PSs in different districts is dissimilar. ZPs are likely to have a large role in allocation of fund across blocks and among different categories. PSs also play important role in bargaining resources for subsidy Summary and Conclusion In the block level study of rural water supply, we have taken evidence from only two districts Birbhum and South 24 Parganas. In both the districts type of sources has been observed to be determined according to the geographical conditions and groundwater quality, especially in case of tubewell. This has been done through close coordination of PHED and the local government. In Birbhum district piped water supply has been found to be politically attractive to the PS. Other types of water supply, which are less safe and reliable source of drinking, have not been found to be politically attractive. Piped water supply and deep well pump in Birbhum district have been found to be distributed more in blocks where literacy rate is higher and economic condition of households are better. This happens due to better bargaining power of PS of these blocks in the ZP. Role of PS in water supply may be identified in distribution of higher per capita standpost and well in blocks where need of water supply is higher. Fund for sinking and resinking of tubewell has been found to be almost equally distributed from ZP to the PSs. In South 24 Pargans district deep tubewells are found to be distributed more in favour of blocks inhabited by households having better economic condition. The distribution of fund from ZP to PS for maintenance of water sources did not appear to be politically attractive in Birbhum District. It is distributed by higher amount to blocks where PS has taken over the responsibility of maintenance of piped water supply. Birbhum ZP almost equally 196

34 Chapter 6 distributes total fund available for O&M of piped water supply to the schemes where O&M responsibility has been taken over by the PS. It has been observed that yearly construction of latrine per thousand population during to is lowest in Birbhum among all the districts of West Bengal. In case of South 24 Parganas district also it is below the average. The variation in performance across blocks is highest in Birbhum district among all the districts of West Bengal. It has been observed that in both the districts block-wise allocation of per capita total government fund for TSC is positively correlated to per capita construction of toilets. Allocation of fund for different component of TSC has also been found to vary across blocks in both the districts. Very small proportion of fund has been allocated for IEC in many of the blocks in both the districts. Moreover, in both the districts in many blocks there has not been any expenditure on alternative delivery mechanism. It has also been observed in Birbhum district that utilisation of fund for IEC activity and subsidy is low in many blocks. In South 24 Parganas district per capita allocation of subsidy is high in block where percentage of Left Alliance is higher. This may be due to the greater bargaining strength of the Left Alliance dominated PS to bargain resources from ZP, which is also dominated by the Left Alliance. Per capita construction of latrine increases as literacy rate increases since literacy helps people to better understand the programme and also benefit of using toilet. In Birbhum district per capita total allocation increases as deprivation of the bock increases. It may be due to higher amount of allocation of subsidy, startup activity and IEC in blocks which are more deprived. It seems from the analysis that ZP is taking a leading role in allocation of fund across different categories and blocks in each district. PSs also bargains resources for subsidy, which is their responsibility to distribute to the beneficiaries. 197

35 Chapter6 Figure 6.1: Percentage of Household Using Different Water Supply Sources in Birbhum District 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% iii"!;;" s:: s:: s:: s:: s:: z z z ::0 en en en " p. c c e. Ill Ill -!!!. c c ll:l 0 0 c ::1" Ill -5" C'" 3 Q. C'" "0 c - 03 c c ll:l Ill 0!!1. Ill "0 "0 7.., "0 m - co c!: :c.., c en c 0 Cll ::c I: Ill :::1...,.., Ill Ill 3-3- <D Ill :::1.., w!! w w ::!:..!... w '< ::1" s= :::1 :::1 3 3 g. :::1. :::1...!.....!... C'" c iii" Ill w w :::1.., w w w w lllllll Tap Handpump l Tubewell Ill Weill 198

36 Chapter6 Figure 6.2: Block-wise Population Density and Number of Stand post in Birbhum District c 0 :.;::;..!!! 1800 Q. = 0 a c C'CI...J c 1400 Cll 1:: 0 z 1200 t; 0.. Q. c C'CI 1000 en 800 E C' Ill -c 0 I!! Cll a Density standpost 'iii c Cll c

37 I v Thakurpukur-Maheshtala 0....c:: "' u Sonarpur <( :s I'll Sagar... I'll = f.'> = '<:1' M = 1::: :::::::::1111 I I I I Pathar Pratima Namkhana 3 Mathurapur II t Mathuraur-1 Mand1rbazar f/.l.s Mograhat-11 <( Mograhat-1 (J) = $: f/.l Kuitali (J) Q..c Kulpi 8: ::l = 1- f/.l Kakdwip II $ "" Joynagar-11 a. E = Joynagar-1 <( ::l e a. Gosaba "0 $ I Falta ::r: Of). s Diamond Harbour- II ;:!) a. "0 Diamond Harbour- I 0 -= Canning-It Canning-! = """ Budge Budge II <( = Of) Budge Budge I Bishnupur-11 <( Bishnupur-1 <(..c Bhangore-11 <( 0 0 ('I Bhagore-1 <( Bas anti <( Baruipur <( 0 <;? (I() <0 v N T"' a61!lua:uad

38 Chapter 6 Figure 6.4: Block-wise Allocation of Fund for TSC and Construction of Toilet in Birbhum District as on 30/4/07 l z 'iii' e:. c 0 ;I., u.2 < I Per capita total allocation Construction of latrine per population I 201

39 Chapter 6 Figure 6.5: Block-wise Allocation of Fund for TSC during 13/08/2001 to 31/10/2004 and Construction of Toilet in South 24 Parganas District as on March :i c; z 1000 Cii c i u I Total allocation per 1 00 population Construction of latrine per 10 thousand population I 202

40 Appendix Ta ble A.6.1: Percentaae Distribution of Drinking Water Sources by Functioning Condition in Blocks of Birbhum District as on March 2000 Function Source Non-functioning Repairable Condition SP RBlW MW DWP ORT SP RBlW MW DWP BoJQur-Srinlketan Dubrajpur " \o.oo 3.86 lllambazar Khovrasole Labour Mavureswar Mavureswar Md. Bazar n Muraral n Murarai Nalhati Nalhati Nanoor Rajnaqar m_purhat m_purhat inthia n.o llri llri Source: Public Health Engmeenng Department, Government of West Bengal SP = Standpost RBTW =Ring Bored Tubewell MW = Masonary Well DWP =Deep Well Pump ORT = Ordinary Tubewell Defunct Source ORT SP RBlW MW DWP ORT

41 Table A.6.2: Percentage Distribution of Fund for TSC from ZP to PS by Different Categories in Bl oc k s 0 fb. 1r bh urn an d s ou th 24 P arganas n 1s t nc t Start up leg School activities/survey Subsidy Activities RSM/PC Sanitation Total Work Budoe Budge I Budoe Budge II Thakumukur-Maheshtala Bishnuour Bishnuour Cannina Cannina Bas anti Gosaba Baruiour Sonamur South 24 Bhaaore Parganas Bhanaore (during Jovnaaar /08/2001 Jovnaaar to Kultali /10/2004) Kakdwio Namkhana Birbhum (As on 30/4/07) Saaar Pathar Pratima Diamond Harbour- I Diamond Harbour- II Falla Kuloi Moarahat Moarahat Mathuranur Mathuranur Mandirbazar Total Suri Suri Md. Bazar Sainthia Raina oar Dubrainur o.oo Khovrasole lllambazar Bolour-Sriniketan Nanoor Labour Mavureswar Mavureswar Ramourhat Ramourhat Nalhati Nalhati Murarai Murarai Total Source. Zilla Pansbad, Bi.rbhum and South 24 Parganas Distnct 204

42 Table A.6.3: Block-wise AUotment of Fund Under Different Categories of TSC from ZP to PS in South 24 Parganas and Birbhum District R upees per hun d red opu ation Startup activity/ leg School Block SurvevWor1< Subsidy Activitv RSM/PC Sanitation Total Baruip!Jr Basanti Bhagore D.48 Bhangore Bishnupur II Bishnupur Budge Budge I Budge Budge II Canning-! Canning Diamond Harbour- I Diamond Harbour- II South 24 Falta Parganas Gosaba (during Joynagar /08/2001 Joynagar to Kakdwip /2004 Kuitali KuiPi Mandirbazar Mathurapur II Mathuraur MQllrahat M_QQrahat Namkhana Pathar Pratima Sagar Sonarpur Thakurpukur-Maheshtala All BoiPUr-Sriniketan Dubrajpur lllambazar Khoyrasole Lab PUr Mawreswar MCI}'ureswar Md. Bazar Murarai Birbhum Murarai (As on 30/4/07) Nalhati Nalhati Nanoor Rajnagar Rampumat RamPUrhat Sainthia Suri Suri Total Source. Zilla Panshad, South 24 Parganas and Bilbhum 205