Slide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3. Take the Terror Out of Physics. Active and Interactive Games and Activities for Teaching Radiographic Physics

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1 Slide 1 Active and Interactive Games and Activities for Teaching Radiographic Physics Jennifer Yates, MS, RT(R)(M)(BD) AEIRS 2010 Slide 2 Take the Terror Out of Physics X-Ray Tube Bingo Game Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique for Review of Electricity and Magnetism Performance Art for X-Ray Interactions with Matter and Electron Interactions with Target Atoms Who Am I-Rapid Response Game (Bremsstrahlung vs. Characteristic Radiation) X-Ray X-Ray Dance Revolution (X-Ray Emission Spectrum Dance Routine) Slide 3

2 Slide 4 IF-AT Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique Cards available from Epstein Enterprises in a variety of formats A collaborative way to review that makes students THINK and INTERACT Review of Electricity and Magnetism Slide 5 Performance Art For X-Ray Interactions with Matter and Electron Interactions with Target Atoms Student-designed performances that teach a concept: Coherent Scatter Compton Scatter Photoelectric Effect Photodisintegration Pair Production Bremsstrahlung Radiation Characteristic Radiation Slide 6 To get ready for the next game, lets review Interactions between projectile electrons and target atoms in the x-ray tube, resulting in the production of X-Rays Two Types Characteristic X-rays Bremsstrahlung X-rays

Slide 7 Characteristic Radiation Inner-shell electron removed Slide 8 Characteristic Radiation Characteristic X-rays result when electrons shooting across the tube eject an inner-shell electron from

3 Slide 7 Characteristic Radiation Inner-shell electron removed Slide 8 Characteristic Radiation Characteristic X-rays result when electrons shooting across the tube eject an inner-shell electron from an atom of metal in the target This causes an outer-shell electron to drop in to fill the void This causes a photon of radiation to be released (equal to the difference in binding energies between the two shells) Slide 9 Characteristic Radiation L-shell

4 Slide 10 Characteristic X-rays may be produced in any shell However, only the K-characteristic x-rays of tungsten are useful for imaging K L Slide 11 Bremsstrahlung (Braking) Radiation If an electron shooting across the tube enters an atom in the metal of the anode and does not strike any of that atom's electrons, it may continue toward the center of the atom and come near the nucleus. Slide 12 Bremsstrahlung Radiation The positively charged nucleus attracts the electron and slows its progress, decreasing its kinetic energy

5 Slide 13 Bremsstrahlung Radiation The lost kinetic energy is converted to electromagnetic energy in the form of an x-ray photon. Slide 14 Bremsstrahlung Radiation In the diagnostic x-ray voltage range, the majority of photons produced are bremsstrahlung x-rays Slide 15 The X-ray Emission Spectrum Graph of X-ray Quantity and Quality

6 Slide 16 Who Am I-Rapid Response Game Form 4 teams, five people in each team Line up behind the blank paper and pencil I will read a clue, each person in line write B or C for Bremsstrahlung or Characteristic in response to the clue, then run to the back of the line Team with the most correct answers wins a prize Slide 17 X-Ray X-Ray Emission Spectrum Revolution First Let s Review! Slide 18 The X-ray Emission Spectrum Graph of X-ray Quantity and Quality General shape is always the same

7 Slide 19 The X-ray Emission Spectrum The farther to the right a spectrum is, the higher the effective energy or quality of the beam. Slide 20 The X-ray Emission Spectrum The larger the area under the curve, the higher the x-ray intensity or quantity of the beam. Slide 21 Factors Affecting the Shape and Position of the X-ray Emission Spectrum Tube current (quantity) Tube voltage (quantity and quality) Added filtration (quantity and quality) Target Material (quantity and quality) Voltage Waveform (quantity and quality)

8 Slide 22 Tube Current Increasing ma increases the quantity but not the quality Slide 23 Increasing kvp increases both quantity and quality Slide 24 Filtration Hardens the x-ray beam Removes low energy, or soft x-rays Increases the average energy of the beam

Slide 25 Added Filtration-Reduces Quantity, BUT Increases Quality Slide 26 Target Material Atomic number of the target material affects both the quantity and quality of x-rays Slide 27 Target

9 Slide 25 Added Filtration-Reduces Quantity, BUT Increases Quality Slide 26 Target Material Atomic number of the target material affects both the quantity and quality of x-rays Slide 27 Target Material As atomic number of the target material increases, the efficiency of bremsstrahlung radiation increases, resulting in a greater number of higher-energy x-rays Effect is even greater with characteristic radiation, due to the higher electron binding energies of the atoms.

10 Slide 28 Voltage Waveform Higher efficiency results in increases in quantity and quality of x-rays Single-Phase Three-Phase = 12% increase in kvp High-Frequency = 16% increase in kvp Slide 29 See the Pink Handout OK, Let s Dance!

Rad T 290 Worksheet 2

Class: Date: Rad T 290 Worksheet 2 1. Projectile electrons travel from a. anode to cathode. c. target to patient. b. cathode to anode. d. inner shell to outer shell. 2. At the target, the projectile electrons