CHAPTER 2 RADIATION INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER HDR 112 RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RADIATION PROTECTION MR KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH
|
|
- Kimberly Norman
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 HDR 112 RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RADIATION PROTECTION CHAPTER 2 RADIATION INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER PREPARED BY: MR KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH SCHOOL OF MEDICAL IMAGING FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCE
2 Interactions & Processes which lead to Radiation Injury Slide 2 of 52
3 LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:- Explain the interaction and processes which lead to radiation injury Describe Photoelectric Effect Describe Compton Scattering Describe Linear Energy Transfer (LET) Describe Relative Biological Effects (RBE) Slide 3 of 52
4 Particle Interactions Energetic charged particles (e.g. electron, proton) interact with matter by electrical forces and lose kinetic energy via:- Excitation Ionization Radiative losses ~ 70% of charged particle energy deposition leads to nonionizing excitation. Slide 4 of 52
5 Slide 5 of 52
6 Specific Ionization Number of primary and secondary ion pairs produced per unit length of charged particle s path is called specific ionization. Expressed in ion pairs (I.P.)/mm Increases with electrical charge of particle. Decreases with incident particle velocity. Slide 6 of 52
7 Specific Ionization for 7.69 MeV alpha particle from polonium 214 Slide 7 of 52
8 Charged Particle Tracks Electrons follow tortuous paths in matter as the result of multiple scattering events. Ionization track is sparse and non-uniform. Larger mass of heavy charged particle results in dense and usually linear ionization track. Path length is actual distance particle travels; range is actual depth of penetration in matter. Slide 8 of 52
9 Path Lengths vs. Ranges Slide 9 of 52
10 Linear Energy Transfer Amount of energy deposited per unit path length is called the linear energy transfer (LET). Expressed in units of ev/cm LET of a charged particle is proportional to the square of the charge and inversely proportional to its kinetic energy. High LET radiations (alpha particles, protons, etc.) are more damaging to tissue than low LET radiations (electrons, gamma and x-rays). Slide 10 of 52
11 Bremsstrahlung Slide 11 of 52
12 Bremsstrahlung Probability of bremsstrahlung production per atom is proportional to the square of Z of the absorber. Energy emission via bremsstrahlung varies inversely with the square of the mass of the incident particle. Protons and alpha particles produce less than onemillionth the amount of bremsstrahlung radiation as electrons of the same energy. Slide 12 of 52
13 Bremsstrahlung Ratio of electron energy loss by bremsstrahlung production to that lost by excitation and ionization = EZ/820 E = kinetic energy of incident electron in MeV Z = atomic number of the absorber Bremsstrahlung x-ray production accounts for ~1% of energy loss when 100 kev electrons collide with a tungsten (Z = 74) target in an x-ray tube. Slide 13 of 52
14 Neutron Interactions Neutrons are uncharged particles. They do not interact with electrons. Do not directly cause excitation or ionization. They do interact with atomic nuclei, sometimes liberating charged particles or nuclear fragments that can directly cause excitation or ionization. Neutrons may also be captured by atomic nuclei. Retention of the neutron converts the atom to a different nuclide (stable or radioactive). Slide 14 of 52
15 Neutron Interaction Slide 15 of 52
16 X- and Gamma-Ray Interactions Rayleigh scattering Compton scattering Photoelectric absorption Pair production Slide 16 of 52
17 Rayleigh Scattering Incident photon interacts with and excites the total atom as opposed to individual electrons. Occurs mainly with very low energy diagnostic x-rays, as used in mammography (15 to 30 kev). Less than 5% of interactions in soft tissue above 70 kev; at most only 12% at ~30 kev. Slide 17 of 52
18 Rayleigh Scattering Slide 18 of 52
19 Compton Scattering Predominant interaction in the diagnostic energy range with soft tissue. Most likely to occur between photons and outer ( valence ) shell electrons. Electron ejected from the atom; photon scattered with reduction in energy. Binding energy comparatively small and can be ignored. Slide 19 of 52
20 Slide 20 of 52
21 Compton Scatter Probabilities As incident photon energy increases, scattered photons and electrons are scattered more toward the forward direction. These photons are much more likely to be detected by the image receptor, reducing image contrast. Probability of interaction increases as incident photon energy increases; probability also depends on electron density. Number of electrons/gram fairly constant in tissue; probability of Compton scatter/unit mass independent of Z Slide 21 of 52
22 Relative Compton Scatter Probabilities Slide 22 of 52
23 Compton Scattering Laws of conservation of energy and momentum place limits on both scattering angle and energy transfer. Maximal energy transfer to the Compton electron occurs with a 180-degree photon backscatter. Scattering angle for ejected electron cannot exceed 90 degrees. Energy of the scattered electron is usually absorbed near the scattering site. Slide 23 of 52
24 Compton Scattering Incident photon energy must be substantially greater than the electron s binding energy before a Compton interaction is likely to take place. Probability of a Compton interaction increases with increasing incident photon energy. Probability also depends on electron density (number of electrons/g density) With exception of hydrogen, total number of electrons/g fairly constant in tissue Probability of Compton scatter per unit mass nearly independent of Z Slide 24 of 52
25 Photoelectric Absorption All of the incident photon energy is transferred to an electron, which is ejected from the atom. Kinetic energy of ejected photoelectron (E c ) is equal to incident photon energy (E 0 ) minus the binding energy of the orbital electron (E b ) E c = E o - E b Slide 25 of 52
26 Photoelectric Absorption (Iodine- 131 ) Slide 26 of 52
27 Photoelectric Absorption Incident photon energy must be greater than or equal to the binding energy of the ejected photon. Atom is ionized, with an inner shell vacancy. Electron cascade from outer to inner shells Characteristic x-rays or Auger electrons Probability of characteristic x-ray emission decreases as Z decreases Does not occur frequently for diagnostic energy photon interactions in soft tissue Slide 27 of 52
28 Photoelectric Absorption Although probability of photoelectric effect decreases with increasing photon energy, there is an exception. Graph of probability of photoelectric effect, as a function of photon energy, exhibits sharp discontinuities called absorption edges. Photon energy corresponding to an absorption edge is the binding energy of electrons in a particular shell or subshell. Slide 28 of 52
29 Photoelectric Mass Attenuation Coefficients Slide 29 of 52
30 Photoelectric Absorption At photon energies below 50 kev, photoelectric effect plays an important role in imaging soft tissue. Process can be used to amplify differences in attenuation between tissues with slightly different atomic numbers, improving image contrast. Photoelectric process predominates when lower energy photons interact with high Z materials (screen phosphors, radiographic contrast agents, bone). Slide 30 of 52
31 Percentage of Compton and Photoelectric Contributions Slide 31 of 52
32 Pair Production Can only occur when the energy of the photon exceeds 1.02 MeV. Photon interacts with electric field of the nucleus; energy transformed into an electron-positron pair. No consequence in diagnostic x-ray imaging because of high energies required. Slide 32 of 52
33 Pair Production Slide 33 of 52
34 TYPES OF RADIATION INJURY Slide 34 of 52
35 LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:- Explain types of radiation injury. Describe Direct Action of radiation. Describe Indirect Action of radiation. Slide 35 of 52
36 The Effects of Radiation on the Cell at the Molecular Level When radiation interacts with target atoms, energy is deposited, resulting in ionization or excitation. The absorption of energy from ionizing radiation produces damage to molecules by direct and indirect actions. Slide 36 of 52
37 For direct action, damage occurs as a result of ionization of atoms on key molecules in the biologic system. This causes inactivation or functional alteration of the molecule. Indirect action involves the production of reactive free radicals whose toxic damage on the key molecule results in a biologic effect. Slide 37 of 52
38 Direct Action Direct ionization of atoms in molecules is a result of absorption of energy by photoelectric and Compton interactions. Ionization occurs at all radiation qualities but is the predominant cause of damage in reactions involving high LET radiations. Absorption of energy sufficient to remove an electron can result in bond breaks. Ionizing radiation+rh R - + H + Slide 38 of 52
39 Indirect Action These are effects mediated by free radicals. A free radical is an electrically neutral atom with an unshared electron in the orbital position. The radical is electrophilic and highly reactive. Since the predominant molecule in biological systems is water, it is usually the intermediary of the radical formation and propagation. Slide 39 of 52
40 Indirect Action- Radiolysis of Water Free radicals readily recombine to electronic and orbital neutrality. However, when many exist, as in high radiation fluence, orbital neutrality can be achieved by: 1. Hydrogen radical dimerization (H 2 ) 2. The formation of toxic hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). 3. The radical can also be transferred to an organic molecule in the cell. H-O-H H + + OH - H-O-H H 0 +OH 0 (ionization) (free radicals) Slide 40 of 52
41 Indirect Action H 0 + OH 0 HOH (recombination) H 0 + H 0 H 2 (dimer) OH 0 + OH 0 H 2 O 2 (peroxide dimer) OH 0 + RH R 0 + HOH (Radical transfer) The presence of dissolved oxygen can modify the reaction by enabling the creation of other free radical species with greater stability and lifetimes H 0 +O 2 HO 20 (hydroperoxy free radical) R 0 +O 2 RO 0 2 (organic peroxy free radical) Slide 41 of 52
42 Indirect Action - The Lifetimes of Free Radicals The lifetimes of simple free radicals (H 0 or OH 0 ) are very short, on the order of sec. While generally highly reactive they do not exist long enough to migrate from the site of formation to the cell nucleus. Slide 42 of 52
43 Indirect Action - The Lifetimes of Free Radicals However, the oxygen derived species such as hydroperoxy free radical does not readily recombine into neutral forms. These more stable forms have a lifetime long enough to migrate to the nucleus where serious damage can occur. Slide 43 of 52
44 Indirect Action- Free Radicals The transfer of the free radical to a biologic molecule can be sufficiently damaging to cause bond breakage or inactivation of key functions The organic peroxy free radical can transfer the radical form molecule to molecule causing damage at each encounter. Thus a cumulative effect can occur, greater than a single ionization or broken bond. Slide 44 of 52
45 End of Chapter 2 Slide 45 of 52
Physics of Radiotherapy. Lecture II: Interaction of Ionizing Radiation With Matter
Physics of Radiotherapy Lecture II: Interaction of Ionizing Radiation With Matter Charge Particle Interaction Energetic charged particles interact with matter by electrical forces and lose kinetic energy
More informationINTERACTIONS OF RADIATION WITH MATTER
INTERACTIONS OF RADIATION WITH MATTER Renée Dickinson, MS, DABR Medical Physicist University of Washington Medical Center Department of Radiology Diagnostic Physics Section Outline Describe the various
More informationCHAPTER 4 RADIATION ATTENUATION
HDR202 PHYSICS FOR RADIOGRAPHERS 2 CHAPTER 4 RADIATION ATTENUATION PREPARED BY: MR KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH SCHOOL OF MEDICAL IMAGING FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson,
More informationShell Atomic Model and Energy Levels
Shell Atomic Model and Energy Levels (higher energy, deeper excitation) - Radio waves: Not absorbed and pass through tissue un-attenuated - Microwaves : Energies of Photos enough to cause molecular rotation
More informationBasic physics Questions
Chapter1 Basic physics Questions S. Ilyas 1. Which of the following statements regarding protons are correct? a. They have a negative charge b. They are equal to the number of electrons in a non-ionized
More informationChapter Four (Interaction of Radiation with Matter)
Al-Mustansiriyah University College of Science Physics Department Fourth Grade Nuclear Physics Dr. Ali A. Ridha Chapter Four (Interaction of Radiation with Matter) Different types of radiation interact
More informationRad T 290 Worksheet 2
Class: Date: Rad T 290 Worksheet 2 1. Projectile electrons travel from a. anode to cathode. c. target to patient. b. cathode to anode. d. inner shell to outer shell. 2. At the target, the projectile electrons
More informationLECTURE 4 PRINCIPLE OF IMAGE FORMATION KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH
LECTURE 4 PRINCIPLE OF IMAGE FORMATION KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, student should able to: Define attenuation Explain interactions between x-rays and matter in
More informationINTRODUCTION TO IONIZING RADIATION (Attix Chapter 1 p. 1-5)
INTRODUCTION TO IONIZING RADIATION (Attix Chapter 1 p. 1-5) Ionizing radiation: Particle or electromagnetic radiation that is capable of ionizing matter. IR interacts through different types of collision
More informationBa (Z = 56) W (Z = 74) preferred target Mo (Z = 42) Pb (Z = 82) Pd (Z = 64)
Produced by accelerating electrons with high voltage and allowing them to collide with metal target (anode), e.g, Tungsten. Three Events (Two types of x-ray) a) Heat X-Ray Tube b) bremsstrahlung (braking
More informationOutline. Radiation Interactions. Spurs, Blobs and Short Tracks. Introduction. Radiation Interactions 1
Outline Radiation Interactions Introduction Interaction of Heavy Charged Particles Interaction of Fast Electrons Interaction of Gamma Rays Interactions of Neutrons Radiation Exposure & Dose Sources of
More informationPossible Interactions. Possible Interactions. X-ray Interaction (Part I) Possible Interactions. Possible Interactions. section
Possible Interactions X-ray Interaction (Part I) Three types of interaction 1. Scattering Interaction with an atom Deflected May or may not loss of energy 1 Possible Interactions Three types of interaction
More informationX-ray Interaction with Matter
X-ray Interaction with Matter 10-526-197 Rhodes Module 2 Interaction with Matter kv & mas Peak kilovoltage (kvp) controls Quality, or penetrating power, Limited effects on quantity or number of photons
More informationInteractions of Particulate Radiation with Matter. Purpose. Importance of particulate interactions
Interactions of Particulate Radiation with Matter George Starkschall, Ph.D. Department of Radiation Physics U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Purpose To describe the various mechanisms by which particulate
More informationFor the next several lectures, we will be looking at specific photon interactions with matter. In today s lecture, we begin with the photoelectric
For the next several lectures, we will be looking at specific photon interactions with matter. In today s lecture, we begin with the photoelectric effect. 1 The objectives of today s lecture are to identify
More informationPhysics of Radiography
Physics of Radiography Yao Wang Polytechnic Institute of NYU Brooklyn, NY 11201 Based on J L Prince and J M Links Medical Imaging Signals and Based on J. L. Prince and J. M. Links, Medical Imaging Signals
More informationCHARGED PARTICLE INTERACTIONS
CHARGED PARTICLE INTERACTIONS Background Charged Particles Heavy charged particles Charged particles with Mass > m e α, proton, deuteron, heavy ion (e.g., C +, Fe + ), fission fragment, muon, etc. α is
More informationInteraction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter
Type of radiation charged particles photonen neutronen Uncharged particles Charged particles electrons (β - ) He 2+ (α), H + (p) D + (d) Recoil nuclides Fission fragments Interaction of ionizing radiation
More informationPhysics of Radiography
EL-GY 6813 / BE-GY 6203 / G16.4426 Medical Imaging Physics of Radiography Jonathan Mamou and Yao Wang Polytechnic School of Engineering New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Based on Prince and Links,
More informationEmphasis on what happens to emitted particle (if no nuclear reaction and MEDIUM (i.e., atomic effects)
LECTURE 5: INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER All radiation is detected through its interaction with matter! INTRODUCTION: What happens when radiation passes through matter? Emphasis on what happens
More informationChapter NP-4. Nuclear Physics. Particle Behavior/ Gamma Interactions TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES 1.0 IONIZATION
Chapter NP-4 Nuclear Physics Particle Behavior/ Gamma Interactions TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES 1.0 IONIZATION 2.0 ALPHA PARTICLE INTERACTIONS 3.0 BETA INTERACTIONS 4.0 GAMMA INTERACTIONS
More informationDR KAZI SAZZAD MANIR
DR KAZI SAZZAD MANIR PHOTON BEAM MATTER ENERGY TRANSFER IONISATION EXCITATION ATTENUATION removal of photons from the beam by the matter. ABSORPTION SCATTERING TRANSMISSION Taking up the energy from the
More informationDecay Mechanisms. The laws of conservation of charge and of nucleons require that for alpha decay, He + Q 3.1
Decay Mechanisms 1. Alpha Decay An alpha particle is a helium-4 nucleus. This is a very stable entity and alpha emission was, historically, the first decay process to be studied in detail. Almost all naturally
More informationInteractions with Matter Photons, Electrons and Neutrons
Interactions with Matter Photons, Electrons and Neutrons Ionizing Interactions Jason Matney, MS, PhD Interactions of Ionizing Radiation 1. Photon Interactions Indirectly Ionizing 2. Charge Particle Interactions
More information11/19/2014. Chapter 3: Interaction of Radiation with Matter in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. Nuclide Families. Family Nuclides with Same: Example
2014-2015 Residents' Core Physics Lectures Mondays 7:00-8:00 am in VA Radiology and UCSDMC Lasser Conference Rooms Topic Chapters Date Faculty 1 Introduction and Basic Physics 1, 2 M 11/17 Andre 2 Interaction
More informationUnits and Definition
RADIATION SOURCES Units and Definition Activity (Radioactivity) Definition Activity: Rate of decay (transformation or disintegration) is described by its activity Activity = number of atoms that decay
More informationPhysics of Particle Beams. Hsiao-Ming Lu, Ph.D., Jay Flanz, Ph.D., Harald Paganetti, Ph.D. Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School
Physics of Particle Beams Hsiao-Ming Lu, Ph.D., Jay Flanz, Ph.D., Harald Paganetti, Ph.D. Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School PTCOG 53 Education Session, Shanghai, 2014 Dose External
More informationInteractions of Radiation with Matter
Main points from last week's lecture: Decay of Radioactivity Mathematics description nly yields probabilities and averages Interactions of Radiation with Matter William Hunter, PhD" Decay equation: N(t)
More informationToday, I will present the first of two lectures on neutron interactions.
Today, I will present the first of two lectures on neutron interactions. I first need to acknowledge that these two lectures were based on lectures presented previously in Med Phys I by Dr Howell. 1 Before
More informationCHAPTER 1: Atom and Luminescence
PREPARED BY: MR KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH SCHOOL OF MEDICAL IMAGING FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES PHYSICS FOR RADIOGRAPHERS 2 CHAPTER 1: Atom and Luminescence LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson, the
More informationRadiation Quantities and Units
Radiation Quantities and Units George Starkschall, Ph.D. Lecture Objectives Define and identify units for the following: Exposure Kerma Absorbed dose Dose equivalent Relative biological effectiveness Activity
More informationRadiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects: Session 1
Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects: Session 1 Reading assignment: LLE Radiological Controls Manual (LLEINST 6610): Part 1 UR Radiation Safety Training Manual and Resource Book: Parts
More information3 Radioactivity - Spontaneous Nuclear Processes
3 Radioactivity - Spontaneous Nuclear Processes Becquerel was the first to detect radioactivity. In 1896 he was carrying out experiments with fluorescent salts (which contained uranium) and found that
More informationINTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL PHYSICS 1 Quiz #1 Solutions October 6, 2017
INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL PHYSICS 1 Quiz #1 Solutions October 6, 2017 This is a closed book examination. Adequate information is provided you to solve all problems. Be sure to show all work, as partial credit
More informationInteraction of charged particles and photons with matter
Interaction of charged particles and photons with matter Robert Miyaoka, Ph.D. Old Fisheries Center, Room 200 rmiyaoka@u.washington.edu Passage of radiation through matter depends on Type of radiation
More informationBasic physics of nuclear medicine
Basic physics of nuclear medicine Nuclear structure Atomic number (Z): the number of protons in a nucleus; defines the position of an element in the periodic table. Mass number (A) is the number of nucleons
More informationRadiation Detection for the Beta- Delayed Alpha and Gamma Decay of 20 Na. Ellen Simmons
Radiation Detection for the Beta- Delayed Alpha and Gamma Decay of 20 Na Ellen Simmons 1 Contents Introduction Review of the Types of Radiation Charged Particle Radiation Detection Review of Semiconductor
More informationAt the conclusion of this lesson the trainee will be able to: a) Write a typical equation for the production of each type of radiation.
RADIOACTIVITY - SPONTANEOUS NUCLEAR PROCESSES OBJECTIVES At the conclusion of this lesson the trainee will be able to: 1. For~, p and 7 decays a) Write a typical equation for the production of each type
More information05/11/2013. Nuclear Fuel Cycle Ionizing radiation. Typical decay energies. Radiation with energy > 100 ev. Ionize an atom < 15eV
Nuclear Fuel Cycle 2013 Lecture 4: Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter Ionizing radiation Radiation with energy > 100 ev Ionize an atom < 15eV Break a bond 1-5 ev Typical decay energies α: 4-9
More informationRadiation Safety Training Session 1: Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects
Radiation Safety Training Session 1: Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects Reading Assignment: LLE Radiological Controls Manual (LLEINST 6610) Part 1 UR Radiation Safety Training Manual
More informationWe have seen how the Brems and Characteristic interactions work when electrons are accelerated by kilovolts and the electrons impact on the target
We have seen how the Brems and Characteristic interactions work when electrons are accelerated by kilovolts and the electrons impact on the target focal spot. This discussion will center over how x-ray
More informationInteraction of Particles and Matter
MORE CHAPTER 11, #7 Interaction of Particles and Matter In this More section we will discuss briefly the main interactions of charged particles, neutrons, and photons with matter. Understanding these interactions
More informationNuclear Physics and Astrophysics
Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics PHY-30 Dr. E. Rizvi Lecture 4 - Detectors Binding Energy Nuclear mass MN less than sum of nucleon masses Shows nucleus is a bound (lower energy) state for this configuration
More informationOutline. Chapter 6 The Basic Interactions between Photons and Charged Particles with Matter. Photon interactions. Photoelectric effect
Chapter 6 The Basic Interactions between Photons and Charged Particles with Matter Radiation Dosimetry I Text: H.E Johns and J.R. Cunningham, The physics of radiology, 4 th ed. http://www.utoledo.edu/med/depts/radther
More informationX-RAY PRODUCTION. Prepared by:- EN KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH
X-RAY PRODUCTION Prepared by:- EN KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH OBJECTIVES Discuss the process of x-ray being produced (conditions) Explain the principles of energy conversion in x-ray production (how energy
More informationINTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER RCT STUDY GUIDE Identify the definitions of the following terms:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1.07.01 Identify the definitions of the following terms: a. ionization b. excitation c. bremsstrahlung 1.07.02 Identify the definitions of the following terms: a. specific ionization
More informationEEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection
EEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection 2. Radiation Detection Dr. Steve Peterson 5.14 RW James Department of Physics University of Cape Town steve.peterson@uct.ac.za May 06, 2015 EEE4106Z :: Radiation
More informationNeutron Interactions Part I. Rebecca M. Howell, Ph.D. Radiation Physics Y2.5321
Neutron Interactions Part I Rebecca M. Howell, Ph.D. Radiation Physics rhowell@mdanderson.org Y2.5321 Why do we as Medical Physicists care about neutrons? Neutrons in Radiation Therapy Neutron Therapy
More informationDOE-HDBK Radiological Control Technician Interaction of Radiation with Matter Module Number: 1.07
Course Title: Radiological Control Technician Module Title: Interaction of Radiation with Matter Module Number: 1.07 Objectives: 1.07.01 Identify the definitions of the following terms: a. ionization b.
More informationEEE4101F / EEE4103F Radiation Interactions & Detection
EEE4101F / EEE4103F Radiation Interactions & Detection 1. Interaction of Radiation with Matter Dr. Steve Peterson 5.14 RW James Department of Physics University of Cape Town steve.peterson@uct.ac.za March
More informationChemical Engineering 412
Chemical Engineering 412 Introductory Nuclear Engineering Lecture 12 Radiation/Matter Interactions II 1 Neutron Flux The collisions of neutrons of all energies is given by FF = ΣΣ ii 0 EE φφ EE dddd All
More informationGLOSSARY OF BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY
GLOSSARY OF BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY ABSORBED DOSE: The amount of energy absorbed, as a result of radiation passing through a material, per unit mass of material. Measured in rads (1 rad
More informationNuclear Spectroscopy: Radioactivity and Half Life
Particle and Spectroscopy: and Half Life 02/08/2018 My Office Hours: Thursday 1:00-3:00 PM 212 Keen Building Outline 1 2 3 4 5 Some nuclei are unstable and decay spontaneously into two or more particles.
More informationPhysics of Radioactive Decay. Purpose. Return to our patient
Physics of Radioactive Decay George Starkschall, Ph.D. Department of Radiation Physics U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Purpose To demonstrate qualitatively the various processes by which unstable nuclides
More information6 Neutrons and Neutron Interactions
6 Neutrons and Neutron Interactions A nuclear reactor will not operate without neutrons. Neutrons induce the fission reaction, which produces the heat in CANDU reactors, and fission creates more neutrons.
More informationChapter Three (Nuclear Radiation)
Al-Mustansiriyah University College of Science Physics Department Fourth Grade Nuclear Physics Dr. Ali A. Ridha Chapter Three (Nuclear Radiation) (3-1) Nuclear Radiation Whenever a nucleus can attain a
More informationIntroduction to Ionizing Radiation
Introduction to Ionizing Radiation Bob Curtis OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center Supplement to Lecture Outline V. 10.02 Basic Model of a Neutral Atom Electrons(-) orbiting nucleus of protons(+) and neutrons.
More informationAn Introduction to Diffraction and Scattering. School of Chemistry The University of Sydney
An Introduction to Diffraction and Scattering Brendan J. Kennedy School of Chemistry The University of Sydney 1) Strong forces 2) Weak forces Types of Forces 3) Electromagnetic forces 4) Gravity Types
More informationRadiation Physics PHYS /251. Prof. Gocha Khelashvili
Radiation Physics PHYS 571-051/251 Prof. Gocha Khelashvili Interaction of Radiation with Matter: Heavy Charged Particles Directly and Indirectly Ionizing Radiation Classification of Indirectly Ionizing
More informationSECTION A Quantum Physics and Atom Models
AP Physics Multiple Choice Practice Modern Physics SECTION A Quantum Physics and Atom Models 1. Light of a single frequency falls on a photoelectric material but no electrons are emitted. Electrons may
More informationSome nuclei are unstable Become stable by ejecting excess energy and often a particle in the process Types of radiation particle - particle
Radioactivity George Starkschall, Ph.D. Lecture Objectives Identify methods for making radioactive isotopes Recognize the various types of radioactive decay Interpret an energy level diagram for radioactive
More informationOutline. Absorbed Dose in Radioactive Media. Introduction. Radiation equilibrium. Charged-particle equilibrium
Absorbed Dose in Radioactive Media Chapter F.A. Attix, Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry Outline General dose calculation considerations, absorbed fraction Radioactive disintegration
More informationBasic principles of x-ray production
Production of X-Rays part 1 George Starkschall, Ph.D. Lecture Objectives Identify what is needed to produce x-rays Describe how a diagnostic x-ray tube produces x-rays Describe the types of interactions
More informationAtomic Structure and Processes
Chapter 5 Atomic Structure and Processes 5.1 Elementary atomic structure Bohr Orbits correspond to principal quantum number n. Hydrogen atom energy levels where the Rydberg energy is R y = m e ( e E n
More informationPhysics 3204 UNIT 3 Test Matter Energy Interface
Physics 3204 UNIT 3 Test Matter Energy Interface 2005 2006 Time: 60 minutes Total Value: 33 Marks Formulae and Constants v = f λ E = hf h f = E k + W 0 E = m c 2 p = h λ 1 A= A T 0 2 t 1 2 E k = ½ mv 2
More informationAlpha Decay. Decay alpha particles are monoenergetic. Nuclides with A>150 are unstable against alpha decay. E α = Q (1-4/A)
Alpha Decay Because the binding energy of the alpha particle is so large (28.3 MeV), it is often energetically favorable for a heavy nucleus to emit an alpha particle Nuclides with A>150 are unstable against
More informationForms of Ionizing Radiation
Beta Radiation 1 Forms of Ionizing Radiation Interaction of Radiation with Matter Ionizing radiation is categorized by the nature of the particles or electromagnetic waves that create the ionizing effect.
More informationIII. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation
1 III. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation a) charged particles Bethe-Bloch formula de 4πq 4 z2 e 2m v = NZ ( ) dx m v ln ln 1 0 2 β β I 0 2 2 2 z, v: atomic number and velocity of
More informationChapter V: Interactions of neutrons with matter
Chapter V: Interactions of neutrons with matter 1 Content of the chapter Introduction Interaction processes Interaction cross sections Moderation and neutrons path For more details see «Physique des Réacteurs
More informationInteraction theory Photons. Eirik Malinen
Interaction theory Photons Eirik Malinen Introduction Interaction theory Dosimetry Radiation source Ionizing radiation Atoms Ionizing radiation Matter - Photons - Charged particles - Neutrons Ionizing
More informationClassroom notes for: Radiation and Life Thomas M. Regan Pinanski 207 ext 3283
Classroom notes for: Radiation and Life 98.101.201 Thomas M. Regan Pinanski 207 ext 3283 1 Thus, after the directly ionizing radiation has lost its energy, it is no longer radiation; it simply becomes
More informationFXA UNIT G485 Module X-Rays. Candidates should be able to : I = I 0 e -μx
1 Candidates should be able to : HISTORY Describe the nature of X-rays. Describe in simple terms how X-rays are produced. X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1865, when he found that a fluorescent
More informationInternal conversion electrons and SN light curves
Internal conversion electrons and SN light curves International School of Nuclear Physics 32nd Course: Particle and Nuclear Astrophysics September 23, 2010, Erice Ivo Rolf Seitenzahl DFG Emmy Noether Research
More informationProperties of the nucleus. 8.2 Nuclear Physics. Isotopes. Stable Nuclei. Size of the nucleus. Size of the nucleus
Properties of the nucleus 8. Nuclear Physics Properties of nuclei Binding Energy Radioactive decay Natural radioactivity Consists of protons and neutrons Z = no. of protons (Atomic number) N = no. of neutrons
More informationNuclear Decays. Alpha Decay
Nuclear Decays The first evidence of radioactivity was a photographic plate, wrapped in black paper and placed under a piece of uranium salt by Henri Becquerel on February 26, 1896. Like many events in
More informationParticles involved proton neutron electron positron gamma ray 1
TOPIC : Nuclear and radiation chemistry Nuclide - an atom with a particular mass number and atomic number Isotopes - nuclides with the same atomic number (Z) but different mass numbers (A) Notation A Element
More informationProperties of the nucleus. 9.1 Nuclear Physics. Isotopes. Stable Nuclei. Size of the nucleus. Size of the nucleus
Properties of the nucleus 9. Nuclear Physics Properties of nuclei Binding Energy Radioactive decay Natural radioactivity Consists of protons and neutrons Z = no. of protons (tomic number) N = no. of neutrons
More informationQUIZ: Physics of Nuclear Medicine Atomic Structure, Radioactive Decay, Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter
QUIZ: Physics of Nuclear Medicine Atomic Structure, Radioactive Decay, Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter 1. An atomic nucleus contains 39 protons and 50 neutrons. Its mass number (A) is a)
More informationPhysics of X-RAY Production
Physics of X-RAY Production When fast-moving electrons slam into a metal object, x-rays are produced. The kinetic energy of the electron is transformed into electromagnetic energy. The function of the
More informationhν' Φ e - Gamma spectroscopy - Prelab questions 1. What characteristics distinguish x-rays from gamma rays? Is either more intrinsically dangerous?
Gamma spectroscopy - Prelab questions 1. What characteristics distinguish x-rays from gamma rays? Is either more intrinsically dangerous? 2. Briefly discuss dead time in a detector. What factors are important
More informationSlide 1 / 57. Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems
Slide 1 / 57 Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems Slide 2 / 57 Multiple Choice Slide 3 / 57 1 The atomic nucleus consists of: A B C D E Electrons Protons Protons and electrons Protons
More informationBasic science. Atomic structure. Electrons. The Rutherford-Bohr model of an atom. Electron shells. Types of Electrons. Describing an Atom
Basic science A knowledge of basic physics is essential to understanding how radiation originates and behaves. This chapter works through what an atom is; what keeps it stable vs. radioactive and unstable;
More informationPHYS 5012 Radiation Physics and Dosimetry
PHYS 5012 Radiation Physics and Dosimetry Tuesday 17 March 2009 What are the dominant photon interactions? (cont.) Compton scattering, the photoelectric effect and pair production are the three main energy
More informationThe next three lectures will address interactions of charged particles with matter. In today s lecture, we will talk about energy transfer through
The next three lectures will address interactions of charged particles with matter. In today s lecture, we will talk about energy transfer through the property known as stopping power. In the second lecture,
More informationThe interaction of radiation with matter
Basic Detection Techniques 2009-2010 http://www.astro.rug.nl/~peletier/detectiontechniques.html Detection of energetic particles and gamma rays The interaction of radiation with matter Peter Dendooven
More information1.1 ALPHA DECAY 1.2 BETA MINUS DECAY 1.3 GAMMA EMISSION 1.4 ELECTRON CAPTURE/BETA PLUS DECAY 1.5 NEUTRON EMISSION 1.6 SPONTANEOUS FISSION
Chapter NP-3 Nuclear Physics Decay Modes and Decay Rates TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES 1.0 RADIOACTIVE DECAY 1.1 ALPHA DECAY 1.2 BETA MINUS DECAY 1.3 GAMMA EMISSION 1.4 ELECTRON CAPTURE/BETA
More informationMichael G. Stabin. Radiation Protection and Dosimetry. An Introduction to Health Physics. 4) Springer
Michael G. Stabin Radiation Protection and Dosimetry An Introduction to Health Physics 4) Springer Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction to Health Physics 1 1.1 Definition of
More informationPHYS 5012 Radiation Physics and Dosimetry
PHYS 5012 Radiation Physics and Dosimetry Tuesday 12 March 2013 What are the dominant photon interactions? (cont.) Compton scattering, photoelectric absorption and pair production are the three main energy
More informationLET! (de / dx) 1 Gy= 1 J/kG 1Gy=100 rad. m(kg) dose rate
Basics of Radiation Dosimetry for the Physicist http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ionizing_radiation I. Ionizing radiation consists of subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that ionize electrons along
More informationTHE NATURE OF THE ATOM. alpha particle source
chapter THE NATURE OF THE ATOM www.tutor-homework.com (for tutoring, homework help, or help with online classes) Section 30.1 Rutherford Scattering and the Nuclear Atom 1. Which model of atomic structure
More informationDEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS
DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS TSOKOS OPTION I-2 MEDICAL IMAGING Reading Activity Answers IB Assessment Statements Option I-2, Medical Imaging: X-Rays I.2.1. I.2.2. I.2.3. Define
More informationChapter 30 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
Chapter 30 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity 30.1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Nucleus is made of protons and neutrons Proton has positive charge: Neutron is electrically neutral: 30.1 Structure
More informationRADIATION EFFECTS AND DAMAGE
RADIATION EFFECTS AND DAMAGE The detrimental consequences of radiation are referred to as radiation damage. To understand the effects of radiation, one must first be familiar with the radiations and their
More informationPhoton Interactions in Matter
Radiation Dosimetry Attix 7 Photon Interactions in Matter Ho Kyung Kim hokyung@pusan.ac.kr Pusan National University References F. H. Attix, Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry,
More informationPS-21 First Spring Institute say : Teaching Physical Science. Radioactivity
PS-21 First Spring Institute say 2012-2013: Teaching Physical Science Radioactivity What Is Radioactivity? Radioactivity is the release of tiny, highenergy particles or gamma rays from the nucleus of an
More informationObjectives: Atomic Structure: The Basics
Objectives: Atomic Structure: The Basics 1. To be able to sketch an atom and indicate the location of the nucleus, the shells, and the electronic orbitals 2. To be able to calculate the maximum number
More informationIntroduction to Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Decay
Introduction to Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Decay Larry MacDonald macdon@uw.edu Nuclear Medicine Basic Science Lectures September 6, 2011 toms Nucleus: ~10-14 m diameter ~10 17 kg/m 3 Electron clouds:
More informationneutrons in the few kev to several MeV Neutrons are generated over a wide range of energies by a variety of different processes.
Neutrons 1932: Chadwick discovers the neutron 1935: Goldhaber discovers 10 B(n,α) 7 Li reaction 1936: Locher proposes boron neutron capture as a cancer therapy 1939: Nuclear fission in 235 U induced by
More informationCHAPTER 2 INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER
CHAPTER 2 INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER 2.1 Introduction When gamma radiation interacts with material, some of the radiation will be absorbed by the material. There are five mechanisms involve in
More information1-D Fourier Transform Pairs
1-D Fourier Transform Pairs The concept of the PSF is most easily explained by considering a very small point source being placed in the imaging field-of-view The relationship between the image, I, and
More information