Russell Stewart Deacon

Transcription

1 ナノテクノロジーと ナノサイエンス Russell Stewart Deacon assisted by Kiyama Haruki Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , JAPAN

2 わたしのくに The UK is miles from Japan ( kilometers). It takes about 12 hours by direct flight. Image Credit: NASA/GSFC

3 わたしのくにイギリス The United Kingdom is Northern Island and Great Britain. Great Britain i is England, Scotland and dwales. Population 60 million. (half of Japan) I am from the County of Buckinghamshire. Image Credit: lonelyplanet.com

4 わたしのがくれき ( ) Degree in Physics at the University of Nottingham. Image Credit: lonelyplanet.com

5 わたしのがくれき ( ) PhD at Oxford University it in the Nicholas research group, Department t of Condensed Matter Physics. Image Credit: lonelyplanet.com

6 いま (2007-present) In April 2007 I came to Japan to work in Tarucha laboratory at the University of Tokyo.

7 たるちゃけんきゅうしつ Prof. Seigo Tarucha Lecturer Dr Akira Oiwa Assistant Professor Michihisa Yamamoto 5 Researchers 2 PhD student Several from abroad 6 Masters Students 3 Undergraduate Students 1 secretary This picture is a little old and does not include everyone

8 Presentation Plan なのめーたーてなんですか? どうやってみることができる? Imaging the nanoscale Some applications microprocessors -why miniaturize カーボン ( たんそ ) ナノテクノロジ

9 ナノメーターてなんですか? 1 nm = m = 1/1,000,000,000 m For simplicity we write 1nm = 1x10-9 m (Scientific notation)

10 ナノメーターてなんですか?

11 ナノメーターてなんですか?

12 ナノメーターてなんですか? 1nm = 10 Hydrogen atoms

13 Why study nanoscience? Nanoscience is not just making things smaller! Make things more efficient, faster, cheaper, stronger... Not just electronics Nanoscience is a HUGE field including chemistry, materials, biology, engineering Image source: IBM

14 Why study nanoscience? Nanoscale devices and materials can have new properties. NEW SCIENCE C! Image source:

15 How can we see 1nm source: nobelprize.org

16 Using electrons to See Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), invented in the 1930s Can see as small as 10 nanometers. Bounce electrons off of surfaces to create images Pollen grains source:

17 Scanning Probe Microscopy Scanning probe microscopes were developed in the 1980s. The Nobel Prize in physics Ernst Ruska Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer

18 Seeing smaller The tip of the scanning can be so sharp that t a single atom can be imaged. About 25 nanometers

19 Seeing smaller But the scanning probe microscope can also be used to move atoms to where we want them make a nanostructure one atom at a time Xenon on Nickel (110) Source:IBM

20 Seeing smaller Carbon Monoxide on Platinum (111) Iron on Copper (111) Source:IBM

21 Seeing smaller Free electrons Cause ripples Iron on Copper (111) Source:IBM

22 Microprocessors Cutting edge Nanotechnology

23 Valves Early computer used valves to switch electrical current on 1 and off 0. But valves were large, unreliable and hot!

24 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Intergrator And Computer) Built in ,468 valves. Weight 27 tons. Approx computations o per second. Filled a room! Image Credit: US Army

25 The Digital Age In 1947 researchers at Bell labs built the first transistor, from a single semiconductor crystal of Germanium. Schockley, Bardeen and Brattain received the Nobel Prize in Physics Image Credit: Bell labs

26 How does it Work? Modern transistors are made from Silicon a semiconductor which is more common in nature than Germanium. It has three important t abilities Amplification of an electrical signal Turn an electrical current on and off A non mechanical switch!

27 Semiconductors Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Semiconductors are central to all modern electronics

28 Semiconductors Semiconductors properties p are easily altered by doping with other elements.

29 Semiconductors Start with Si p-ty ype n-ty ype If we dope with Group 3 elements we can remove electrons. If we dope with p Group 5 we add electrons.

30 How does it Work? A transistor has three terminals. Source, Drain and Gate. A small voltage applied to the gate can turn off the current between source and drain. Source: Nobelprize.org

31 How does it Work? A transistor has three terminals. Source, Drain and Gate. A small voltage applied to the gate can turn off the current between source and drain. Source: Nobelprize.org

32 The Integrated Circuit Invented by Jack Kilby in Why not make the transistors and circuit all at the same time! Two transistors on Germanium The microchip is born!

33 The Integrated Circuit Invented by Jack Kilby in Why not make the transistors and circuit all at the same time! Integrated circuit 1960`s The microchip is born!

34 The Integrated Circuit Invented by Jack Kilby in Why not make the transistors and circuit all at the same time! Modern chips The microchip is born! Image source: Wikipedia.org

35 わたしのはじめてのパソコン (1989) ZX Spectrum MHz Zilog Z80A CPU 8,500 transistors Transistor size 10μm The greatest game ever made: JET SET WILLY

36 いま (2008) Intel Core 2 CPU T GHz 291 Million transistors Transistor size 65nm

37 Moores Law (1965) 1E10 1E9 1E8 The number of transistors on a microchip doubles every 18 months. Intel 4004 transistor size 10μm Gordon E. Moore, Cofounder, Intel Corporation. stors numb ber of transi 1E Intel Xeon transistor size 45nm Year source: Intel

38 Moores Law (1965) The number of transistors on a chip doubles every 18 months. 1E10 1E9 Intel 4004 transistor size 10μm 1E8 stors numb ber of transi 1E Intel Xeon transistor size 45nm Year Intel chips manufactured on a silicon wafer source: Intel

39 How small can a transistor get? Moores Law will be difficult to follow in 10 to 20 years. What happens if a transistor is only a few tens of atoms in size. Quantum mechanics now governs the behaviour of the device. Can we make a computer based on quantum Can we make a computer based on quantum physics?

40 Quantum Dots our research At Todai we work on nanoscale transistors known as Quantum dots or Artificial Atoms. And may in the future make new computers. Image source: TU Delft

41 Quantum Dots semiconductor insulator conductor conductor Source Three terminals source, drain d i and d gate. The g gate can control the number of electrons in the dot. Drain insulator Gate We can tune tune the number of electrons down to one!

42 How does it work? Source Energy Gate Drain Three terminals source, drain and gate. The gate can control the number of electrons in the dot. We can tune the number of electrons down to one!

43 How does it work? Energy Source Drain Energy Gate We can imagine an artifical atom.

44 How does it work? Source Drain Electrons repel so only one electron can flow at a time. 1 electron In the dot Gate Source: Physicsworld

45 Ionisation Energy First ionization energies increases across the period from left to right. decreases going down a group

46 Ionisation Energy Artificial Atoms Tarucha et al, PRL (1996), M.Jung et al., Physica E (2006)

47 Artificial Atoms (2-dimensional) The same pattern of filling shells is seen in quantum dots Periodic table for Artificial Atoms Different Magic numbers!

48 Artificial Atoms (2-dimensional) The same pattern of filling shells is seen in quantum dots Periodic table for Artificial Atoms Different Magic numbers!

49 Carbon Nanotechnology 1991 Iijima Sumio NEC Corporation Curl, Kroto and Smalley Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 Source: Scientific American

50 Nanotubes Images of the first nanotubes observed Very strong -10 to 100 times stronger than steel per unit weight.. Can be conducting or semiconducting depending on how the tube is rolled. Source:Sumio Ijima Nature 1991

51 Nanotubes Nanotestube Buckyballs inside nanotubes Peapods えだまめ Source: Goldhaber-Gordon Group, Stanford University.

52 Nanotubes Stronger materials. Fuel cells - Hydrogen storage. Optical devices. Electrical devices. Quantum dots Image Source: Ralph Group, Cornell University

53 Nanotubes 300nm Applications in composite materials. Fuel cells - Hydrogen storage. Optical devices. Electrical devices. Quantum dots Nanoscale engineering g Nanomotor Movie Source: Zettl Research Group, University of California at Berkeley.

54 Graphene Discovered in 2004 by the research group of fprof. Geim at tmanchester University. it It was peeled off of Graphite using tape! Graphene is 1 atom thick (a million times thinner than a sheet of a paper) but stronger than diamond in plane and more conducting than copper.

55 Graphene Graphene on a silicon oxide surface source: Mesoscopic Physics Group, Manchester University and Scientific American

56 Graphene This is an image taken using an electron microscope of a single Graphene sheet hanging from a metal grid. source: Mesoscopic Physics Group, Manchester University

57 Graphene Graphene transistor made in 2007 Transistors can be cut out of a single sheet of Graphene. - Graphene integrated circuits. A Graphene transistor can be faster than a silicon transistor. Possible future for microprocessors? We will have to wait and see! Image source: Scientific American

58 Thankyou for your attention Special thanks to Taguchi-sensei for inviting me and the assistance of Kiyama Haruki.