Chapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
|
|
|
- Randell Holmes
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1
2 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain the element carbon. Products such as clothes, foods, medicines, gasoline, refrigerants, and soaps are composed almost solely of organic compounds. Some organic products can be obtained directly from natural sources cotton, wool, and silk. Others can be synthetically produced nylon and polyester. 2
3 Organic Compounds Have one or more C atoms. Tend to have the C atoms forming bonds with each other. Have more than one H atoms. At least one linked to a C atom. May also contain O, S, N, P, and halogens. Any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen is called a heteroatom. 3
4 Organic vs. Inorganic Propane, C 3 H 8, is an organic compound used as a fuel. NaCl, salt, is an inorganic compound composed of Na + and Cl ions. Why is propane an organic compound, but NaCl is not? 4
5 Elements in Organic Compounds 5
6 Structures of Organic Compounds 1. Carbon always forms four covalent bonds. Hydrogen always forms one covalent bond. 6
7 Structures of Organic Compounds 2. Carbon forms single, double, and triple bonds to other carbon atoms. 7
8 Structures of Organic Compounds 3. Some compounds have chains of atoms and some compounds have rings. 8
9 Examples of Organic Compounds Caffeine is the stimulant found in coffee, tea, cola beverages, and chocolate. 9
10 Examples of Organic Compounds Capsaicin is responsible for the spiciness of peppers, and is used for topical pain-relief medicines. 10
11 Shapes of Organic Molecules VSEPR theory: The most stable arrangement keeps the groups on a central atom as far away from each other as possible. An atom surrounded by two groups is linear and has a bond angle of 180 o. 11
12 Shapes of Organic Molecules An atom surrounded by three groups is trigonal planar and has a bond angle of 120 o. An atom surrounded by four groups is tetrahedral and has bond angles of o. 12
13 Shapes of Organic Molecules To draw a 3D tetrahedron on a page, we use: A solid line for bonds in the plane A wedge for a bond in front of the plane A dashed line for a bond behind the plane Every carbon with four single bonds is tetrahedral. 13
14 Shapes of Organic Molecules Nitrogen is attached to 3 atoms and has 1 lone pair, making its shape a trigonal pyramid. 14
15 Shapes of Organic Molecules Oxygen is attached to 2 atoms and has 2 lone pairs, making its shape bent. 15
16 Shapes of Organic Molecules 16
17 Drawing Organic Molecules A. Condensed Structures In a condensed structure, all of the atoms are drawn in, but the two-electron bond lines and lone pairs on heteroatoms are generally omitted. A carbon bonded to 3 H s becomes CH 3. A carbon bonded to 2 H s becomes CH 2. 17
18 Drawing Organic Molecules A. Condensed Structures Some bond lines can be drawn in for effect or to show specific bonding. A carbon bonded to 1 H becomes CH. 18
19 Drawing Organic Molecules A. Condensed Structures Identical groups can be condensed further: 19
20 Drawing Organic Molecules A. Condensed Structures Sample Problem 1 Convert each compound into a condensed structure: 20
21 Drawing Organic Molecules A. Condensed Structures Sample Problem 1 Solution 1a 21
22 Drawing Organic Molecules A. Condensed Structures Sample Problem 1 Solution 1b 22
23 Drawing Organic Molecules B. Skeletal Structures or Line-Bond Structures When drawing a skeletal structure: Assume there is a carbon atom at the junction of any two lines or at the end of any line Assume there are enough hydrogens around each carbon to give it four bonds Draw in all heteroatoms and the hydrogens directly bonded to them 23
24 Drawing Organic Molecules B. Skeletal Structures 24
25 Drawing Organic Molecules B. Skeletal Structures 25
26 Functional Groups A functional group is an atom or group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties. A functional group contains a heteroatom, a multiple bond, or sometimes both. The letter R is used to abbreviate the carbon and hydrogen portion of a molecule. 26
27 Functional Groups A. Hydrocarbons 27
28 Functional Groups B. Compounds Containing a Single Bond to a Heteroatom 28
29 Functional Groups C. Compounds Containing a C=O Group Carbonyl groups (carbon oxygen double bonds) are present in several different compounds. 29
30 Functional Groups C. Compounds Containing a C=O Group 30
31 Functional Groups C. Compounds Containing a C=O Group An aldehyde contains a hydrogen atom directly bonded to the carbonyl carbon. 31
32 Functional Groups C. Compounds Containing a C=O Group A carboxylic acid contains an OH group directly bonded to the carbonyl carbon. 32
33 Functional Groups C. Compounds Containing a C=O Group An ester contains an OR group directly bonded to the carbonyl carbon. 33
34 Functional Groups C. Compounds Containing a C=O Group 34
35 Properties of Organic Compounds A. Polarity A covalent bond is nonpolar when two atoms of identical or similar electronegativity are bonded. Thus, C C and C H bonds are nonpolar bonds. A covalent bond is polar when atoms of different electronegativity are bonded. Thus, bonds between C and N, O, and the halogens are polar bonds. 35
36 Properties of Organic Compounds A. Polarity Hydrocarbons contain only nonpolar C C and C H bonds, so they are nonpolar molecules. If a single bond is polar, the molecule is polar because it contains a net dipole. 36
37 Properties of Organic Compounds A. Polarity If the individual polar bonds (dipoles) cancel in a molecule, the molecule is nonpolar. If the individual bond dipoles do not cancel, the molecule is polar. 37
38 Properties of Organic Compounds A. Polarity Sample Problem Solution Explain why CH 2 Cl 2 is a polar molecule. 38
39 Properties of Organic Compounds B. Solubility The rule of solubility is like dissolves like. Most organic compounds are soluble in organic solvents. Hydrocarbons and other nonpolar organic compounds are insoluble in water. Polar organic compounds are water soluble only if they are small and contain a N or O atom that can form hydrogen bonds with water. 39
40 Properties of Organic Compounds B. Solubility CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 OH hexane Small nonpolar molecule No O or N present H 2 O insoluble ethanol Small polar molecule O atom present H 2 O soluble 40
41 Properties of Organic Compounds B. Solubility cholesterol Very large molecule O atom present Too many nonpolar C C and C H bonds H 2 O insoluble 41
42 Focus on Health and Medicine Vitamins are organic compounds needed in small amounts for normal cell function. The body cannot synthesize these compounds; they must be obtained in the diet. A fat-soluble vitamin dissolves in an organic solvent but is insoluble in water. Fat-soluble vitamins have many nonpolar C C and C H bonds and few polar functional groups. A water-soluble vitamin dissolves in water. Water-soluble vitamins have many polar bonds. 42
43 Focus on Health and Medicine A. Vitamin A Vitamin A retinol is an essential component of the vision receptors in the eyes. It also helps to maintain the health of the mucous membranes and the skin. Vitamin A is a very large, mostly nonpolar molecule with only one OH group, making it a fat-soluble vitamin. 43
44 Focus on Health and Medicine B. Vitamin C Vitamin C ascorbic acid is important in the formation of collagen, the connective tissue of the skin. A deficiency in vitamin C causes scurvy, a condition of sailors in the 1600s who had no access to fresh fruit while at sea. It has many polar bonds and many O atoms, making it a water-soluble vitamin. 44
Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chapter 1
Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chapter 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. How to get the book of
Chapter 16 Aldehydes and Ketones Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chapter 16 Aldehydes and Ketones Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
PSI Chemistry. 3) How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 8
Organic Chemistry HW PSI Chemistry Name I - Organic Introduction 1) Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of A) functional groups. B) vital forces interacting with matter. C) carbon compounds.
The shape of simple molecules (and parts of larger molecules) can be easily predicted using the VSEPR model
1 PREDICTING MOLECULAR SHAPE The shape of simple molecules (and parts of larger molecules) can be easily predicted using the VSEPR model VSEPR = Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Model - Each BOND
Chapter 14 Organic Compounds That Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur
Chapter 14 Organic Compounds That Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission
Chapter 13 Alkenes and Alkynes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chapter 13 Alkenes and Alkynes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lewis Structures and Molecular Shapes
Lewis Structures and Molecular Shapes Drawing Lewis Structures Determine from formula if ionic or covalent Count the electrons If ionic : add valence # to charge if (-), subtract if (+) - = 7+1 electrons;
Lewis Theory of Shapes and Polarities of Molecules
Lewis Theory of Shapes and Polarities of Molecules Sulfanilamide Lewis Structures and the Real 3D-Shape of Molecules Molecular Shape or Geometry The way in which atoms of a molecule are arranged in space
Chemical Bonding. 8.1 Types of Bonds. 8.1 Types of Bonds. : A force that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound
: Chemical Bonding 8-1 8.1 Types of Bonds : A force that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound Two types of chemical bonds Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds 8-2 8.1 Types of Bonds 8-3 1 8.1 Types of
Chapter 4 Lecture Outline. Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 4 Lecture Outline 1 Copyright McGraw-ill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4.1 Introduction to Covalent Bonding Covalent bonds result from the sharing of electrons between
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display : A force that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound
: Chemical Bonding 8-1 8.1 Types of Bonds : A force that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound Two types of chemical bonds Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds 8-2 1 8.1 Types of Bonds 8-3 8.1 Types of
Chapter 8 Chemical Bonding
Chapter 8 Chemical Bonding Types of Bonds Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Shapes of Molecules 8-1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Table 8.1 Two
AP Chemistry - Problem Drill 15: Lewis Structures and VSEPR Theory
AP Chemistry - Problem Drill 15: Lewis Structures and VSEPR Theory No. 1 of 10 1. Which shape would have sp 3 hybridization? (A) Linear (B) Bent (C) Tetrahedron (D) Trigonal planar (E) Octahedron C. Correct.
Chapter 4. An Introduction to Organic Compounds
Chapter 4 An Introduction to Organic Compounds Chapter 4 Educational Goals 1. Given the formula of a molecule, the student will be able to draw the line bond structure. 2. Understand and construct condensed
Learning Organic Chemistry
Objective 1 Represent organic molecules with chemical formulas, expanded formulas, Lewis structures, skeletal structures. Determine shape (VSEPR), bond polarity, and molecule polarity. Identify functional
Chapter 18 Amines and Neurotransmitters Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chapter 18 Amines and Neurotransmitters Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
Naming Organic Halides. Properties of Organic Halides
Organic Compounds Organic Halides A hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms Freons (chlorofluorocarbons) in refrigeration and air conditioning Teflon (polytetrafluoroethane)
11/14/2014. Chemical Bonding. Richard Philips Feynman, Nobel Laureate in Physics ( )
Chemical Bonding Lewis Theory Valence Bond VSEPR Molecular rbital Theory 1 "...he [his father] knew the difference between knowing the name of something and knowing something" Richard Philips eynman, Nobel
Edexcel Chemistry A-level
Edexcel Chemistry A-level Topic 2 - Bonding and Structure Flashcards What are ions? What are ions? Charged particles that is formed when an atom loses or gains electrons What is the charge of the ion when
Chapter 11 Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms Advanced Chemistry Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties Learning Objective
Chapter 11 Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms Advanced Chemistry 11.1 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties Discuss the atomic trends Metals are located on the left side of the periodic
Experiment #2. Lewis Structures
Experiment #2. Lewis Structures A Lewis structure shows how the valence electrons are arranged and indicates the bonding between atoms in a molecule. We represent the elements by their symbols. The shared
Topics to Expect: Periodic Table: s, p, d, f blocks Metal, Metalloid, Non metal, etc. Periodic Trends, Family names Electron Configuration: Orbitals a
Chemistry Final Exam Review and Practice Chapters Covered ESSENTIALLY CUMMULATIVE List of Chapters: Ch: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20 Topics to Expect: Periodic Table: s, p, d, f blocks Metal,
Organic Chemistry. Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry Introduction to Organic Chemistry What is Organic Chemistry? Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon containing compounds Organic compound Is molecular compound of carbon Is made up
Carbon Compounds. Chemical Bonding Part 2
Carbon Compounds Chemical Bonding Part 2 Introduction to Functional Groups: Alkanes! Alkanes Compounds that contain only carbons and hydrogens, with no double or triple bonds.! Alkyl Groups A part of a
Chapter 12 Alkanes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chapter 12 Alkanes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Introduction
Chapter 6. The Chemical Bond
Chapter 6 The Chemical Bond Some questions Why do noble gases rarely bond to other elements? How does this relate to why the atoms of other elements do form bonds? Why do certain elements combine to form
Chem 11 Unit 4 POLARITY, MOLECULE SHAPE, and BEHAVIOUR
Chem 11 Unit 4 POLARITY, MOLECULE SHAPE, and BEHAVIOUR Polarity is unequal distribution of a charge on a molecule caused by: 1) some degree of ionic character in the bonding (i.e. unequal electron sharing)
Covalent bonding occurs in nonmetal compounds. Use the highlighter to select the compounds that are covalently bonded. HCl
Covalent bonding occurs in nonmetal compounds. Use the highlighter to select the compounds that are covalently bonded. 2 C 2 Cl Li NaF Mg C 4 N NaCl 3 Drag this to the target to reveal the answers. Properties
of its physical and chemical properties.
8.4 Molecular Shapes VSEPR Model The shape of a molecule determines many of its physical and chemical properties. Molecular l geometry (shape) can be determined with the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
CP Covalent Bonds Ch. 8 &
CP Covalent Bonds Ch. 8 & 9 2015-2016 Why do atoms bond? Atoms want stability- to achieve a noble gas configuration ( ) For bonds there is a transfer of electrons to get an octet of electrons For covalent
4/25/2017. VSEPR Theory. Two Electron Groups. Shapes of Molecules. Two Electron Groups with Double Bonds. Three Electron Groups.
Chapter 10 Lecture Chapter 10 Bonding and Properties of Solids and Liquids 10.3 Shapes of Molecules and Ions (VSEPR Theory) Learning Goal Predict the three-dimensional structure of a molecule or a polyatomic
Introduction to Organic Chemistry Unit 1: Importance of Functional Groups
Introduction to rganic Chemistry Unit 1: Importance of Functional Groups By the end of this unit you should be able to: convert a Lewis structure of an organic molecule to its condensed form and vice versa
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Models
25 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Models A chemical bond is a force that holds groups of two or more atoms together and makes them function as a unit. Bonding involves only the valence (outer shell) electrons
BIOB111 - Tutorial activities for session 7 I. Tutorial Organic Chemistry II. Vitamin C Experiment
BIOB111 - Tutorial activities for session 7 I. Tutorial Organic Chemistry II. Vitamin C Experiment General topics for the week 4 Session 7 Structure of organic compounds Students are given the molecular
Carbon and Molecular Diversity - 1
Carbon and Molecular Diversity - 1 Although water is the most abundant compound of living organisms, and the "medium" for the existence of life, most of the molecules from which living organisms are composed
SMK SULTAN ISMAIL JB, NUR FATHIN SUHANA BT AYOB
SMK SULTAN ISMAIL JB, NUR FATHIN SUHANA BT AYOB POLAR AND NON POLAR BONDS BOND POLARITY 1. Atoms with different electronegative from polar bonds (difference in EN) 2. Depicted as polar arrow : 3. Example
Chemical Bonding Basic Concepts
Chemical Bonding Basic Concepts Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons of an atom. The valence electrons are the electrons that particpate in chemical bonding. Group e - configuration # of valence
Polarity main concepts
POLARITY Polarity main concepts A polar molecule has opposite charged ends (+ & -) The polarity of a bond is the result of a difference in electronegativity between the two bonded atoms A molecule can
10-1. The Shapes of Molecules, chapter 10
10-1 The Shapes of Molecules, chapter 10 The Shapes of Molecules; Goals 10.1 Depicting Molecules and Ions with Lewis Structures 10.2 Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory 10.3 Molecular
ORGANIC - EGE 5E CH. 2 - COVALENT BONDING AND CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: HYBRID ORBITAL THEORY The Aufbau Principle states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy. If carbon has only two unfilled orbitals, why does it like to
Chemical Bonding. Burlingame High School
Chemical Bonding Electronegativity Is a measure of the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself. Concept proposed by Linus Pauling 1901-1994 Electronegativity Trends Forms of Chemical
Hole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition. Chapter 2
Hole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier Butler Lewis Chapter 2 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CHAPTER 2 CHEMICAL BASIS OF
Electron Geometry Hybrid Orbitals
Molecular Shape and Hybridized Orbitals CH2000: Introduction to General Chemistry, Plymouth State University, Fall 2014 Introduction: In chemistry, the three dimensional shape of a molecule is as important
Unit 4: Presentation C Molecular Shapes and Dipole Moments
New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Slide 1 / 30 Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and
Adapted from CHM 130 Maricopa County, AZ Molecular Geometry and Lewis Dot Formulas Introduction
Adapted from CHM 130 Maricopa County, AZ Molecular Geometry and Lewis Dot Formulas Introduction A chemical bond is an intramolecular (within the molecule) force holding two or more atoms together. Covalent
Covalent Bonding. In nature, only the noble gas elements exist as uncombined atoms. All other elements need to lose or gain electrons
In nature, only the noble gas elements exist as uncombined atoms. They are monatomic - consist of single atoms. All other elements need to lose or gain electrons To form ionic compounds Some elements share
Chapter 9 The Shapes of Molecules Cocaine
Chapter 9 The Shapes of Molecules 1 Cocaine 10.1 Depicting Molecules & Ions with Lewis Structures 2 Number of Covalent Bonds 3 The number of covalent bonds can be determined from the number of electrons
Molecular shapes. Balls and sticks
Molecular shapes Balls and sticks Learning objectives Apply VSEPR to predict electronic geometry and shapes of simple molecules Determine molecule shape from electronic geometry Distinguish between polar
Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts
Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts Chapter 9 Chang & Goldsby Modified by Dr. Hahn Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent
Covalent Bonds Ch. Why do atoms bond? Atoms want noble gas configuration ( ) For bonds there is a transfer of electrons to get an octet of electrons
Covalent Bonds Ch. Why do atoms bond? Atoms want noble gas configuration ( ) For bonds there is a transfer of electrons to get an octet of electrons For covalent bonds there is a of electrons to get an
11/14/2014. Chemical Bonding. Richard Philips Feynman, Nobel Laureate in Physics ( )
Chemical Bonding Lewis Theory Valence Bond VSEPR Molecular Orbital Theory 1 "...he [his father] knew the difference between knowing the name of something and knowing something" Richard Philips Feynman,
Homework 08 VSEPR. The active ingredient in some oral anesthetics used in sore throat sprays. What is the molar mass of phenol?
HW08 VSEPR This is a preview of the published version of the quiz Started: Oct 21 at 11:14am Quiz Instruc ons Homework 08 VSEPR Question 1 Consider the structural formula of phenol. The active ingredient
CHAPTER 2: Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules
1 HAPTER 2: Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules Atomic Orbitals A. What are atomic orbitals? Atomic orbitals are defined by special mathematical functions called wavefunctions-- (x, y, z). Wavefunction,
Ch 13: Covalent Bonding
Ch 13: Covalent Bonding Section 13: Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion 1. Recall the rules for drawing Lewis dot structures 2. Remember the special situations: - Resonance structures - ormal charges
Lewis Structure. Lewis Structures & VSEPR. Octet & Duet Rules. Steps for drawing Lewis Structures
Lewis Structure Lewis Structures & VSEPR Lewis Structures shows how the are arranged among the atoms of a molecule There are rules for Lewis Structures that are based on the formation of a Atoms want to
Chapter 6 PRETEST: Chemical Bonding
Chapter 6 PRETEST: Chemical In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question. 1.The charge on an ion is a. always positive.
2/25/2015. Chapter 4. Introduction to Organic Compounds. Outline. Lecture Presentation. 4.1 Alkanes: The Simplest Organic Compounds
Lecture Presentation Outline Chapter 4 Introduction to Organic Compounds 4.2 Representing Structures of Organic Compounds Julie Klare Fortis College Smyrna, GA Alkanes are structurally simple organic compounds
Chapter 13: Phenomena
Chapter 13: Phenomena Phenomena: Scientists measured the bond angles of some common molecules. In the pictures below each line represents a bond that contains 2 electrons. If multiple lines are drawn together
Chemical Bonds. Chapter 6
Chemical Bonds Chapter 6 1 Ch. 6 Chemical Bonding I. How and Why Atoms Bond A. Vocabulary B. Chemical Bonds - Basics C. Chemical Bonds Types D. Chemical Bonds Covalent E. Drawing Lewis Diagrams F. Bond
Molecular Models: The shape of simple molecules and ions
Molecular Models: The shape of simple molecules and ions Background The shape of a molecule is very important when investigating its properties and reactivity. For example, compare CO 2 and SO 2. Carbon
Valence Shell Electron Pair repulsion
Molecular Geometry Valence Shell Electron Pair repulsion The valence shell electron pair repulsion model (VSEPR model) assumes that electron pairs repel one another. (VSEPR) model gives helps determine
Chapter 1. Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Chapter 1 Introduction to rganic Chemistry rganic Chemistry - General Description A. The Study of Carbon Compounds B. rganic reminds us of plant or animal origins 1. Natural medicines: morphine, penicillin
Subtopic 4.2 MOLECULAR SHAPE AND POLARITY
Subtopic 4.2 MOLECULAR SHAPE AND POLARITY 1 LEARNING OUTCOMES (covalent bonding) 1. Draw the Lewis structure of covalent molecules (octet rule such as NH 3, CCl 4, H 2 O, CO 2, N 2 O 4, and exception to
CHAPTER 12 CHEMICAL BONDING
CHAPTER 12 CHEMICAL BONDING Core electrons are found close to the nucleus, whereas valence electrons are found in the most distant s and p energy subshells. The valence electrons are responsible for holding
Electron Geometry Hybrid Orbitals
Molecular Shape and Hybridized Orbitals CH2000: Introduction to General Chemistry, Plymouth State University Introduction: In chemistry, the three dimensional shape of a molecule is as important as the
Chapter 12. Chemical Bonding
Chapter 12 Chemical Bonding Chemical Bond Concept Recall that an atom has core and valence electrons. Core electrons are found close to the nucleus. Valence electrons are found in the most distant s and
Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chapter 10 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Valence shell electron
Lecture 14. Professor Hicks Inorganic Chemistry (CHE151) Shapes of Molecules. The shape of most molecules is not flat as they are drawn on paper
Lecture 14 Professor Hicks Inorganic Chemistry (CHE151) Shapes of Molecules The shape of most molecules is not flat as they are drawn on paper The three dimensional arrangement of atoms is called the Geometry
Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure
CHM 123 Chapter 8 Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure 8.1 Molecular shapes and VSEPR theory VSEPR theory proposes that the geometric arrangement of terminal atoms, or groups of
SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE
4. O and H Solution 1. Carbon has an electronegativity of 2.5, while the value for hydrogen is 2.1. The difference is 0.3, which is rather small. The C H bond is therefore considered nonpolar. 2. Both
Test Bank for Introductory Chemistry Essentials 5th Edition by Tro
Test Bank for Introductory Chemistry Essentials 5th Edition by Tro Sample Introductory Chemistry, 5e (Tro) Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding 10.1 True/False Questions 1) Bonding theories are used to predict
Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chapter 10 Chang & Goldsby Modified by Dr. Juliet Hahn Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction
AS91164 Bonding, structure, properties and energychanges Level 2 Credits 5
AS91164 Bonding, structure, properties and energychanges Level 2 Credits 5 LEWIS DIAGRAMS, SHAPES OF MOLECULES, POLAR AND NON POLAR MOLECULES Lewis diagrams: use dots (or x) to represent electrons, show
CH 222 Chapter Seven Concept Guide
CH 222 Chapter Seven Concept Guide 1. Lewis Structures Draw the Lewis Dot Structure for cyanide ion, CN -. 1 C at 4 electrons = 4 electrons 1 N at 5 electrons = 5 electrons -1 charge = + 1 electron Total
Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry The study of carbon compounds constitutes a separate branch of chemistry known as organic chemistry The
ORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups
ORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups Important Features of Carbon There are different allotropes (same element, same phase, different
DO NOT OPEN THE EXAMINATION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD BY THE SUPERVISOR TO BEGIN CHEMISTRY 2202 SAMPLE EXAMINATION. June, 2008
Name: Teacher: DO NOT OPEN THE EXAMINATION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD BY THE SUPERVISOR TO BEGIN CHEMISTRY 2202 SAMPLE EXAMINATION June, 2008 Value: 100% Time: 2 hours General Instructions This examination
Chapter 6 Chemistry Review
Chapter 6 Chemistry Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Put the LETTER of the correct answer in the blank. 1. The electrons involved in
Chapter 2. Introduction: Chapter Chemical Basis of Life. Structure of Matter:
Chapter 2.1-2.2 Read text 2.1 and describe why chemistry is important in understanding life. Read text 2.2 and discuss how atomic structure determines how atoms interact. Also describe the types of chemical
INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY Concepts and Critical Thinking
INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY Concepts and Critical Thinking Sixth Edition by Charles H. Corwin Chapter 12 Chemical Bonding by Christopher Hamaker 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 12 1 Chemical Bond Concept
Chem 1075 Chapter 12 Chemical Bonding Lecture Outline. Chemical Bond Concept
Chem 1075 Chapter 12 Chemical Bonding Lecture Outline Slide 2 Chemical Bond Concept Recall that an atom has and electrons. Core electrons are found to the nucleus. Valence electrons are found in the s
Chapter 6. Preview. Objectives. Molecular Compounds
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and Molecular Compounds Preview Objectives Molecular Compounds Formation of a Covalent Bond Characteristics of the Covalent Bond The Octet Rule Electron-Dot Notation Lewis Structures
Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
Chemical Bonding II: and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Chapter 10 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR)
1. Which compound would you expect to have the lowest boiling point? A) NH 2 B) NH 2
MULTIPLE CICE QUESTINS Topic: Intermolecular forces 1. Which compound would you expect to have the lowest boiling point? A) N 2 B) N 2 C) N D) E) N Ans: : N 2 D Topic: Molecular geometry, dipole moment
CHM 130LL: Molecular Models
CM 130LL: Molecular Models In this lab, you will study covalently bonded molecules i.e., molecules where nonmetal atoms are held together because they share one or more pairs of electrons. In this experiment,
Unit 5: Bonding. Place a checkmark next to each item that you can do. If a sample problem is given, complete it as evidence.
Unit 5: Bonding Place a checkmark next to each item that you can do. If a sample problem is given, complete it as evidence. Intramolecular Forces: forces of attraction within the same molecule. Examples:
12.1 The Nature of Organic molecules
12.1 The Nature of Organic molecules Organic chemistry: : The chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is tetravalent; it always form four bonds. Prentice Hall 2003 Chapter One 2 Organic molecules have covalent
Polar molecules vs. Nonpolar molecules A molecule with separate centers of positive and negative charge is a polar molecule.
CHM 123 Chapter 8 8.5 8.6 Polar covalent Bonds and Dipole moments Depending on the relative electronegativities of the two atoms sharing electrons, there may be partial transfer of electron density from
Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline
Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline Slide 2 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of and its compounds. The major sources of carbon are the fossil fuels: petroleum, natural gas,
CHEMISTRY Topic #1: Functional Groups and Drawing Organic Molecules Fall 2014 Dr. Susan Findlay
EMISTRY 2500 Topic #1: Functional Groups and Drawing rganic Molecules Fall 2014 Dr. Susan Findlay Drawing rganic Molecules (Basics) Recall the steps for drawing Lewis structures in EM 1000: 1. Determine
Chapter 12 Structures and Characteristics of Bonds Objectives
Objectives 1. To learn about ionic and covalent bonds and explain how they are formed - what holds compounds together? 2. To learn about the polar covalent bond are all covalent bonds equal? 3. To understand
Organic Chemistry. Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups
For updated version, please click on http://ocw.ump.edu.my Organic Chemistry Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups by Dr. Seema Zareen & Dr. Izan Izwan Misnon Faculty Industrial Science
Molecular Geometry. Dr. Williamson s Molecular Geometry Notes. VSEPR: Definition of Terms. Dr. V.M. Williamson Texas A & M University Student Version
Molecular Geometry Dr. V.M. Williamson Texas A & M University Student Version Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion- VSEPR 1. Valence e- to some extent 2. Electron pairs move as far away as possible to
Molecular Geometry. Dr. Williamson s Molecular Geometry Notes. VSEPR: Definition of Terms. VSEPR: Electronic Geometries VSEPR
Molecular Geometry Dr. V.M. Williamson Texas A & M University Student Version Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion- VSEPR 1. Valence e- to some extent 2. Electron pairs move as far away as possible to
C PM RESURRECTION
Announcements Final Exam TIME: October 8, 7:30-9:30AM VENUE: CTC 105 65-Multiple Choice Questions 3 Questions Each Chapter 2-5 7 Questions Each Chapter 6-8 30 Questions From Chapter 9-11 Saturday Review
Chapter 6 Notes.notebook April 08, 2015
Mar 11 11:54 AM 1 Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds Mar 13 8:25 AM 2 Mar 16 8:43 AM 3 Mar 18 8:34 AM 4 Apr 1 8:31 AM 5 Molecular Geometry (Shapes of Covalent
Introduction to Organic Chemistry Unit 1: Importance of Functional Groups
Introduction to rganic hemistry Unit 1: Importance of Functional Groups 1 By the end of this unit you should be able to: convert a Lewis structure of an organic molecule to its condensed form and vice
2.2.2 Bonding and Structure
2.2.2 Bonding and Structure Ionic Bonding Definition: Ionic bonding is the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by electron transfer. Metal atoms lose electrons to form
Ionic and Covalent Compounds: Structures and Properties Examples of Lewis Dot Structures for the Representative Elements
Ionic and Covalent Compounds: Structures and Properties Examples of Lewis Dot Structures for the Representative Elements Chemical bond: Attractive force between 2 atoms in a compound Lewis Dot Structure:
A) Multiple Choice Questions: Place your answer in the space in front of each question.
Student Name: Topic 1: Covalent Bonding omework A) Multiple Choice Questions: Place your answer in the space in front of each question. 1) When two atoms of nitrogen bond, how many pairs of electrons will