Chapter 16 Aldehydes and Ketones Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
|
|
- Archibald Cain
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 16 Aldehydes and Ketones Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2 Carbonyl Group - Structure and Bonding The carbonyl carbon atom is trigonal planar, with bond angles of 120 o. O is more electronegative than C, so the carbonyl group is polar. The carbonyl O is e rich (δ ) and the carbonyl C is e poor (δ + ). 2
3 Aldehydes and Ketones Abbreviations for aldehydes and ketones: 3
4 Nomenclature A. Naming Aldehydes To name an aldehyde using the IUPAC system: Find the longest chain containing the CHO group. Change the -e ending of the parent alkane to -al. Number the chain to put the CHO group at C1, but omit 1 from the name. Apply all other nomenclature rules. 4
5 Sample Problem 16.1 Nomenclature A. Naming Aldehydes Give the IUPAC name for each aldehyde 5
6 Sample Problem 16.1 Nomenclature A. Naming Aldehydes [1] Find and name the longest chain containing the CHO. a) b) 6
7 Sample Problem 16.1 Nomenclature A. Naming Aldehydes [2] Number and name substituents, making sure the CHO group is at C1. a) b) 7
8 Nomenclature A. Naming Aldehydes Common names are used for simple aldehydes; the names contain the suffix -aldehyde. formaldehyde acetaldehyde benzaldehyde 8
9 Nomenclature B. Naming Ketones To name an ketone using the IUPAC system: Find the longest chain containing the carbonyl group. Change the -e ending of the parent alkane to - one. Number the chain to give the carbonyl carbon the lower number. Apply all other nomenclature rules. 9
10 Sample Problem 16.1 Nomenclature B. Naming Ketones Give the IUPAC name for each ketone. 10
11 Sample Problem 16.1 Nomenclature B. Naming Ketones [1] Find and name the longest chain containing the carbonyl group. a) b) 11
12 Sample Problem 16.1 Nomenclature B. Naming Ketones [2] Number and name substituents, making sure the carbonyl carbon has the lowest possible number. a) b) 12
13 Nomenclature B. Naming Ketones Common names for ketones are formed by naming both alkyl groups, arranging them alphabetically, and adding the word -ketone 13
14 Nomenclature B. Naming Ketones Some widely used common names do not follow the convention: acetone acetophenone benzophenone 14
15 Physical Properties Aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling points than similar hydrocarbons because: they are polar molecules - stronger intermolecular forces than alkanes and alkenes CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 pentane bp 36 o C CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CHO butanal bp 76 o C Increasing boiling point 15
16 Physical Properties Aldehydes and ketones have lower boiling points than similar alcohols because: they do not have an O H bond - they do not form intermolecular hydrogen bonds. thus, they have weaker intermolecular forces than alcohols CH 3 CH 2 COCH 3 2-butanone bp 80 o C CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH 1-butanol bp 118 o C Increasing boiling point 16
17 Physical Properties Aldehydes and ketones are soluble in organic solvents. Those molecules with 6 C s or less are soluble in water. Those molecules with 7 C s or more are insoluble in water. 17
18 Focus on Health & Medicine Interesting Aldehydes and Ketones Formaldehyde (CH 2 O) is the simplest aldehyde: Starting material for synthesis of resins and plastics. Sold as formalin, a 37% aqueous solution used to preserve biological specimens. Acetone [(CH 3 ) 2 C O] is the simplest ketone: Industrial solvent and a starting material for organic polymers. Produced in the breakdown of fatty acids in the body. Unusually high levels are found in diabetic patients. 18
19 Focus on Health & Medicine Interesting Aldehydes and Ketones Cinnamaldehyde, major component of cinnamon bark: Vanillin, primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean: Citral, characteristic odor of lemon grass, used in perfumery and in synthesis of vitamin A: Citronellal, odor of citronella candles, used to repel mosquitoes: 19
20 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 1. Aldehydes can be oxidized to carboxylic acids: 2. Aldehydes and ketones undergo addition reactions: 20
21 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 1. Oxidation of Aldehydes In oxidation, the aldehyde C H bond is converted into a carboxylic acid C OH bond. Ketones cannot be oxidized because there is no C H bond. 21
22 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 1. Oxidation of Aldehydes Aldehydes can be selectively oxidized in the presence of other functional groups using the Tollens reagent. Ketones do not react with the Tollens reagent. 22
23 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 2. Specific Features of Carbonyl Reductions Aldehydes are reduced to 1 o alcohols: [H] is used to represent a general reduction reagent. H 2 gas in the presence of Pd metal is a commonly used reagent. 23
24 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 2. Specific Features of Carbonyl Reductions Ketones are reduced to 2 o alcohols. 24
25 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 2. Specific Features of Carbonyl Reductions Examples: 25
26 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 2. Specific Features of Carbonyl Reductions Focus on the Human Body Biological systems do not have H 2 and Pd to use as a reducing agent. Instead they use the coenzyme NADH in the presence of an enzyme. In acting as a reducing agent the NADH is oxidized to NAD +, which is a biological oxidizing agent. 26
27 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 2. Specific Features of Carbonyl Reductions The Chemistry of Vision The human eye consists of two types of light-sensitive cells the rod and the cone cells. The chemistry of vision in the rod cells centers around the aldehyde 11-cis-retinal. 27
28 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 2. Specific Features of Carbonyl Reductions The Chemistry of Vision The cis double bond is isomerized into the morestable trans double bond when light hits the retina. This process sends a nerve impulse to the brain, which is then converted into a visual image. 28
29 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 2. Acetals and Hemiacetals Aldehydes and ketones undergo addition reactions with alcohols to form hemiacetals and acetals (in the presence of H 2 SO 4 ). 29
30 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 2. Acetals and Hemiacetals Addition of one molecule of alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone forms a hemiacetal. A hemiacetal will react with a second molecule of alcohol to form an acetal. 30
31 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 2. Acetals and Hemiacetals An example of acetal formation using ethanol as the added alcohol: 31
32 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 2. Acetals and Hemiacetals Cyclic hemiacetals containing 5 or 6 membered rings are stable compounds. Formed by an intramolecular reaction of a compound that contains both an OH group and an aldehyde or ketone. 32
33 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 2. Acetals and Hemiacetals The most common simple carbohydrate, glucose, exists predominantly as a cyclic hemiacetal. 33
34 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 2. Acetals and Hemiacetals Cyclic hemiacetals are converted to cyclic acetals by reaction with another alcohol. 34
35 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 2. Acetals and Hemiacetals Lactose, the main carbohydrate in milk, is composed of both a cyclic hemiacetal and a cyclic acetal. 35
36 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 2. Acetals and Hemiacetals Acetals can be converted back to aldehydes (or ketones) and alcohols by hydrolysis. 36
37 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones 2. Acetals and Hemiacetals Example: 37
Chapter 14 Organic Compounds That Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur
Chapter 14 Organic Compounds That Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission
More informationCarbonyl Group in Aldehydes and Ketones
Lecture 4: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Chiral Molecules 14.1 Aldehydes and Ketones Carbonyl Group in Aldehydes and Ketones A carbonyl group (C=) In an aldehyde is attached to at least one atom. In a ketone
More informationBRCC CHM102 Chapter 17 Notes Class Notes Page 1 of 8
BR HM102 hapter 17 Notes lass Notes Page 1 of 8 hapter 17 Aldehydes and Ketones arbonyl group - found in fats, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic s, and other important biological compounds. * Aldehydes
More informationChapter 13 Alkenes and Alkynes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chapter 13 Alkenes and Alkynes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
More information14.1 Aldehydes and Ketones Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chapter 14 Aldehydes, Ketones, and Chiral Molecules 14.1 Aldehydes and Ketones Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbonyl Group in Aldehydes A carbonyl group and
More information1) Which type of compound does not contain a carbonyl group? A) ketone B) aldehyde C) amine D) ester E) carboxylic acid
1) Which type of compound does not contain a carbonyl group? ketone aldehyde amine ester carboxylic acid 2) Which functional group contains a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group bonded to the same carbon
More informationCarbonyl Compounds. Introduction
Carbonyl Compounds Introduction 1 Introduction Two broad classes of compounds contain the carbonyl group: [1] Compounds that have only carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbonyl [2] Compounds that
More informationIntroduction to Organic Chemistry. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Introduction to Organic Chemistry Copyright The McGraw-ill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Common Elements in Organic Compounds 2 Classification of ydrocarbons ydrocarbons
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch16_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which type of compound does not contain a carbonyl group? ketone B) aldehyde C) amine D)
More informationAn alcohol is a compound obtained by substituting a hydoxyl group ( OH) for an H atom on a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon group.
Derivatives of Hydrocarbons A functional group is a reactive portion of a molecule that undergoes predictable reactions. All other organic compounds can be considered as derivatives of hydrocarbons (i.e.,
More informationChapter 23 Aldehydes and Ketones
Chapter 23 Aldehydes and Ketones Ketones are common solvents for quickdrying paints. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris Hein, Scott Pattison, and Susan
More informationAlkyl phenyl ketones are usually named by adding the acyl group as prefix to phenone.
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones Aldehydes: Often called by their common names instead of IUPAC names. Ketones: Derived by naming two alkyl or aryl groups bonded
More informationDr. Mohamed El-Newehy
By Dr. Mohamed El-Newehy Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/melnewehy Aldehydes and Ketones 1 Structure of Aldehydes and Ketones - Aldehydes and ketones
More informationAromatic Hydrocarbons
Aromatic Hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons contain six-membered rings of carbon atoms with alternating single and double carbon-carbon bonds. The ring is sometimes shown with a circle in the center instead
More informationChapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry The study of carbon compounds constitutes a separate branch of chemistry known as organic chemistry The
More informationChapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
More informationChemistry 110. Bettelheim, Brown, Campbell & Farrell. Ninth Edition
hemistry 110 Bettelheim, Brown, ampbell & Farrell Ninth Edition Introduction to General, rganic and Biochemistry hapter 17 Aldehydes & Ketones hemistry of the arbonyl Group Aldehydes & Ketones The functional
More informationChemistry 121(V84) Winter 2016
Chemistry 121(V84) Winter 2016 Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State) E-mail: upali@latech.edu Office: 311 Carson Taylor Hall ; Phone: 318-257-4941;
More informationAldehydes and Ketones
Reading Chapter 12: 12.1-12.3, 12.6-12.9 Practice problems: in text problems and 19, 21-24, 28 Carbonyl Compounds II: Reactions of More Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives The Structure of 1 The Structure
More informationChapter 9 Aldehydes and Ketones
Chapter 9 Aldehydes and Ketones 9.1 Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones Aldehydes are named by replacing the -e of the corresponding parent alkane with -al The aldehyde functional group is always carbon
More informationCarbonyl Group. Chemistry 121(01) Winter Chapter 15: Aldehyde and Ketones. Chapter 15: Aldehyde and Ketones
Chemistry 121(01) Winter 2012 Introduction to rganic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. hio State) E-mail: upali@chem.latech.edu ffice: 311 Carson Taylor Hall ; Phone: 318-257-4941;
More informationOrganic Chemistry, Third Edition. Janice Gorzynski Smith University of Hawai i. Chapter 21. Aldehydes and Ketones Nucleophilic Addition
Organic Chemistry, Third Edition Janice Gorzynski Smith University of Hawai i Chapter 21 Aldehydes and Ketones Nucleophilic Addition Prepared by Rabi Ann Musah State University of New York at Albany Copyright
More informationChapter 18 Amines and Neurotransmitters Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chapter 18 Amines and Neurotransmitters Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
More informationHW #5: 16.20, 16.28, 16.30, 16.32, 16.40, 16.44, 16.46, 16.52, 16.60, 16.62, 16.64, 16.68
hemistry 131 Lecture 10: Aldehydes and Ketones: Structure, Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Reactivity hapter 16 in McMurry, Ballantine, et. al. 7 th edition W #5: 16.20, 16.28, 16.30, 16.32, 16.40,
More informationChemical Reactions - Oxidation. Reactions Involving Aldehydes and Ketones. Learning Check. Learning Check. Chemical Reactions - Addition of Hydrogen
Reactions Involving Aldehydes and Ketones Chemical Reactions - Oxidation When aldehydes are prepared by oxidizing primary alcohols with KMnO 4 or K 2 Cr 2 O 7, the reaction may continue and produce carboxylic
More informationCarbon and Molecular Diversity - 1
Carbon and Molecular Diversity - 1 Although water is the most abundant compound of living organisms, and the "medium" for the existence of life, most of the molecules from which living organisms are composed
More information1. Following are structural formulas for two steroid hormones.
CHEM 122: Introduction to rganic Chemistry Chapter 9: Aldehydes and Ketones. 1. Following are structural formulas for two steroid hormones. Cortisone Aldosterone Name the functional groups in each. b)
More informationChapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry Organic Chemistry The chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon has the ability to form long chains. Without this property, large biomolecules such as proteins,
More informationAldehyde and Ketones with *Featured reactions
* Aldehyde and Ketones with *Featured reactions *1.What is the general structure for an aldehyde? A ketone? *2.How are the common names of aldehydes and ketones determined? How are aldehydes and ketones
More informationChapter 22. Organic and Biological Molecules
Chapter 22 Organic and Biological Molecules The Bonding of Carbon Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. Because carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds, the following
More information3) Between aldehyde and ketones which one is confirmed using Tollen s reagent.
UNIT ALDEHYDES KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ) What are aldehydes? Aldehydes are the organic compounds containing carbonyl group,linked with one hydrogen and one alkyl /aryl group. ) What are carboxylic
More informationOrganic and Biochemical Molecules. 1. Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.
Organic and Biochemical Molecules 1. Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. 2. A compound is said to be saturated if it contains only singly bonded carbons. Such hydrocarbons
More informationChem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline
Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline Slide 2 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of and its compounds. The major sources of carbon are the fossil fuels: petroleum, natural gas,
More informationORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups
ORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups Important Features of Carbon There are different allotropes (same element, same phase, different
More informationChemistry 11. Unit 10 Organic Chemistry Part IV Functional Groups
Chemistry 11 Unit 10 Organic Chemistry Part IV Functional Groups 2 1. Introduction to functional groups So far we have introduced a big family of compounds called hydrocarbons in which all members are
More informationCh08. Carbonyls. The carbonyl functional group. Exploring ketones, aldehydes and their reactions. version 1.0
Ch08 Carbonyls The carbonyl functional group. Exploring ketones, aldehydes and their reactions. version 1.0 Nick DeMello, PhD. 2007-2015 Important Dates This Wednesday: - Lab Checkout (you must check out
More informationDAMIETTA UNIVERSITY CHEM-103: BASIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURE
DAMIETTA UNIVERSITY CHEM-103: BASIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURE 6 Dr Ali El-Agamey 1 Oxidation States Easy for inorganic salts: CrO 4 2- reduced to Cr 2 O 3. KMnO 4 reduced to MnO 2. Oxidation: Gain of O,
More informationAlcohols. Contents. Structure. structure
Page 1 of 9 Alcohols Contents structure Physical Properties Classification of Alcohols Nomenclature of Alcohols Preparation of Alcohols Oxidation of Alcohols oxidation of aldehydes Structure Alcohols can
More informationChapter 9 Aldehydes and Ketones Excluded Sections:
Chapter 9 Aldehydes and Ketones Excluded Sections: 9.14-9.19 Aldehydes and ketones are found in many fragrant odors of many fruits, fine perfumes, hormones etc. some examples are listed below. Aldehydes
More informationDefinition: A hydrocarbon is an organic compound which consists entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrocarbons Definition: A hydrocarbon is an organic compound which consists entirely of hydrogen and carbon. It is important to note that carbon atoms have 4 free bonds and that hydrogen has 1 free bond.
More informationChapter 12 Alkanes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chapter 12 Alkanes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Introduction
More informationAP Chemistry Chapter 22 - Organic and Biological Molecules
AP Chemistry Chapter - Organic and Biological Molecules.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons A. Straight-chain Hydrocarbons 1. Straight-chain alkanes have the formula C n H n+. Carbons are sp hybridized The
More informationLecture 2. The framework to build materials and understand properties
Lecture 2 The framework to build materials and understand properties 1 Trees are made into a solid materials/structures in an environment that consists of small molecules: CO 2, N 2, H 2 0, CH 4 O C 2.58Ǻ
More informationChemistry 110. Bettelheim, Brown, Campbell & Farrell. Ninth Edition
Chemistry 110 Bettelheim, Brown, Campbell & Farrell Ninth Edition Introduction to General, rganic and Biochemistry Chapter 14 Alcohols, Ethers and Thiols Alcohols have a ydroxyl Group, -, bonded to tetrahedral
More informationUNIT (8) OXYGEN CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
UNIT (8) OXYGEN CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 8.1 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers An alcohol is an organic compound that contains the hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an alkyl group. They are essentially
More informationAldehydes and Ketones. Dr. Munther A. M. Ali
Aldehydes and Ketones Dr. Munther A. M. Ali ALDYHYDES AND KETONES Aldehydes are compounds of the general formula RCHO Ketones are compounds of the general formula RR'CO Aldehydes A ketone Both aldehydes
More informationHydrocarbons and their Functional Groups
Hydrocarbons and their Functional Groups Organic chemistry is the study of compounds in which carbon is the principal element. carbon atoms form four bonds long chains, rings, spheres, sheets, and tubes
More informationExperiment 7 Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
Experiment 7 Aldehydes, Ketones, and arboxylic Acids Aldehydes and ketones are molecules that contain a carbonyl group, which is an oxygen atom with a double bond to a carbon atom. In an aldehyde, the
More informationThe Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry By Ball, Hill and Scott Download PDF at https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/bookdetail.aspx?bookid=40 Page 5 Chapter 1 Chemistry, Matter, and Measurement
More informationChapter 13 Alkenes and Alkynes & Aromatic Compounds
Chapter 13 Alkenes and Alkynes & Aromatic Compounds Chapter Outline 13.1 Alkenes and Alkynes 13.2 Nomenclature of Alkenes and Alkynes 13.3 Cis Trans Isomers 13.4 Alkenes in Food and Medicine 13.6 Reactions
More informationCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH
03SEP 18:00 19:00 ORGANIC MOLECULES STUDY NOTES ORGANIC MOLECULES Important features of Carbon Carbon has a valency of 4 (can form 4 bonds), and has 4 valence electrons (outermost energy level). Carbon
More informationChemistry 11 Hydrocarbon Alkane Notes. In this unit, we will be primarily focusing on the chemistry of carbon compounds, also known as.
1 Chemistry 11 Hydrocarbon Alkane Notes In this unit, we will be primarily focusing on the chemistry of carbon compounds, also known as. Why is organic chemistry so important? Many of the compounds that
More informationChapter 8 Chemical Bonding
Chapter 8 Chemical Bonding Types of Bonds Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Shapes of Molecules 8-1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Table 8.1 Two
More information12.3 Aldehydes and Ketones
12.3 ALDEYDES AND KETNES 473 PRBLEM 12.5 Show the resonance structures f the conjugate base of phenol. PRBLEM 12.6 The pk a f phenol is 10, the pk a f ethanol is 16, and the pk a f carbonic acid ( 2 3
More informationChapter 20 (part 2) Organic Chemistry
Chapter 20 (part 2) Organic Chemistry Section 20.7 Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carbon carbon double bond. [C n H 2n ] CH 3 CH=CH 2 propene Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing
More informationChapter 9. Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds. Organic Chemistry
Chapter 9 Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of carbon compounds. Of tens of millions of known chemical compounds,
More informationOrganic Chemistry. A. Introduction
Organic Chemistry A. Introduction 1. Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of CARBON compounds. There are a huge number of organic compounds. This results from the fact that carbon forms chains
More informationChapter 19 Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids have the formula RCO2H. Nomenclature Chapter 19 Carboxylic Acids For the parent alkane, drop the terminal e and add the suffix oic acid. The parent alkane is the longest continuous chain
More information- aromatic hydrocarbons carbon atoms connected in a planar ring structure, joined by σ and π bonds between carbon atoms
hapter 25: The histry of Life: rganic and Biological hemistry - organic chemistry the study of carbon compounds - biochemistry the stuyd of the chemistry of living species 1.1 Introduction to ydrocarbons
More informationClass XII - Chemistry Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acid Chapter-wise Problems
Class XII - Chemistry Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acid Chapter-wise Problems I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I) 1. Addition of water to alkynes occurs in acidic medium and in the presence of Hg
More informationCarbonyl Compounds. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall. What is the structure of a carbonyl group found in aldehydes and ketones?
Carbonyl Compounds Have you heard of benzaldehyde or vanillin? It is likely that you have eaten these organic molecules, called aldehydes, in ice cream or cookies. You will read about the properties that
More informationCHEMISTRY 150. April 2012
CHEMISTRY 150 Dr. B. MacLean April 2012 NAME: (please print) ID #: This is a three hour exam. SUGGESTION: Read over the entire exam before beginning, and begin by doing those questions which you find easiest.
More informationChapter 12: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Chapter 12: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds. Alkenes C=C double bonds Alkynes triple bonds Aromatics benzene rings 1 2 NAMING ALKENES Step 1: Name
More informationMolecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding.
Molecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding. Sigma and Pi Bonds: All single bonds are sigma(σ), that
More informationDr. Mohamed El-Newehy
By Dr. Mohamed El-Newehy Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/melnewehy Carboxylic acids and Their Derivatives 1 Structure of Carboxylic Acids -The functional
More informationCommon Elements in Organic Compounds
Organic hemistry ommon Elements in Organic ompounds lassification of ydrocarbons Alkanes Alkanes have the general formula n 2n+2 where n = 1,2,3, only single covalent bonds saturated hydrocarbons because
More informationNaming Organic Halides. Properties of Organic Halides
Organic Compounds Organic Halides A hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms Freons (chlorofluorocarbons) in refrigeration and air conditioning Teflon (polytetrafluoroethane)
More informationAlkanes and Cycloalkanes
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Families of Organic Compounds Organic compounds can be grouped into families by their common structural features We shall survey the nature of the compounds in a tour of the families
More informationChapter 16 Aldehydes and Ketones I. Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl Group
Chapter 16 Aldehydes and Ketones I. Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl Group Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones Aldehydes are named by replacing the -e of the corresponding parent alkane with -al
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon.
Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. In this chapter we will discuss the structural features of organic molecules, nomenclature, and a
More informationAldehydes and Ketones
9 Aldehydes and Ketones hapter Summary The carbonyl group, =, is present in both aldehydes (=) and ketones ( 2 =). The IUPA ending for naming aldehydes is -al, and numbering begins with the carbonyl carbon.
More informationChapter 10: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
Chapter 10: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives The back of the white willow tree (Salix alba) is a source of salicylic acid which is used to make aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) The functional group
More informationAldehydes & Ketones I
2302272 Org Chem II Part I Lecture 3 Aldehydes & Ketones I Instructor: Dr. Tanatorn Khotavivattana E-mail: tanatorn.k@chula.ac.th Recommended Textbook: Chapter 18 in Organic Chemistry, 8 th Edition, L.
More informationReactions of Chapter 10 Worksheet and Key
1) Alcohol Fermentation Reactions of Chapter 10 Worksheet and Key Alcohol fermentation is a series of chemical reaction that convert sugar molecules, such a glucose, into ethanol and C 2. The overall reaction
More informationChapter 11. Introduction to Organic Chemistry
hapter 11 Introduction to rganic hemistry Properties of arbon and its compounds 2 Properties of arbon and its compounds 3 Properties of arbon and its compounds 4 Properties of arbon and its compounds 5
More informationElectronegativity Scale F > O > Cl, N > Br > C, H
Organic Chem Chapter 12 Alkanes Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Carbon has several properties that are worth discussing: Tetravalent Always forms 4 bonds Can form multiple bonds (double
More informationUnit 5: Organic Chemistry
Unit 5: Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry: discipline in chemistry focussing strictly on the study of hydrocarbons compounds made up of carbon & hydrogen Organic compounds can contain other elements
More informationHydrocarbons. Chapter 22-23
Chapter 22-23 Hydrocarbons Organic Compounds All Carbon containing compounds Except carbon oxides, carbides, and carbonates which are inorganic. CO & CO2 Na4C CaCO3 +8 oxidation change CH 4 + O 2 CO 2
More informationAssistant Lecturer: Sahar Mohammed Shakir Assistant Lecturer: Sarah Sattar Jabbar
Assistant Lecturer: Sahar Mohammed Shakir Assistant Lecturer: Sarah Sattar Jabbar Structure Aldehydes are cpd.s of the general formula R ; Ketones are cpd.s of the general formula RŔ. The groups R and
More informationChem 261 Dec 6, 2017
209 Chem 261 Dec 6, 2017 REVIEW: Example: K!! + 3 C + 3 C K tert-butoxide (an alkoxide) methanol tert-butanol pka = 16 pka = 19 methoxide stronger base stronger acid (lower pka, more acidic) weaker acid
More informationDrawing Hydrocarbons. Classifying Hydrocarbons. Four types of diagrams can be used to represent the structure of a hydrocarbon: e.g.
Classifying Hydrocarbons alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C s have H s attached, molecules are called hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC bonds alkenes & alkynes
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Alkynes
For updated version, please click on http://ocw.ump.edu.my Organic Chemistry Alkynes by Dr. Seema Zareen & Dr. Izan Izwan Misnon Faculty Industrial Science & Technology seema@ump.edu.my & iezwan@ump.edu.my
More informationSAN JOSE CITY COLLEGE INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY 32B Spring March 9, 2009 Chapters 13, 14 and 17 Bettelheim, Brown, March
SAN JOSE CITY COLLEGE INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY 32B Spring 2009 Name: ID#: Instructor: Dr. T. Johnson Time Allowed:1h 20 min March 9, 2009 Chapters 13, 14 and 17 Bettelheim, Brown, March 108 Points LEARNING
More informationALDEH. I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I)
Unit 12 ALDEHYDE ALDEH YDES, KETONE KET ONES AND CARBOX C ARBOXYLIC ACIDS I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I) 1. Addition of water to alkynes occurs in acidic medium and in the presence of Hg 2+ ions
More informationI N V E S T I C E D O R O Z V O J E V Z D Ě L Á V Á N Í CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
= substances containing the carbonyl group Aldehydes have the C=O group at the end of the chain, the aldehydic group is then... Naming of aldehydes: In the systematic name there is a suffix after the stem
More informationAlcohols and Phenols. Classification of Alcohols. Learning Check. Lecture 4 Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols. Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols
Lecture 4 Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols Alcohols and Phenols An alcohol contains A hydroxyl group ( ) attached to a carbon chain. A phenol contains A hydroxyl group ( ) attached
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups
For updated version, please click on http://ocw.ump.edu.my Organic Chemistry Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups by Dr. Seema Zareen & Dr. Izan Izwan Misnon Faculty Industrial Science
More informationINTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: ALKANES
P a g e 1 Chapter 12 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: ALKANES Organic chemistry: The study of carbon compounds. Carbon is tetravalent; it always forms four bonds. Organic molecules have covalent bonds.
More informationChapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Thiols
Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Thiols 45 -Alcohols have the general formula R-OH and are characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group, -OH. -Phenols have a hydroxyl group attached directly to an
More informationChapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds
Chapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds 1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Organic compounds are carbon compounds and there are over a million. The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons and they are composed of hydrogen
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Introduction to Organic Chemistry 01/03/2018. Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry Chemistry 30 Ms. Hayduk Introduction to Organic Chemistry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9r1dmhh2m0 Organic Chemistry Study of compounds that contain carbon as the main element Relevant
More informationTopic 9. Aldehydes & Ketones
Chemistry 2213a Fall 2012 Western University Topic 9. Aldehydes & Ketones A. Structure and Nomenclature The carbonyl group is present in aldehydes and ketones and is the most important group in bio-organic
More informationORGANIC - BRUICE 8E CH.3 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: INDEX OF HYDROGEN DEFICIENCY (STRUCTURAL) A saturated molecule is any molecule that has the maximum number of hydrogens possible for its chemical structure. The rule that
More informationChapter 20: Aldehydes and Ketones
hem A225 Notes Page 67 I. Introduction hapter 20: Aldehydes and Ketones Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group (=) with no other heteroatoms attached. An aldehyde has at least one hydrogen attached;
More informationSynthesis and Structure of Alcohols Alcohols can be considered organic analogues of water.
Synthesis and Structure of Alcohols Alcohols can be considered organic analogues of water. Alcohols are usually classified as primary, secondary and tertiary. Alcohols with the hydroxyl bound directly
More information3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 6 th edition, Chapter 3 2003 Ronald Kluger Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 1 Families of Organic Compounds!
More information3.8 Aldehydes and ketones
3.8 Aldehydes and ketones Introduction: p's to p's Like the alkenes, the carbonyl group consists of a s bond and a p bond between the carbon and oxygen: Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon meaning
More information1. What is the major organic product obtained from the following sequence of reactions?
CH320 N N_HW1 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. There is only one correct response for each question. Carefully record your answers on the Scantron
More informationCHAPTER 12 (MOORE) FUELS, ORGANIC CHEMICALS AND POLYMEYS
CHAPTER 12 (MOORE) FUELS, ORGANIC CHEMICALS AND POLYMEYS This chapter deals organic compounds. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of hydrocarbons, which have the general chemical formula, C X H Y, and
More informationORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Organic molecules are everywhere! The Alkanes (See pages 25-4 and 25-5) Naming Alkanes (See pages 25-7 to 25-10)
RGANI EMISTRY hemistry 11 rganic molecules are everywhere! Some common examples: Sucrose (sugar) Methane (natural gas) Butane (lighter fluid) Plastic Acetic Acid (vinegar) Ethanol (fuel additive) What
More information