Core Biology Checklist

Transcription

1 Core Biology Checklist KEEPING HEALTHY Describe the components of a balanced diet and say why each is needed. Describe the effects of an unbalanced diet eating too much or too little. Describe how exercise affects health. Explain metabolic rate and the affect of exercise on metabolic rate. State how inherited factors may affect metabolic rate or cholesterol. Define pathogen. Describe how viruses and bacteria make us ill. State some ways the body protects against pathogens. Describe the 3 ways white blood cells work. Describe how an individual may become immune to a pathogen. Describe how vaccinations can protect individuals and populations. Describe the work of Semmelweiss and explain its importance. State how some different types of medicines work. Explain why antibiotics don t work on viral infections, and why treatment is difficult. Explain antibiotic resistance. HIGHER Give some of the problems with resistance strains of bacteria or viruses. HIGHER Write a method for culturing microorganisms in sterile conditions. Explain differences in school & industrial conditions for growing microbes. NERVES AND HORMONES State the role of the nervous system in responding to the environment. Link some examples of stimuli and receptor cells. State some of the features of light receptor cells. Describe the pathway of a simple reflex action. Explain how water, ions, temperature & blood sugar levels are controlled. Describe the general role of hormones in the body. Describe the role of hormones in controlling the menstrual cycle. Explain the use of hormones in controlling fertility Describe how plants are sensitive to light, moisture and gravity. Explain how hormones can control growth in plants. Give some agricultural uses of hormones. USE AND ABUSE OF DRUGS. Describe the stages in developing and testing new medical drugs. State the use of statins. Describe the problems, and current use of, thalidomide. Describe what a drug is and the problems with dependence and addiction. State some of the effects of misuse of legal and illegal recreational drugs. Describe some examples of performance enhancing drugs in sport.

2 Core Biology Checklist INTERDEPENDENCE AND ADAPTATION Describe what animals compete Describe what plants compete for Explain how particular adaptations help animals to survive in their habitats Explain what extremophiles are Describe how distribution of organisms can change when the environment changes State some examples of changes in the environment Explain how lichens and invertebrates can be used as indicator species Describe how we can use equipment to measure oxygen levels, temperature and rainfall ENERGY AND BIOMASS IN FOOD CHAINS State that the sun is the source of energy for living organisms Describe the energy transfer that takes place during photosynthesis Draw a pyramid of biomass for a food chain Explain why the energy and biomass decrease further up the pyramid WASTE MATERIALS FROM PLANTS AND ANIMALS State that living things remove materials from the environment State that when organisms die and decay, materials are returned to the environment Define the term decay & describe the conditions that microorganisms grow fastest in Explain why decay is important for plant growth Describe a stable community in terms of the materials being cycled within it State how carbon dioxide is removed from, and released into the atmosphere Describe the role of plants, animals and microorganisms in the carbon cycle Explain how combustion affects carbon dioxide levels GENETIC VARIATION AND ITS CONTROL Define the term gene & describe how genes are passed on from parents to offspring State that genes control characteristics Give reasons to describe why there may be differences in characteristics in organisms Describe what sexual reproduction is Describe what asexual reproduction is Explain if offspring will be identical or different to their parents based the type of reproduction Describe the process of taking cuttings & state some advantages of taking cuttings Describe the stages involved in tissue culture, embryo transplants and adult cell cloning Describe what genetic engineering is Define what GM (genetically modified) is Give examples of ways in which we could modify crops and evaluate GM crops EVOLUTION Describe Darwin s theory of evolution Give three reasons why the theory of natural selection was not accepted at first Describe the main stages of natural selection State that variation can occur due to mutation State the groups that living are classified into Interpret evolutionary trees Describe Lamarck s theory of evolution

3 ADDITIONAL Biology Checklist Cells and Simple Transport Label an animal cell and a plant cell. Give the functions of each of the parts of a cell. Label a bacteria cell and a yeast cell. Give examples of specialised cells and explain how they are adapted to their function. Define diffusion. Give a factor that affects the rate of diffusion. Explain why diffusion is important for respiration. Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems Describe what organisms are made up of in terms of cells, tissues, organs & systems. Give the functions of muscular, glandular, and epithelial tissue in the stomach. Label the digestive system. Describe the role of the main organs in the digestive system. Give examples of plant organs. Describe the role of plant tissues (mesophyll, xylem, phloem, epidermis). Label the internal structure of a leaf. Photosynthesis Describe the process of photosynthesis. Explain how the rate of photosynthesis can be limited by different factors. Evaluate the pros and cons of artificially manipulating conditions within a greenhouse. State what plants use glucose and nitrate ions for. Organisms and their environment Be able to calculate the mean, median and mode. Describe how to collect valid data on distribution of organisms and check reproducibility. State some physical factors that can affect the distribution of organisms. Evaluate the methods used to collect environmental data.

4 ADDITIONAL Biology Checklist 1=confident, 2=needs improvement, 3=revision priority Proteins and Enzymes Describe what proteins are made of. State some types of proteins in the body. Describe the role of a catalyst. Describe factors that affect the shape of an enzyme. Name enzymes involved in digestion & name the substrate & product breakdown. Explain how hydrochloric acid & bile help enzymes in digestion. Describe the role of enzymes in home & industry. Evaluate the role of enzymes in home & industry. Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration State where respiration takes place. Give the word equation for aerobic respiration. Describe what the energy released is used for in plants and animals. Explain changes that take place to the heart & breathing rate during respiration. Describe what anaerobic respiration is and why it happens. Compare anaerobic & aerobic respiration in terms of energy released. Explain what oxygen debt means. Explain why muscles become fatigued after long periods of exercise. Cell Division and Inheritance Describe where, why & how mitosis takes place. Describe where & why meiosis takes place. Describe the process of meiosis. Describe what happens during fertilisation. Describe what stem cells are. Evaluate the use of stem cells in research & medicine. Explain how sexual reproduction leads to genetic variation. Define the terms gene, allele, chromosomes & DNA. State the sex chromosomes in males & females. Explain the link between genes, amino acids & proteins. Describe what genetic fingerprinting could be used for. Describe what polydactyl is. Draw and interpret genetic diagrams for the inheritance of polydactyl. Describe what cystic fibrosis is/ Draw and interpret genetic diagrams for the inheritance of cystic fibrosis. Construct genetic diagrams using heterozygous, homozygous, genotype, phenotype. Evaluate embryo screening. Speciation Describe how fossils are formed. Explain why some organisms did not leave fossils behind. Explain how fossils can be used to help us find out about changes to organisms. State factors that can cause extinction. Describe the process of speciation.

5 Core Chemistry Checklist Fundamental Ideas in Chemistry Annotate a diagram of an atom with names and features of each part. State the numbers of protons and electrons in an atom and use this to explain the overall charge. Define element, mass number, and atomic number. Draw diagrams to show electronic structure of the first 20 elements. State and explain the relationship between elements in the same group. State what noble gases are and explain why they are so unreactive. Define compound and molecule. Explain how ionic compounds are formed from metals and non-metals. Explain how molecular compounds are formed from non-metals. Limestone and Building Materials Give the chemical name and formula for limestone. Describe how limestone is quarried. Describe thermal decomposition of carbonates calcium, magnesium, zinc and sodium. Describe the reaction of calcium oxide with water and of limestone. Describe how limestone is used to make cement and how cement is used. Metals and their uses Link how metals are found in the earth s crust to their reactivity. Describe how metals can be extracted by reduction or electrolysis. Choose which method of extraction would be used, depending on the reactivity of a metal. Describe how copper, aluminium, and titanium are extracted and purified. Evaluate the benefits of recycling. Explain the properties of different iron and steels. Link some properties of everyday alloys to their uses. Define transition metals. Link some properties of transition metals to their uses. Link the properties of copper to its uses in electrical wiring and plumbing. Crude oil and fuels Define mixture and describe what crude oil is and what it is made up of. Recognise & define alkanes, name & draw the first 4 hydrocarbons in formulae/diagrams. Describe how fractional distillation is used. Link the size of the molecule to its boiling point, viscosity and flammability. State products of combustion of fuels, e.g. sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide. Give the environmental problems with some of these products. Describe how levels of sulphur dioxide can be reduced. Evaluate the advantages of biofuels.

6 Core Chemistry Checklist Other Uses of Crude Oil State why hydrocarbons are cracked. Describe the process of cracking and state the products of cracking. Give the general formula for alkenes. Recognise alkenes from their names & formula and draw out the structure. Describe the bromine test. State that some products of cracking can be used as fuels. State what monomers and polymers are. Match monomers to the polymers they would make. Explain why waste disposal is a problem of using polymers. Explain why plastic bags are being made from corn-starch. Give the advantages and disadvantages to using and disposing of polymers. Describe how ethanol can be produced from ethane or from fermentation. Plant oils and their uses Describe the stages involved in extracting vegetable oils. Describe why vegetable oils are important in foods. State how the boiling points of vegetable oils compare to water. Explain how fried foods are different to boiled foods. Describe what an emulsion is. State some uses of emulsions based on their special properties. Describe how emulsifiers work. Describe how we can identify unsaturated vegetable oil. Describe how vegetable oils can be hardened. Explain the properties of hydrogenated vegetable oils and link these to their uses. Changes in the Earth and its atmosphere State the layers of the Earth. Describe the layers of the Earth in terms of size and properties. Describe why tectonic plates move. Explain how earthquakes and volcanoes happen. State what the Earth s atmosphere is made up of and how the atmosphere changed over time. Explain one theory of how life was formed and the Miller-Urey experiment. Describe how oxygen became part of the atmosphere. Describe two reasons why the levels of carbon dioxide have decreased. Explain why increased levels of carbon dioxide in the oceans can be a problem. Explain why burning fossil fuels is a problem. Explain how the gases in the air can be separated. Describe some industrial processes that the gases in the air can be used for.

7 Additional Chemistry Checklist Structure and Bonding Write the formula for ionic compounds from given symbols & charges Represent the electronic structure of ions (e.g. NaCl, MgO) Represent covalent bonds as dot & cross diagrams Represent covalent bonds as single lines Draw a diagram to represent bonding in metals Define compound Describe the process of making ions to allow ionic bonding to occur Draw the ions made from Group 1 & Group 7 Explain why ionic compounds can form giant ionic structures Explain why covalent compounds are often simple molecules Describe & explain the properties of giant covalent structures Explain how delocalised electrons occur in metals Structure and Properties Explain why simple molecules are gases, liquids or solids with low melting & boiling points Understand that the intermolecular forces are overcome when a simple substance melts or boils NOT covalent bonds Explain why simple molecules do not conduct electricity Explain why ionic compounds have high melting/boiling points Explain how ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water Explain why the boning in diamond allows it to be hard Explain why the bonding in graphite allows it to be soft & slippery Explain how delocalised electron allow graphite to conduct heat & electricity Describe the use of fullerenes Explain why the structure of metals allow them to conduct heat & electricity Explain why metals can be bent and shaped State what an alloy is & explain how they are different to pure metals State what is unique about shape memory alloys Describe how the properties of polymers depend on what they are made of & the conditions they were made under Explain why thermosetting polymers don t melt but thermosoftening to Describe the sizes of nanoparticles & list their uses Analysis & quantitative Chemistry Recall the masses & charges of protons, neutrons & electrons Remember that proton + neutron = mass number Define the word isotope Recall what relative atomic mass and relative formula mass are State that the (Mr) of a substance in grams, is equal to one mole Describe the benefits of using instrumental methods to detect chemicals Describe how to use paper chromatography, gas chromatography & mass spectroscopy & the advantage/disadvantages of each Calculate the percentage of an element within a compound Calculate the empirical formula of a compound from its mass/percentage Calculate the masses of reactant or products from a balanced equation Calculate the percentage yield from a chemical reaction

8 Additional Chemistry Checklist Rates of Reactions Look at a graph and work out the rate of reaction from the products forming Describe the changing ROR by looking at a graph State what a catalysts is and what it does Evaluate the advantages/disadvantages of using catalysts in industry Calculate the ROR using the correct equation Name the factors that would affect the ROR Describe collision theory in terms of particles and energy Recall the name of the energy need to be overcome to start a reaction Explain how each factor would affect the ROR using collision theory Recall the unit of concentrations of solutions Recall that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature/pressure have the same number of molecules Exothermic/Endothermic Reactions State that when a chemical reaction occurs, energy is transferred to/from the surroundings Define an exothermic & exothermic reaction is in terms of energy & give examples Recall that id a reversible reaction is exothermic in on direction, it will be endothermic in the opposite direction Write equations to represent reversible reactions Acids, bases & salts Use state symbols correctly in an equation Describe how soluble salts can be made by reaction acids with metals, bases, or alkalis Describe how salt solutions can be made mixing certain salts in solutions (precipitate) Describe how precipitation can be used to remove unwanted ions from solutions Describe the difference between a base and alkali Name the different salts produced by HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 Describe how ammonium salts form and that they are important to fertilisers Recall that the ph scale is a measure of the acidity/alkalinity of a solution Identify the ions present in acids and alkalis Represent a neutralisation reaction using ion equation Electrolysis Describe what electrolysis is and does Describe the properties of an electrolyte Describe which ions move to which electrode & what happens there Describe how electrolysis is used to electroplate objects Remember OIL RIG & what it means in terms of electrons Recall that if there s a mix of ions, the products depend on reactivity Represent reactions at electrodes using half equations Describe how aluminium is manufactured using electrolysis Explain why cryolite & carbon electrodes are needed Describe the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution (brine) Explain why the products of brine electrolysis are useful

9 Core Physics Checklist Transfer of energy in heating State what infrared radiation is and that objects emit and absorb it. Describe how the amount of infrared radiation can vary. Describe how different surfaces vary in their absorption and reflection of infrared radiation. Describe the particle arrangement and different levels of energy in the states of matter. Explain the different energy states using kinetic theory. Describe the bonds between particles in the different states of matter. Describe what is meant by conduction, in terms of particles, including the role of electrons. Describe what is meant by convection, in terms of particles, including explaining density. Describe how energy is transferred in evaporation and condensation and factor affecting each. Describe the factors that affect the rate of heat transfer from an object. State the use of U-Values. Describe how solar panels work. Describe what is meant by specific heat capacity and use the equation. Energy and efficiency Describe how energy is wasted and what happens to it. Construct and read information from a Sankey diagram. Calculate the efficiency of a device using the equation. Describe payback time and calculate it. Usefulness of electrical appliances Describe energy transfers in everyday electrical appliances. Link the amount of energy transferred to the power and the amount of time switched on. Calculate the energy transferred when you know the time and power. Calculate the cost of electricity given the cost per kilowatt-hour. Revision tools for all Science Subjects The King John School VLE has a variety of resources available online: The KJS VLE has Bobbie s posh words for ISA revision. The KJS VLE also has well over 30 past papers. A/A* banks of questions on VLE.

10 Core Physics Checklist Generating electricity Using Waves State some energy sources that are used to generate electricity (heat water). Describe the processes that occur in different power stations. Describe alternative methods of generating electricity. Evaluate alternative methods of generating electricity. Explain what a pumped storage system does. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of small scale energy production. State what the National grid is. Label the different essential parts of the National Grid. Explain the use of transformers. Describe the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves, using sound and electromagnetic waves. Define and calculate the speed, frequency or wavelength of a wave. State the speed of an electromagnetic wave and describe what is meant by the electromagnetic spectrum. State which electromagnetic waves are used for communication. Describe the hazards associated with electromagnetic waves. Describe what happens when a wave is reflected including law of reflection and images in a plane mirror. Explain how waves can be refracted. Explain how waves can be diffracted. Describe what is meant by frequency and how this relates to pitch. Describe what an echo is. Explain the Doppler effect and relate this to frequency and wavelength of waves. Explain how the evidence from red-shift supports the Big Bang Theory. Describe what Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) is. Useful Revision links A list of other useful websites and links for pupils to uses as additional support materials. gcsescience.com/ A log in is required but can be created for free. Core videos are free, additional videos require subscription. Search Youtube for My GCSE Science videos Revision videos with comprehensive coverage of key topics.

11 Additional Physics Checklist Forces and their effects To understand that forces work in pairs To know what resultant force is and how to calculate it To describe how a change in resultant causes changes to motion To draw and interpret distance-time graphs and velocity-time graphs To know the difference between speed and velocity To calculate the speed and acceleration of an object from the gradient of a graph To calculate the acceleration of an object To calculate the distance an object travels from a velocity-time graph To explain reaction time To explain the difference between thinking, braking & stopping distance Recall the factors that affect a drivers ability to react & braking distance To know which forces act on an object moving in fluid To describe and explain how velocity changes as an object moves through a fluid To understand how a parachute reduces terminal velocity To explain the difference between weight and mass To understand that when elastic objects are stretched they store elastic potential energy To explain the relationship between force and extension in elastic objects and use the relevant equation The Kinetic Energy of objects speeding up and slowing down To calculate work done and power To understand that a raised object is doing work and gains GPE To calculate the change in GPE To understand the transfer of KE when an object falls To calculate kinetic energy To calculate momentum and change in momentum To know that momentum is conserved in a collision and explosion Currents in electrical circuits To know that opposite charges attract and like charges repel To explain the role of electron movement in charging insulators To know the uses and dangers of static electricity To recall what current is and calculate it using the correct equation To know the symbols for circuit components and draw circuit diagrams To explain what potential difference is and calculate it To know Ohms Law and to be able to calculate resistance To explain what resistance is and how it can be measured To know the difference between series and parallel circuits To be able to recognise/interpret current-potential difference graphs for resistors, filament bulbs and diodes To describe the use of LED s To describe the uses of an LDR explain how the resistance of an LDR changes with light intensity To know what a thermistor is and explain how the resistance changes with temperature

12 Additional Physics Checklist Using Mains electricity safely and the power of electrical appliances Know the difference between AC and DC current Compare and calculate the frequency of potential difference of AC & DC from an oscilloscope trace Know how we can use an oscilloscope to measure the frequency of an alternating current To know the frequency of a mains supply To know the structure of a 2 core and 3 core cable and how a plug should be wired Recall the colour coding of the wires in a plug and explain the need for a fuse and earth wire Explain that RCCB s detect a difference in current between the live a neutral wires and compare them to fuses Know how to choose the right fuse by calculation Understand that heat is wasted in filament bulbs compared to CFL s Use the equations P=E/t and P=IV Calculate charge flow Know that potential difference, charge and energy transferred are related by the equation E=VQ Radioactive substances Know the structure of an atom, its mass and charge Know that the atom is mostly empty space Explain that atoms have no overall charge Explain how the results of Rutherford s scattering let to a change in the accepted model of the atom Explain atomic number and mass number Describe how an ion is formed Know that radioactive decay is a random process Know what causes background radiation Recall the properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiation and explain why they are suitable for their uses Explain why alpha & beta particles are deflected in magnetic fields due to their relative charge/mass Know & balance nuclear equations to show alpha and beta decay Recall the definition of half life Understand the shape of a radioactive decay graph & calculate half-life from the graph Choose a radioactive source for a particular job based on its half life Nuclear Fission and Fusion Describe nuclear fission and explain a chain reaction Sketch & label a chain reaction diagram Describe what happens in nuclear fusion Explain the life cycle of a star Know that elements up to iron are formed during the stable phase Know that elements heavier than iron are formed during a Supernova Explain why the early universe contained only hydrogen & now contains other elements Evaluate the uses of nuclear fusion and fission in generating electricity.

13 GCSE Science Examination Command Words Calculate Candidates should use numbers given in the question to work out the answer. They should always show their working, as it may be possible for the examiner to award some marks for the method even if the final answer is wrong. Candidates should always give the units sometimes a mark may be awarded for the correct units, even if the calculation is wrong. Compare This requires the candidate to describe the similarities and/or differences between things, not just write about one. If candidates are asked to compare x with y, they need to write down something about x and something about y, and should give a comparison. Complete Answers should be written in the space provided, e.g. on a diagram, in spaces in a sentence or in a table. Describe Candidates should recall some facts, events or process in an accurate way - for example an experiment they have done. They may need to give an account of what something looked like, or what happened, e.g. a trend in some data. Evaluate Candidates should use information supplied or their own knowledge and understanding to consider the evidence for and against and draw conclusions. This goes further than compare. For example, they may be given a passage to read and told to Evaluate the benefits of using system x and system y. This means they will need to write down some of the pros and cons for both systems, AND then state which one is better and why. The candidate should complete their answer with a conclusion. Explain Candidates should make something clear, or state the reasons for something happening. The points in the answer must be linked coherently and logically. The answer should not be a simple list of reasons. State, give, name, write down Only a short answer is required, not an explanation or a description. Often it can be answered with a single word, phrase or sentence. If the question asks the candidate to state, give, or write down one (or two etc) examples, they should write down only the specified number of answers, or they may lose marks for any wrong examples given. Suggest This term is used in questions where candidates need to apply their knowledge and understanding to a new situation. Often there may be more than one correct answer as candidates are expected to base their answers on scientific knowledge and/or principles.