Chapter 8 Bonding. Atom or Electron Configuration Ion (including valence electrons) Lewis Structure. Na 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1
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1 Chapter 8 Bonding Valence Electrons Electrons in the highest (outermost) energy level of an atom. These are the electrons involved in either ionic or covalent bonding. Atom or Electron Configuration Ion (including valence electrons) Lewis Structure Na 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 Cl 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 P 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 3 Ca 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 Br 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 5 C 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 Na + 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 Cl - 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 P -3 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 Ca +2 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 Br - 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 1
2 IONIC Attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions due to a transfer of electron(s) from the metal to the nonmetal. Metal and Nonmetal Na 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 Ionic Compound Lewis Structure Formula Name 3s Cl 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 Electroneg Difference 3s 3p CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 2
3 Metal and Nonmetal K 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 2s 2 3p 6 4s 1 Ionic Compound Lewis Structure Formula Name 4s O 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4 Electroneg Difference 2s 2p Metal and Nonmetal Ca 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 2s 2 3p 6 4s 2 Ionic Compound Lewis Structure Formula Name 4s P 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 3 Electroneg Difference 3s 3p CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 3
4 Covalent Bond between 2 atoms (nonmetals) which share electrons Nonmetal and Nonmetal C (electron promotion) 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 1s 2 2s 1 2p 3 Covalent Compound Lewis Structure Formula CH4 Name 2s H 1s 1 2p Electroneg Difference 1s Nonmetal and Nonmetal H 1s 1 1s Cl 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 Covalent Compound Lewis Structure Formula HCl Name Electroneg Difference 3s 3p CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 4
5 Nonmetal and Nonmetal P 1s2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 3 Covalent Compound Lewis Structure Formula PF3 Name 3s 3p F 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p Electroneg Difference Nonmetal and Nonmetal C 1s 2 2s 1 2p 3 Covalent Compound Lewis Structure Formula CO2 Name 2s 2p O 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4 Electroneg Difference 2s 2p 2s 2p CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 5
6 Lewis Structures: Draw Lewis structures for the following covalent compounds: Rough copy Final copy CCl4 CN- CH3OH CO Coordinate covalent bond SO3 # Resonance Structures = CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 6
7 VSEPR Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Model Line # Ex. Lewis Structure Eff Pairs Bond Pairs Preliminary Shape Actual Shape Bond Polar ity Molecule Polarity (dipole moment) Bond Angle 1 H2 1 1 (linear) (linear) none np none none Hyb rid iza tion 2 BeF2 2 2 linear linear Be-F + np 180 sp 3 N2 2 1 linear (linear) none np none sp 4 BF3 3 3 trigonal planar trigonal planar B-F + np 120 sp 2 5 BH2-3 2 trigonal planar bent or angular or V-shaped B-H + P <120 sp 2 6 O2 3 1 trigonal planar (linear) none np none sp 2 7 CH4 4 4 tetrahedral tetrahedral H-C + np sp 3 8 NH3 4 3 tetrahedral trigonal pyramidal H-N + P <109.5 sp 3 9 H2O 4 2 tetrahedral bent or angular or V-shaped H-O + p <109.5 sp 3 CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 7
8 Line # Ex. Lewis Structure Eff Pairs Bond Pairs Preliminary Shape Actual Shape Bond Polar ity Molecule Polarity (dipole moment) Bond Angle Hyb rid iza tion 10 HF 4 1 tetrahedral (linear) H-F + p none sp 3 11 AsF5 5 5 trigonal bipyramidal trigonal bipyramidal As-F + np sp 3 d 12 SeF4 5 4 trigonal bipyramidal see saw Se-F + p <120 <90 <180 sp 3 d 13 IF3 5 3 trigonal bipyramidal T-shaped I-F + p <90 <180 sp 3 d 14 I3-5 2 trigonal bipyramidal linear none np* 180 sp 3 d 15 SF6 6 6 square bipyrimidal or octahedral square bipyrimidal or octahedral Se-F + np sp 3 d 2 16 BrF5 6 5 square bipyrimidal or octahedral square pyrimidal Br-F + p <90 <180 sp 3 d 2 17 KrF4 6 4 square bipyrimidal or octahedral square planar Kr-F + np * sp 3 d 2 * tricky! CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 8
9 CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 9
10 Hybridization of Orbitals: Methane CH 4 Ethane C2H 6 CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 10
11 Ethene C2H4 Ethyne C2H2 CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 11
12 ws Ionic Compounds 1 Metal and Nonmetal Compound Lewis Structure Formula/name/ Electronegativity difference lithium & fluorine magnesium & chlorine potassium & oxygen calcium & nitrogen CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 12
13 ws Ionic Compounds 2 Metal and Nonmetal Compound Lewis Structure Formula/name/ Electronegativity difference calcium & fluorine aluminum & sulfur magnesium & sulfur lithium & oxygen CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 13
14 ws Ionic Compounds 3 Metal and Nonmetal Compound Lewis Structure Formula/name/ Electronegativity difference calcium & oxygen sodium & sulfur magnesium & phosphorus aluminum & nitrogen CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 14
15 ws Ionic Compounds 4 Metal and Nonmetal Compound Lewis Structure Formula/name/ Electronegativity difference aluminum & oxygen lithium & sulfur sodium & iodine magnesium & bromine CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 15
16 ws Covalent Compounds 1 1. SiH4 6. H2CO 2. H2S 7. C2H4 3. NF3 8. CH3Cl 4. CCl4 9. CH3OH 5. AsF3 10. N2 CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 16
17 ws Polyatomic Ions 1 (These structures have NO coordinate covalent bonds) 1. NO2-6. O OH - 7. SiO ClO - 8. PO SCN - 9. CN - 5. CO HCO3 - (Hint: H is on O) CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 17
18 ws Polyatomic Ions 2 (These structures DO have coordinate covalent bonds) 1. NO3-6. PO SO HPO4-2 (Hint: H is on O) 3. SO HSO4 - (Hint: H is on O) 4. ClO2-9. ClO4-5. ClO3-10. NH4 + CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 18
19 ws VSEPR 1 i ii iii iv v vi Lewis Structure Pre-shape (effective pairs) Actual Shape (bonding pairs) Bond Polarity Molecule polar/np (dipole momemt) Bond Angle(s) Hybrid ization CF4 Tetra hedral Tetra hedral C F + NP sp 3 NH3 Tetra hedral Trigonal Pyramidal H N + P <109.5 sp 3 H2O Tetra hedral Bent H O + P <109.5 sp 3 BH3 Trigonal Planar Trigonal Planar B H + NP 120 sp 2 CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 19
20 ws VSEPR 2 i ii iii iv v vi Lewis Structure Pre-shape (effective pairs) Actual Shape (bonding pairs) Bond Polarity Molecule polar/np (dipole momemt) Bond Angle(s) Hybrid ization OF2 Tetra hedral bent O F + P <109.5 sp 3 POCl3 Tetra hedral Tetra hedral P O + P Cl + P sp 3 CO3-2 Trigonal Planar Trigonal Planar C O + NP 120 sp 2 NF3 Tetra hedral Trigonal Pyramidal N F + P <109.5 sp 3 BeH2 Linear Linear Be H + NP 180 sp H2 (linear) (linear) None NP None None CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 20
21 ws VSEPR 3 i ii iii iv v vi Lewis Structure Preshape (effective pairs) Actual Shape (bonding pairs) Bond Polarity Molecule polar/np (dipole momemt) Bond Angle(s) Hybrid ization AsH5 KrF2 KrF4 SeF6 IF5 IF3 CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 21
22 ws VSEPR 4 i ii iii iv v vi Lewis Structure Preshape (effective pairs) Actual Shape (bonding pairs) Bond Polarity Molecule polar/np (dipole momemt) Bond Angle(s) Hybrid ization O3 CN - IO4 - IO3 - F2 OH - CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 22
23 VSEPR PRACTICE TEST Example (Formula) Lewis Structure i Prelimary Shape (e- pair arrangement) Fill in names below 1 around center ii Actual Shape (atoms arrangement) Fill in names below 1 showing iii Bond Polarity (Show polarity with arrow) iv Molecule Polarity (dipole moment?) v smallest Bond Angle(s) vi hybridization 1 2 around center showing 7 2 around center showing 13 3 around center showing 19 3 around center showing 25 3 around center showing 31 4 around center showing 37 4 around center showing CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 23
24 Example (Formula) Lewis Structure i Prelimary Shape (e- pair arrangement) Fill in names below 4 around center ii Actual Shape (atoms arrangement) Fill in names below 2 showing iii Bond Polarity (Show polarity with arrow) iv Molecule Polarity (dipole moment?) v smallest Bond Angle(s) vi hybridization 49 4 around center showing 55 5 around center showing 61 5 around center showing 67 5 around center showing 73 5 around center showing 79 6 around center showing 85 6 around center showing 91 6 around center showing CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 24
25 VSEPR PRACTICE TEST Draw the Lewis Structures for the following compounds fill them in the chart appropriately: 1. AsF 5 2. O 2 3. SCl 2 4. SeCl 4 5. CN - 6. NF 3 7. BrCl 3 8. NO 3-9. Br CO SF NH BrCl NO H ArCl OH - Multiple Choice Options Fill in answers for each of the underlined and bold numbers above on your ScanTron using the key below: Choices Column A B C D E Bent Tetrahedral Linear Trigonal planar i preliminary shape Trigonal pyramidal ii actual shape Trigonal Bipyramidal Square Bipyramidal Square Pyramidal T-shaped See Saw iii more electrognegative element iv molecule polarity v smallest bond angle vi hybridization Square Planar F Se Ar Polar Cl O H Nonpolar CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 25 C N As S Br Neither atom is stronger than the other No angle sp sp 2 sp 3 sp 3 d sp 3 d 2 or none
26 ws Ionic and Covalent Compounds 1 Elements Ionic or Covalent? Lewis Structure Empirical Formula/ Name Electronegativity Diff. 1 nitrogen trifluoride BeCl2 2 3 sodium bromide CO2 4 5 calcium & fluorine 6 potassium & oxygen CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 26
27 ws Ionic and Covalent Compounds 2 Elements Ionic or Covalent? Lewis Structure Empirical Formula/ Name Electronegativity Diff. 1 sodium & sulfur 2 CS2 3 beryllium & nitrogen 4 5 calcium oxide 6 SCl2 silicon tetrafluoride CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 27
28 Intermolecular Forces Intermolecular Forces (Strongest to weakest) Covalent Network Solids Examples 3-D Diamond (carbon) 2-D Graphite (carbon) SiO2 (quartz, sand) SiC Ways to compare within category Ion-Ion (Ionic Compounds) Ca(NO3)2 MgCl2 KCl FeCl3 NaCl LE = k Q1Q2/ r Metallic Cu Au Hg Na K size = stronger Hydrogen Bonding (H bond) (H-F, H-O, H-N) H2O NH3 HNO3 CH3OH CH3COOH HF H-bonds=stronger size = stronger Dipole-Dipole (dd) (polar molecules) HBr HI PH3 CH3F CH3OCH3 CH3COCH3 CH3COOCH3 CH3CHO C6H12O6 BH2 - SeF4 IF3 BrF5 size = stronger London Dispersion Forces (LDF) (nonpolar molecules) Kr Ne CCl4 CO2 C2H4 C3H6 SO3 BF3 BeH2 N2 H2 O2 AsF5 I3 - SF6 KrF4 size = stronger CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 28
29 CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 29
30 H-Bonding Snowflakes VanDerWaals Forces Making pencils Intermolecular Forces (Strongest to weakest) Covalent Network Solids Classify examples below, and then number them within each category in decreasing IMF Ion-Ion (Ionic Compounds) Metallic Hydrogen Bonding (H bond) (H-F, H-O, H-N) Dipole-Dipole (dd) (polar molecules) London Dispersion Forces (LDF) (nonpolar molecules) Classify these examples in the table above: C4H10(g), Cu(s), C(s) diamond, CH3OH(l), HF(g), Mg(NO3)2(s), CH4(g), MgCl2(s), Fe(s), I2(s), F2(g), SiO2(s) sand, NH3(g), CO2(g), SO2(g), H2S(g), C(s) graphite, Al(s), He(g), N2(g), SnO2(s), HCl(g), HNO3(g), NaCl(s), Ni(s), C3H8(g), H2O(l), PCl3(l) CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 30
31 ws Intermolecular Forces (IMF) 1 ID the IMF for each substance and write it in the box. Covalent Network (CN), Ionic (I), Metallic (M), (H-bond), dipoledipole (dd), London Dispersion Forces (LDF) Hint: All ane, ene, yne, are nonpolar, and all ol have H-bonding 1. CH4 (methane) C2H6 C3H8 CH3OH (ethane) (propane) (methanol) 2. CO2 H2O Br2 HCl 3. PH5 CF4 CH4 NH3 4. PCl3 CO2 C4H8 (butane) 5. C5H8 C5H11OH C8H17OH (pentyne) (pentanol) (octanol) Arrange each of the substances above in order of DECREASING Intermolecular Forces. C6H14 (hexane) C8H16 (octane) CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 31
32 ws Intermolecular Forces (IMF) 2 ID the IMF for each substance and write it in the box. Covalent Network (CN), Ionic (I), Metallic (M), (H-bond), dipoledipole (dd), London Dispersion Forces (LDF) Hint: All ane, ene, yne, are nonpolar, and all ol have H-bonding 1. HCl HBr Cl2 H2 2. C9H17OH (nonanol) 3. CH4 (methane) C9H20 C10H20 C7H16 (nonane) (decene) (heptane) CO2 HF HCl 4. NH3 NCl3 F2 H2S 5. C8H18 C3H8 C2H5OH (octane) (propane) (ethanol) Arrange each of the substances above in order of INCREASING Intermolecular Forces. CH4 (methane) CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 32
33 ws Intermolecular Forces (IMF) 3 ID the IMF for each substance and write it in the box. Covalent Network (CN), Ionic (I), Metallic (M), (H-bond), dipoledipole (dd), London Dispersion Forces (LDF) Hint: All ane, ene, yne, are nonpolar, and all ol have H-bonding 1. C8H18 C4H10 CH3OH C3H8 (octane) (butane) (methanol) (propane) 2. C2H5OH H2O Br2 CH3OH (ethanol) (methanol) 3. C3H7OH HCl Cl2 H2O (propanol) 4. H2O CO2 CH4 (methane) 5. HCl CCl4 C2H4 (ethene) Arrange each of the substances above in order of INCREASING Vapor Pressures. CCl4 NCl CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 33
34 ws Intermolecular Forces (IMF) 4 ID the IMF for each substance and write it in the box. Covalent Network (CN), Ionic (I), Metallic (M), (H-bond), dipoledipole (dd), London Dispersion Forces (LDF) Hint: All ane, ene, yne, are nonpolar, and all ol have H-bonding 1. LiCl NH3 Na CO2 2. CaBr2 Ca C(s) diamond C8H16 3. H2O KBr CO2 Mg (octane) 4. NaCl Mg H2O CO2 5. SiO2 (quartz) Cl2 Br2 I2 1. Arrange each of the substances above in order of DECREASING Boiling Points CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 34
35 Name Date Period Activity Ionic Compounds Metal & Nonmetal Compound Lewis Structure Ionic Compound Formula & Name Electronegativity Difference 1 Lithium & Chlorine 2 Aluminum & Bromine 3 Potassium & Oxygen 4 Magnesium & nitrogen 5 Calcium & Oxygen 6 Aluminum & Sulfur 7 Sodium & Oxygen 8 Beryllium & Fluorine CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 35
36 Activity Covalent Compounds Formula/ Name Lewis Structure Actual Shape Polar/ Nonpolar 1 H2 Hydrogen 2 H2O Water 3 CH4 Methane 4 Cl2 Chlorine 5 NH3 Ammonia 6 HF Hydrogen fluoride 7 C2H2 Ethyne 8 CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane 9 N2 Nitrogen 10 CO2 Carbon dioxide 11 CH3OH methanol 12 H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide 13 O2 Oxygen 14 CH2O Methanal CHEMISTRY Chapters 8 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 36
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