Systems for Detection of Threat Materials

Transcription

1 Systems for Detection of Threat Materials Report for the Co-ordinated Research Programme Neutronbased Techniques for the Detection of Illicit Material and Explosives, Mumbai India, November 12-16, Contact person: C Murray Bartle, FAX ; m.bartle@gns.cri.nz, Chris Kröger c.kroger@gns.cri.nz and William Stephenson National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, PO Box 31312, Lower Hutt, New Zealand

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3 NZ Customs have been successful in detecting threat materials using comparative techniques. This important technique can be transferred to low cost systems also

4 CASE STUDIES 1. low cost surveillance systems Low cost instrumentation Focusing on using comparative count-rates to enhance the capabilities of basic systems Features of low cost systems: No imaging Radioisotope source - cannot be turned off Slow operation Portable Usable by non-specialists

5 Rad-Pod

6 Bi-Scint wall Object in wall Object in wall

7 SR ratio = (total counts)/(coinc counts)

8 PSD-Scint Neutron/gamma source Neutron and gamma ray detection - Pulse shape discrimination

9 NEUGAT WATER CONTENT (WT%) LOW AND HIGH DENSITY WOOD CHIPS low density chips high density chips O High density Low density CALIBRATION WATER (WT%)

10 X-rays Extending the comparative techniques to more advanced equipment and ramping up material discrimination capability

11 Advantages of x-ray systems (compare to radioisotopes): Imaging and composition measurement at speed binary image data Compared to neutron sources shielding low volume Large photon outputs possible with small low cost sources The system can be turned off Modular low volume high speed detector arrays advanced software Rapid advancement of robust fast electronics Meets regulatory requirement easily and usable by non-specialists Equipment can have small adjustable footprint How does it work dual energy x-ray absorption DEXA:

12 140 kev detector 4000 systems Material resolution Dual energy detector high energy channel PMMA Aluminium Iron Detector setup High Energy low energy channel Heimann patent: Triple detector Low Energy Filter

13 140 kev detector Low detector Filter High detector systems Material Thickness Remarks Material Thickness Material Thickness Remarks Standard CsI (Tl) 0.22 mm Not separated Cu 0.5 mm CsI (Tl) 4.3 mm Separated into pixels Detector configurations XADA Pitch 1.6 mm and 2.5 mm 1.6 mm Properties Light output Price Hygroscopic Afterglow Performance (6040 i) Crosstalk Transparency Steel penetration Wire detection High Inexpensive Slightly Disturbing and changing from detector to detector 20 % (low detector) < 10 % (high detector) High 27 mm 38 AWG (0.1 mm) EDS ZnSe (Te) 0.6 mm Separated into pixels Cu 0.5 mm Ceramic scintillator (Gd 2 O 2 S(Pr,Ce)) 1.4 mm Separated into pixels Moderate to high Expensive No Not visible, all detectors behave in the same way <10 % (low and high detector) Moderate (limiting detector size) 30 mm 40 AWG (0.08 mm) XADA patent application submitted

14 24 October 2007 EAGLE FA ALCOA, Tenn.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Smiths Detection, part of the global technology business Smiths Group, today announced the introduction of the Eagle FA, an advanced fat analysis X-ray system, to the North American market place. The Eagle FA system utilizes Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) technology enabling real-time scanning of both meat and poultry for foreign objects and meat composition. The company offers two in-line versions of the Eagle FA for both bulk and boxed meat inspection. AMI Cleanability EAN discrimination (+/- SD) IP 69K compliant (can use high pressure hoses) Tool less belt change for easy cleaning Automatic calibration system Simple to convert from conveyor to hopper feed

15 X-RAY INSPECTION IN INDUSTRY & THE FIELD Robust in the field usable technology Eagle FA Validation trial March Laboratory 1 y = 1.015x R 2 = A sample Linear (A sample) Food NZ Feb/Mar 2007

16 Aspects of Software: Smiths Simultask:..V3 V4 Product analysis DLL.. Scanner systems under software control procedures such as: normalisation, auto-normalisation, detector compensation, automatic calibration, climate control. Communications to external computers/data bases.

17 Computer Standard internal modem and Ethernet card (Running Windows XP and Norton PC Anywhere) X-ray tube manufactured by Smiths Detection High Voltage Controller manufactured by Smiths Detection Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) I/O Board manufactured by Smiths Detection Analog to Digital Converters manufactured by Smiths Detection Linear Diode Array (LDA) Manufactured by Smiths Detection

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19 CASE STUDY 2 IN THE FIELD.

20 Explosives Based on Nitrogen Formula wt % C wt % H wt % N wt % O EAN delta RDX delta sugar Ammonium nitrate (AN) H 4 N 2 O Ammonium picrate (Expl D) C 6 H 6 N 4 O Cyclonite (RDX) C 3 H 6 N 6 O Ethylenediamine dinitrate C 2 H 10 N 4 O Guanidine nitrate CH 6 N 4 O Hexamethylenetriperoxide diamine (HMTD) C 6 H 12 N 2 O Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW or CL20) C 6 H 6 N 12 O Hydrazine nitrate H 5 N 3 O Mannitol hexanitrate C 6 H 8 N 6 O Monomethylamine nitrate CH 4 N 2 O Nitrocellulose C 6 H 7 N 3 O Nitroglycerin (NG) C 3 H 5 N 3 O Nitrotriazolone (NTO) C 2 H 2 N 4 O Octogen (HMX) C 4 H 8 N 8 O Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) C 5 H 8 N 4 O Picric acid C 6 H 3 N 3 O Tetrazene C 2 H 8 N 10 O Tetryl C 7 H 5 N 5 O sugar C 12 H 22 O Effective atomic number fat = 5.66 Effective atomic number lean meat = 7.14 Therefore each CL unit is equivalent to EAN units

21 Eagle FA effective atomic number assessment Eagle FA effective atomic number Laboratory 1 effective atomic number

22 Technology can be engineered of a wide range of scales

23 Brute force combined with finesse Conveyor Hopper Auger Field studies

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25 Scanning 2000lbs of bulk material. Up to 160 tonnes per hour

26 Scan 2000 lbs of product Effective atomic number image sequence throughout combo scan Detecting small differences in atomic number Product scan 1 Effective atomic number mass in the image (lbs) Measuring atomic number accurately irrespective of material geometry and weight

27 Mixed organic and inorganic material

28 LOW HIGH 2 cm beneath and 9 cm of sand above poly Object scanned at 0.25 m/s

29 Conclusions Proposed Work Plan for the period 2007/09: 1. Use of low cost tools and portable radiation probes to locate/detect large (e.g. 100 lb) depositions of threat materials. Radiation sources used will typically be radioisotopes such as Cs-137 or Cf-252. Lower cost equipment investigated for explosives and illicit material detection usually take advantage of countrates comparisons such as in multiple detectors or in detectors having dual radiation detection sensitivities. Applications in the field are of particular interest. Two ongoing case studies for transferring advancements in industrial scanning systems such as to: a. Detection and analysis of threat bulk materials in a field environment b. Applications to detection of threat materials in industrial and/or indoor environments

30 CASE STUDY SMALL AMOUNTS OF THREAT MATERIALS. Detection of small amounts of explosive or illicit materials which may be hidden in bulk materials

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32 Industry application as an analogy: Screening the flow of bulk material

33 Current problems with detection of small amounts of buried threat materials Need take detection equipment to the material Need to deal with the detection problem as a one-sided access problem Detection probability is low Attempts to increase detection probability are often expensive, clumsy and may be dangerous Equipment often needs to be located where its footprint is unsecured and security is uncertain

34 It would be better to: Move the threat materials to the detector Make the detection problem a two-sided access capability optimized for detection i.e. detection probability 100% Have the cost of the system low/moderate Make problem solving possible using an equipment footprint location that is safe. Ensure that the threat materials once detected are easy to remove.

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36 Scanning technologies e.g. source rejector Brute force end detectors Finesse end

37 THE END