Radiation Detection. 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program.
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1 Radiation Detection 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program
2 GM Detectors 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 1
3 A closer look 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 2
4 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 3
5 Ionization 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 4
6 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 5
7 The ionization creates an electric current in the circuit 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 6
8 The electric current is processed in the scaler and sorts out the radiation interaction pulses 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 7
9 Instruments Detect Effects of Ionization Types Gas Filled (Ion chambers, G-M detectors) Scintillation (NaI, Plastic, ZnS) Solid State (semiconductor, GeLi, CdTe, TLD) Liquid Scintillation 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 8
10 Number of Ion Pairs Collected in a gasfilled chamber as a function of voltage across electrodes 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 9
11 Ion Chamber Region Higher voltage, volts All electrons collected on anode Current depends on radiation Saturation current Amplification of 1 Amount of ionization is a function of: Type of radiation Energy Density of gas 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 10
12 Ion Chambers Measures the transfer of energy (via ionization) through the air Works well for X and g rays Use to measure exposure, Roentgen Amplification factor = 1 Typically has slow response time Usually does not have audio 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 11
13 Proportional Region Primary ions produce more ions Cascade or avalanche Pulse size is proportional to primary ions Amplification factor 10,000 Amplification related to voltage Can distinguish different types of radiation Alpha gives the largest signal 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 12
14 Gas-Proportional Counter Best for and ( ) Amplification Factor ,000 Fast Response Thin or no window Needs a gas such as P-10 Signal is proportional to energy 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 13
15 Geiger Mueller Region All pulse sizes are equal Complete avalanche for each ionization Cannot distinguish types of radiation Need for quenching to prevent continuous discharge Halogen gases, Cl 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 14
16 Geiger Mueller Detector Voltage volts, avg. 900 volts Gases, organic propane Very fast response Thick window, blocks low energies and some Signal is not related to energy Event counter High sensitivity, avalanche Amplification factor, 1 million 100 millon May become saturated giving zero response on dial 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 15
17 The GM Plateau 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 16
18 Scintillation Detectors Based on luminescent properties of material Radiation energy absorbed in material Raises molecular atoms to excited state Decay to ground state Emission of light photons results Light pulse proportional to energy Light detected by photocathode Conversion to electrons Signal increased in photomultiplier 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 17
19 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 18
20 NaI Gamma Detector High Z number good gamma absorption Large crystals and good light output Features of Gamma Spectrum: Photopeaks, from photoelectric effect Compton edge, from Compton scattering Compton plateau Backscatter peak, from walls of shield Single and double escape peaks Coincidence sum peaks 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 19
21 Semiconductors Solid ion chambers Based on band structure of crystals Unifilled conduction band Electrons move across band gap to filled band Insulator has a 5 ev band gap Semiconductor requires < 2 ev to bridge gap 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 20
22 Typical Response Instrumentation Ludlum 19 and 192 micror meters (gamma only) Ludlum with 44-9 pancake and alpha probes (gamma, beta, alpha) Berkley SAM 935 Gamma Spectroscopy system Eberline RO20 Ion chamber (mid range gamma, beta) Ludlum Model 15 with Neutron detector and 44-7 probe (low range gamma, beta and alpha) RADeCo Model H-810AC HighVolume PAS Ludlum Model 3030 Alpha/Beta Counter Siemens Electronic Personnel Dosimeter (EPD) 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 21
23 Ludlum Model 19 and 192 Gamma and x-ray only NaI detector Can measure down to background Limited range (0 to 5 mr/hr) Automatically Adjusting Alarm Setting (Model 192) 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 22
24 Ludlum 2241 and associated probes Excellent contamination survey instrument Can measure and x-ray depending on probe Auto ranging Built in scaler 2 independent detector set-ups 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 23
25 44-9 Pancake Probe Alpha, beta, gamma 15.5 cm 2 Contamination holder (optional) Swipes Air filters (?) 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 24
26 Model 44-7 End Window Probe Model 44-7 end window G-M that can be used with several different instruments including survey meters, scalers, ratemeters, and alarm ratemeters Alpha beta gamma survey and sample counting 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 25
27 43-90 Probe Alpha scintillation 100 cm 2 Alpha contamination Fragile faceplate Fragile PM tube May respond to high gamma or neutron 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 26
28 44-10 Probe Gamma probe 2 x 2 NaI(Tl) Low activity level gamma Energy range ~ kev Very sensitive detector 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 27
29 Berkeley Nucleonics SAM 935 Nuclide identification Dose rate (rem/sv) calculation, total dose Spectrum analysis Can store and download spectra External NaI probe for gamma, internal He-3 neutron detector (optional) 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 28
30 ThermoEberline RO20 Ion Chamber Survey Meter with Beta Shield Measures Gamma, X-ray or Beta exposure rate Will measure radiation at strengths that can cause personal injury in a short time Five linear ranges: 0-5, 0-50, mr/hr; 0-5, 0-50 R/h Air filled ionization chamber vented to atmosphere Temperature Compensated Measurements 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 29
31 Ludlum Model 15 Neutron Counter Fast and thermal neutron, alpha, betagamma survey End Window G-M Detector for Alpha Beta and Gamma BF³ Proportional Detector with Moderator for Neutron 4 Ranges Total Counting Range from 0-500,000 cpm 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 30
32 RADeCO H-810 LCD displays elapsed sample time flow rate total volume Flow rate up to 10 cfm Collects sample on filter which can be counted in the Ludlum th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 31
33 Ludlum 3030 Simultaneous Alpha and Beta sample counting Swipes, air filters Samples 47 mm (not 2 ) 8-hr battery operation PC controller software 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 32
34 Siemens EPD Real-time response to gamma, x-ray and beta radiation Used to indicate EPA turn-back limits Used along with TLD Gamma response: 15 kev to 10 Mev Beta response: 250 kev to 1.5 MeV 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 33
35 Radiation Response Kits Instrument Detector assignments Probes Cables Check source Spare parts (cables, mylar windows) Calibration certificates Manuals Shipping forms 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 34
36 Questions? 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program 35
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