CHAPTER INTRODUCTION

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1 CHAPTER 3 A SCALED QUANTUM MECHANICAL APPROACH OF VIBRATIONAL ANALYSIS OF O-TOLUNITRILE BASED ON FTIR AND FT RAMAN SPECTRA, AB INITIO, HARTREE FOCK AND DFT METHODS 3.1. INTRODUCTION o-tolunitrile or ortho cyanotoluene has the molecular formula C 8 H 7 N. The prefix cyano is used in chemical nomenclature to indicate the presence of the -C N functional group or nitrile group in the molecule. The cyano group (C N), which consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom. o-tolunitrile is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, dyestuffs and rubber chemicals. It is used as pigments. Due to its greater pharmaceutical importance, o-tolunitrile has been taken for the present study LITERATURE SURVEY The microwave spectrum of ortho fluoro toluene, C 6 H 4 CH 3 F, was studied in the frequency range GHz by Suzzkind [1]. Rotational spectra in four torsional states were assigned and each state could be fit by an effective rotational Hamiltonian. The change in rotational constants from one state to another could not be explained using the standard torsion rotation coupled Hamiltonian. A simple model was given which explains the deviations in the rotational constants in the excited A levels from their expected positions. The true rotational constants for the ground state were calculated as A = GHz,B = GHz,C = GHz,κ = By standard methods, the angle between the top axis and the A axis was found as 32. The barrier to internal rotation was 649 cal/mol assuming V 6 = 0 and I α = 3.237amu Å 2. Including the effects of changing average structure, there was an evidence of a negative V 6 and also that the angle mentioned above was somewhat smaller in the ground state.

2 N. Abasbegović et al., [2] performed the Vibrational spectra and normal mode calculations of p-toluidine and p-nitrotoluene molecules using Raman and infrared spectroscopic studies. In normal mode calculations, the force field has been constructed by the local interaction approximation. Absorption and emission characteristics of o-, m- and p-tolunitriles in polar and non-polar solvents under different conditions have been investigated in detail by Maiti et al [3]. Solvatochromic shifts of band origin of these molecules in non-polar solvents show that their dipole moments in the first excited singlet state are almost the same while its value in the second excited singlet is larger in the meta than in the para-isomer. Vibronic analyses of the low temperatures absorption, fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra of all the three molecules have provided evidence that these molecules are slightly distorted in the first excited singlet state while such distortion in the phosphorescence emitting triplet state is larger. The data on fluorescence and phosphorescence quantum yield and phosphorescence lifetime of the tolunitriles are reasonably interpreted as showing that in these molecules, particularly m-and p- tolunitriles, the internal conversion rate from the first excited singlet to the ground state is probably small and that the charge transfer character of the triplet state in the p-isomer is larger than that in the meta. Jing Chao et al., [4] studied the chemical thermodynamic properties of toluene,o-,m- and p-xylenes. They employed recent molecular, spectroscopic and thermal constants for the determination of the ideal gas thermodynamic properties [C 0 p, S 0, H 0 (T) - H 0 (0), ΔH 0 f and ΔG 0 f] of toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene in the temperature range K using statistical mechanical method. A potential function, formed by summation of internal rotational energy levels, was used for evaluating the internal rotational contributions to the thermodynamic properties caused by the presence of each CH 3 rotor in these molecules. The internal rotational energy levels for each rotor were calculated by solving the wave equation using the adopted internal rotational constant and potential function for the given rotor. The heat capacities and entropies obtained agree with the experimental values. The sources of molecular data and method of calculation are described in detail. Electronic spectra of o-, m- and p-tolunitrile and its substituent effect on internal rotation of the methyl group were analysed by Fujii et al [5]. In this study, the

3 S 1 S 0 fluorescence excitation spectra and the S 1 S 0 dispersed fluorescence spectra of o-, m-and p-tolunitrile were measured in supersonic jets. Low-frequency bands due to internal rotation of the methyl group were observed in m- and p-tolunitrile. Observed band positions and relative intensities of the internal rotational bands were reproduced by a calculation using a free rotor basis set. From the analysis, the potential curve of the internal rotation was determined in both S 1 and S 0. It was found that the barrier height increases in going from S 0 to S 1 in m-tolunitrile, while it decreases in p-tolunitrile. In contrast, no low-frequency band was found in o- tolunitrile. It was concluded that the potential curve in o-tolunitrile does not change in going from S 0 to S 1. The change of the barrier height by electronic excitation in tolunitriles differs greatly from that observed in other toluene derivatives. Moreover, it was suggested that the electronic properties of a substituent were important for the methyl rotation in the excited state. In substituted toluenes, the potential energy barrier to internal methyl rotation and the preferred methyl conformation depend on the position of the fluorine, amino, or methyl substituents and also on the electronic state, either S 0, S 1, or ground state cation were extensively studied by Lu et al [6]. In their study they presented a unified picture of the electronic factors controlling these effects. In S 0 and cation, ab initio electronic structure calculations of modest scale produce rotor potentials in good agreement with experiment. The methyl group provides a sensitive probe of local ring geometry. When the geometry of the ring in the vicinity of the rotor has good local C 2v symmetry, the barrier is invariably small. In S 0 ortho substituted toluenes, they use natural steric analysis to show that repulsive steric interactions between the halogen lone pair and the methyl CH bonds dominate over attractive donor acceptor interactions to favor the pseudo trans conformation. When steric interactions are unimportant, the key determinant of rotor barrier height is the difference in π bond order between the two ring CC bonds nearest methyl. Molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities and C N effective bond charges in a series of simple nitrile compounds were evaluated by HF/6 31+G(d,p) ab initio quantum mechanical calculations by Dudev et al [7]. In this study, they analysed the effective charge properties of the nitrile C=N bond in a series of 11 simple nitrile compounds. Due to the scarcity of reliable experimental gas-

4 phase intensity data on the C-N vibration, infrared intensities and dipole moment derivatives were evaluated by HF/6-31+G(d,p) ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The theoretical infrared intensities were transformed into quantities associated with the charge distribution and dynamics in the molecules following the formalism of the effective bond charge method. Satisfactory linear relations were found between the effective bond charges and bond lengths, as well as between the bond charges and the molecular electrostatic potential at the nitrogen atom. The results obtained for the series of 11 nitrile compounds reveal significant changes in the intensity of the C-N stretching vibration, whereas the frequency varies in narrow limits. These observations, together with some recently derived relationships with other molecular parameters implied that the effective bond charge may be employed as an important intramolecular parameter in structural analysis. Kumar et al [8] reported the vibrational analysis of substituted benzonitriles using transferability of force constants with some halogeno-, methoxy and nitrobenzonitriles. A zero-order normal coordinate analysis of both the in-plane and out-of-plane vibrations was made for 2-chloro, 6-fluorobenzonitrile, s-trichlorobenzonitrile, p- and m-methoxybenzonitriles and m-nitrobenzonitrile, transferring the force constants from our earlier work. The observed and calculated frequencies agree with an average error of 16.8 cm -1, demonstrating the transferability of the force constants obtained previously. Pavan Kumar et al [9] studied the vibrational analysis of substituted benzonitriles with the help of normal co ordinate analysis and tranferability of force constants of monohalogenated benzonitriles. The Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectra of p- and o-fluorobenzonitriles, p-, m- and o-chlorobenzonitriles and p-, m- and o-bromobenzonitriles were measured. A normal coordinate analysis was carried out for both the in-plane and out-of-plane vibrations of these molecules along with m-fluorobenzonitrile using a 71-parameter modified valence force filed and an overlay least-squares-technique was employed to refine the force constants using 269 frequencies of nine molecules. Jaman et al [10] discussed the microwave spectrum and barrier to internal rotation in ortho-tolunitrile molecule. The microwave rotational spectra of orthotolunitrile have been investigated in the ground state in the frequency ranges of 22.0-

5 26.0 GHz and GHz. The true rotational constants were determined to be A r = MHz, B r = MHz and C r = MHz. A least square analysis of the A-E splitting of 16 transitions resulted in the values of V 3 = cal/mol and θ a = o, assuming v6=0 and I α = 3.2 a.m.u. A 2. The study concluded that from the value obtained from the threefold potential barrier (V 3 ) of the CH 3 top in o-tolunitrile, the barrier height in ortho derivatives does not change significantly with the electronic properties of the substituent. Nakai et al [11] theoretically investigated the internal rotations of the methyl group in substituted toluenes such as fluorotoluene (-F), toluidine (-NH 2 ), cresol (-OH), and tolunitrile (-CN) in the ground, excited, and anionic states. An idea of π σ hyperconjugation was introduced for a comprehensive interpretation of the barrier variations. The π σ hyperconjugation mechanism clarified the differences among ortho-, meta-, and para-systems, between π-electron donating and accepting substituents, and between first and second excited (anionic) states. The study also applied ab initio MO calculation to the inter rotational motion in o- and m-substituted toluenes in both S0 and S1 states and found that the change of rotational barrier in S1-S0 excitation is mainly determined by the stability of the LUMO orbitals along the methyl rotation. In addition, it was concluded that the origin of this rotational angle dependence on LUMO is a new type of hyperconjugation (π σ HC) between an ortho-carbon and the methyl hydrogen atoms. They also extended this analysis to the cation and proposed that the change of rotational barrier is related to the rotational angle dependence of the HOMO. Shaji et al [12] reported the near infrared vibrational overtone absorption spectra of liquid phase toluidines. The analysis of the observed CH and NH local mode mechanical frequency values showed that there was the existence of steric and electronic interaction between the amino and methyl groups in o-toluidine. This supports the conclusions drawn from structural studies of toluidines by resonance two-photon ionization (R2PI) spectroscopy, ab initio calculations and laser induced fluorescence studies reported earlier. Pulsed field ionization_zeke photoelectron spectroscopy has been applied to o-, m- and p-tolunitrile in a supersonic jet by Suzuki et al [13]. The PFI-ZEKE photoelectron spectra of m- and p-tolunitrile show well resolved anharmonic

6 structures in the low-frequency region, which were assigned to bands due to internal rotational motion of the methyl group on the cation. Level energies and relative transition intensities were reproduced well by a one-dimensional rotor model with a three fold axis potential. Potential curves for the internal rotation have been determined. For o-tolunitrile, no band due to internal rotation was found in PFI- ZEKE spectrum. It suggested that the o-tolunitrile cation has the high barrier for internal rotation and the stable conformation that is the same as that in S1 to S0. The barrier height and the conformation are compared with other toluene derivatives and the relation between the electronic character of CN and internal rotational motion has been discussed. It was strongly suggested that the internal methyl rotation has a strong dependence not only on the electronic state and substituted positions but also on the electronic character of the substituent. Literature survey reveals that there are more works in toluene molecule and in the internal roations of the methyl group. But, so far there is no complete vibrational analysis on o-tolunitrile molecule on the basis of Scaled Quantum Mechanical study using FTIR and FT-Raman Spectra. So, in this present work, the vibrational frequencies of the title molecule are studied thoroughly, the fundamentals from the experimental vibrational frequencies, geometrical parameters and thermodynamical properties at HF and B3LYP levels with 6-31G(d) basis set were calculated and discussed in an elaborate manner COMPUTATIONAL METHODS The molecular structure optimization of the title compound and corresponding vibrational harmonic frequencies were calculated using Hartree Fock and the Density Functional Theory with Beckee-3-Lee-Yag-Parr (B3LYP) combined with 6-311G(d) and G(d) basis sets. Geometries have been first optimized with full relaxation on the potential energy surfaces at HF/6-311G(d) and HF/6311++G(d) basis sets. The geometry was then re-optimized at B3LYP level using the same basis sets. The optimized geometrical parameters, force constants, true rotational constants, fundamental vibrational frequencies, IR intensity and Raman Activity were calculated using the Gaussian 03 package. The total energy, zero point energy, thermal energy, entropy, specific heat capacity at constant volume and dipole moment were also calculated theoretically using the Gaussian 03 package.

7 By combining the results of the GAUSSVIEW program with symmetry considerations, vibrational frequency assignments were made with a high degree of accuracy. There may be some mismatch in defining internal co-ordination. But, the defined coordinate form complete set and matches quite well with the motions observed using GAUSVIEW program. The FT IR and FT Raman spectrum were taken in the range of cm -1 in the solid phase to analyse the very low frequency vibrations RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Molecular Geometry The molecular stature of o-tolunitrile has one nitrile group (C N) in the ortho position and one methyl group with a benzene ring. It has a plane of symmetry and the two methyl hydrogen atoms are symmetrically displaced above and below the plane. As there is no experimental data available for this molecule and to investigate the performance of HF and DFT methods, full geometry optimizations has been carried out by with above said methods using 6-311G(d) and G(d) as basis sets. The most optimized structural parameters (bond length and bond angle) by HF, DFT/B3LYP with different basis sets were shown in Table 3.1. The optimized molecular structure obtained from GaussView program is shown in Fig.3.1. The optimized bond lengths of C C in benzene ring fall in the range from to Å for HF and to Å for B3LYP method with different basis sets. Table 3.1 depicts that the hierarchy of the optimized bond lengths of the six C C bonds of the benzene ring is (C 1 C 6 ) < (C 5 C 6 ) < (C 4 C 5 ) < (C 3 C 4 ) < (C 1 C 2 ) < (C 2 C 3 ). Moreover, the optimized geometry shows that the CH 3 group substituted in the benzene ring namely C 11 H 14, C 11 H 15, C 11 H 16 reduces the bond angle of C 2 -C 3 -C 4 while the bond angle of C 1 -C 2 -C 3 increases due to the substitution of C N in the ortho position of toluene from Hence, it reveals that from the order of the bond lengths and the addition of substitutions in the phenyl ring makes it little distorted form perfect hexagonal structure. In this molecule, the length of C-C bond connecting the methyl group and the benzene ring calculated at B3LYP level varies as Å, Å with 6-311G(d,)

8 and G(d) respectively implies that there is an elongation of bond length due to CH 3 point mass. Also, it is noticed that the bond length connected between benzene and nitrile group varies as Å, Å. The comparative bond length details of skeletal ring, methyl group and C N group is represented in Fig It clearly shows that, C N bond length is very less when compared with the other C-C bonds in the molecule due to the presence of heavy nitrogen atom connected with it. As well, the bond length between C-C N is also comparatively higher with other skeletal bonds Vibrational assignments The o-tolunitrile molecule has 16 atoms with 42 normal modes of vibrations. Since the molecule do not possess any rotational, reflection or inversion symmetry, the molecule is considered under C s point group symmetry with non planar structure. The entire modes of vibration was divided into two categories: A and A. ie., Γ Vib = 28 A + 14 A. In agreement with C s symmetry, all the 42 fundamental vibrations are active in both Raman scattering and Infrared absorption. The experimental frequencies (FTIR and FT-Raman), calculated frequencies (unsclaed and scaled) with HF and B3LYP methods using different basis sets, and vibrational assignments with corresponding TED values are reported in Table 3.2. Theoretically calculated IR intensities, Raman activities with experimental values are shown in the Table 3.3. For visual comparison, the experimental FTIR, FT-Raman spectra are shown in Figures 3.3 and 3.4 respectively. In order to analyse the deviation of frequencies computed by theoretical methods from with experimental frequencies, the comparative spectra are included in Figures 3.5 to 3.6 for higher basis sets. So as to improve the calculated values in agreement with the experimental values, it is necessary to scale down the calculated harmonic frequencies. The scaling factor of , and , are applied to vibrational frequencies calculated at HF and B3LYP level for 6-311G(d) and G(d) respectively. The assignments are based on the vibrational animations of fundamentals using the GaussView package programme with above said methods.

9 C-H Vibrations The aromatic CH stretching vibrations are expected to appear in the cm 1 frequency ranges, with multiple weak bands [14]. These vibrations are not found to be affected due to the nature and position of the substituent. Most of the aromatic compounds have nearly four infra red peaks in the region cm -1 due to ring C-H stretching bonds [15-16]. In this work, the asymmetric stretching is assigned at 3060 cm -1, 3030 cm -1 of FTIR and 3070 cm -1 of FT-Raman while the band at 3080 cm -1 of FT-Raman is assigned to C-H symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations respectively. Here, one the C-H aromatic ring symmetric stretching vibration is greater than the asymmetric vibration. The C-H in plane bending vibrations usually occurs in the region cm -1 and is very useful for characterization purposes [17]. It is noted from literature [18] that strong band around 1200 cm -1 appears due to valence oscillations in toluenes and substituted toluenes. As said, there is a strong FT-Raman peak noticed at 1210 cm -1. In this work, there are sharp and medium band intensity peaks are identified at 1210 (s), 1120 (s),1110 (m), 1040 (m) cm -1 due to the effect of aromatic C-H in plane bending vibrations. It is also noted that most of the in-plane bending vibrations are coupled vibrations with CC and CN. These assignments mostly coincides with the above said literature values. The C-H out of plane bending vibrations is strongly coupled vibrations and occurs in the region below 1000 cm -1. These extremely intense absorptions are used to assign the position of substituent on the aromatic ring [19]. The ring C-H out-of plane bending frequencies of aromatic molecules depend on the number of adjacent hydrogen atoms on the ring. In this compound, the sharp and medium intensity peaks at 860 cm -1, 750 cm -1 in FTIR and 990 cm -1, 540 cm -1 in FT Raman confirms the C-H out of plane bending vibrations. Generally, the ortho substituted benzene show a strong band between cm -1 [20]. As pointed in the literature [20], there is a strong peak noticed at 750 cm -1 confirms the ortho substituted nature of this molecule. The vibrations due to C-H in plane bending, and out of plane bending of the title compound is good agreement with the values assigned by Srivastava [21].

10 CH 3 and C-CH 3 Vibrations The o-tolunitrile molecule has possessed a methyl group on the benzene ring. Basically, nine fundamentals are associated to this methyl group, which are the symmetric and the asymmetric stretching, three in-plane bending and three out-of plane bending vibrations. The C H stretching of the methyl group occurs at lower wavenumbers than those of the aromatic ring ie., less than 3000cm 1. The asymmetric stretching vibrations of the methyl group are generally observed around 2980 cm 1, while the symmetric stretch is expected around the region of 2870 cm 1 [22 24]. In ortho substituted compounds, there is the occurrence of field effect in which the lone pairs of electrons on two atoms influence each other through space interactions and change the vibrational frequencies of both the groups. Accordingly, in this work, the experimentally observed FTIR band at 2990 cm -1 and in FT-Raman band at 2970 cm 1 are assigned to the asymmetric stretching vibrations of the methyl group where there is a deviation of 10 cm -1 from earlier said literature value. However it shows good agreement with the theoretical values calculated at B3LYP level. The experimentally observed FT-Raman band at 2930 cm 1 is assigned to the symmetric stretching vibrations of the methyl group. The increase of vibrational frequency from the expected ranges is due to field effect of CN group present in the ortho position. It is noticed from the TED column in table 3.2 that all the methyl stretching modes are pure stretching modes by its contribution is 100%. In Table 3.2, the strong intensity FTIR bands at 1450 cm -1, 1390 cm -1 and the FT-Raman bands at 1050 cm -1 are assigned to methyl group in plane bending vibrations. Also, the medium peak at 950 cm -1 (FTIR) and the medium intensity FT- Raman peaks at 1020 cm -1, 820 cm -1 are assigned to CH 3 out-of plane bending vibrations which coincides with the earlier literature [24-25]. Furthermore, the C-CH 3 stretching, in plane and out-of plane bending vibrations are assigned at 1205 cm -1, 350 cm -1 in FT-IR and 110 cm -1 in FT-Raman respectively which favourably agrees well with the values predicted by Singh and Pandey [26] Skeletal vibrations of the benzene ring The earlier literature [27] reported that for aromatic six member ring there are two or three strong intensity bands of aromatic C=C in the range cm -1

11 and also there may be a sharp and strong band near 1600 cm -1 in Raman spectrum. In accordance with this literature values, here also there are three very strong bonds observed at 1600 cm -1, 1570 cm -1 and 1490 cm -1 which are assigned to C = C aromatic stretching without any ambiguities. The ring CCC vibrations also noted and depicted in Table C-N and C-(C N)vibrations The electronegative nitrogen atom makes the carbon atom more positive and the polar CN group has I effect on the adjacent bond. The infrared spectra of various cyanides (nitriles) have shown that the predominant from with triple bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms. Thus the infra red absorptions occur in the triple bond region between cm -1. The shift in νc N stretching absorption depends upon the electronic effect of atoms or groups attached to C N groups. In aromatic nitriles, the νc N stretching decreases by about 20 cm -1 but band intensity increases as compared to the saturated compounds [28]. The characteristic wavenumbers of C N stretching vibrations of benzonitrile [22, 29-30] fall in cm -1 spectral range, with an IR intensity which varies from medium-weak to strong depending on the substituent. In benzonitrile, this band has been identified at 2230 cm -1 [31]. Kitson et al [32] reported that the Raman shift occurs at 2245 cm -1 in aliphatic nitriles, 2229 cm -1 in the case of aromatic nitriles whereas it occurs at 2225 cm -1 in conjugated nitriles and moreover, the intensity of nitrile absorption varies considerably. In nitriles containing carbon and hydrogen in addition to the nitrile group, the band is usually intense. Accordingly, in this work, the strong C N stretching peak appears at 2230 cm -1 confirms the presence of nitrile stretching in this title compound. The Raman intensity of the C N band is enhanced by the conjugation of the aromatic ring. Nevertheless, the aromatic ring stretching and deformation modes often exhibit stronger Raman intensity than the C N stretching vibration. The medium peak in FTIR at 590 cm -1 and the strong Raman peak at 150 cm -1 are assigned to C N in-plane and out-of plane bending vibrations as said in the literature [33]. In addition, Table 3.2 indicates that C-(C N) vibrations are also identified in this molecule at 1170 cm -1, 550 cm -1 and 140 cm -1 for stretching, bending (in and out plane) vibrations respectively.

12 Thermodynamic properties and Rotational constants Thermodynamaical parameters such as entropy, enthalpy, specific heat capacity, rotational constants and dipole moment are calculated in Table 3.4. The rotational constants of o-tolunitrile are calculated from HF and B3LYP methods using different basis sets. For higher basis sets the rotational constant values decreases than lower basis sets in both methods. In literature [10], the true rotational constants calculated as , and GHz which very well coincides with the values obtained by B3LYP method in this molecule. Furthermore, the Zero Point Vibrational Energy decreases as the basis set increases but it is reverse in the case of dipole moment Mulliken atomic charge Analysis The mulliken atomic charges a means of estimating partial atomic charges from calculations carried out by the methods of quantum mechanical calculations on individual atoms by different methods (HF & DFT) with different basis sets are tabulated in the Table 3.5. The nitrogen atom in CN group is more electronegative and it is connected with C 2 atom in the benzene ring. So sharing of band pair of electron takes place between C 2 and C 11. Hence, electron deficit in C 2 atom makes its charge more positive which is well agree here with the value of C 2 atom obtained from higher basis sets with HF and DFT. Besides, it is still noted from the Table 3.5 that the charge on nitrogen atom is negative and the charges of hydrogen in the methyl group has only marginal difference. The charges on the corresponding atom is shown clearly in the Fig CONCLUSION The complete vibrational analysis of o-tolunitrile was performed on the basis of Hartree Fock and, B3LYP methods with 6-311G(d) and G(d) basis sets. This analysis evaluates the geometrical parameters, force constants, true rotational constants, Total Energy Distribution (TED)and thermodynamical parameters of the title compound. The influence of methyl group and nitrile group were also discussed in this molecule. The assignments of the fundamentals are confirmed by the qualitative agreement between the calculated and observed frequencies. The following noteworthy points were observed.

13 The bond lengths of benzene ring changed in the order (C 1 C 6 ) < (C 5 C 6 ) < (C 4 C 5 ) < (C 3 C 4 ) < (C 1 C 2 ) < (C 2 C 3 ). Moreover, the addition of methyl and nitrile group in the benzene ring changes its bond angle from 120 o exactly in the substitution position. Hence, it is concluded that from the order of the bond lengths and the addition of substitutions in the benzene ring makes it little distorted form perfect hexagonal structure. The experimentally observed CH, CC and CN vibrations are in the expected range as reported in the earlier literatures. The one aromatic ring CH symmetric stretching vibration is greater than the asymmetric stretching vibration which differs from the expected value. In ortho substituted compounds, due to the presence of field effect, the lone pairs of electrons on two atoms influence each other through space interactions and change the vibrational frequencies of both the groups. This happened here also. Even though the CN stretching frequency is between the expected range as reported in earlier literatures, there is a deviation of around 30 cm -1 from its normal range. The same thing happened in methyl stretching vibrations also. The observed methyl group vibrations such as stretching and bending are coincides with the earlier literature data. However, comparing with methyl group vibration in toluene, it occurs at 2918 cm -1 and 2875 cm -1 which is lesser than the methyl vibrations that noticed here. This shifting of frequency to higher value of methyl stretching vibration is mainly due to the presence of nitrile group adjacent to methyl group which produced the field effect between them. The occurrence of C=C stretching absorption in this study confirms the aromaticity of the compound and it should be in the expected range. The rotational constants calculated experimentally by microwave spectra in the earlier literatures is exactly agree well with the theoretical calculation made in this study. The higher basis sets in HF and B3LYP method produces higher values of Mullikan charges on the respective atoms.

14 Fig.3.1. Molecular structure of o-tolunitrile with numbering of atoms

15 Fig Comparative Graph for C-C and C N bond lengths with HF and DFT methods of different basis sets

16 Fig Experimental FT-IR Spectrum of o-tolunitrile

17 Fig Experimental FT-Raman Spectrum of o-tolunitrile

18 ig Comparative spectra between experimental and calculated (unscaled) FT-IR with G(d)

19 Fig Comparative spectra between experimental and calculated (unscaled) FT-Raman with G(d)

20 Fig Comparative graph for muliken charge on individual atom of o-tolunitrile with HF and DFT for different basis sets

21 Table 3.1 Optimized Geometrical Parameters (Bond lengths and Bond Angles) of o-tolunitrile Parameters HF B3LYP 6-311G(d) G(d) 6-311G(d) G(d) Bond length (in Å) C 1 -C C 1 -C C 1 -H C 2 -C C 2 -C C 3 -C C 3 -C C 4 -C C 4 -H C 5 -C C 5 -H C 6 -H C 11 -N C 13 -H C 13 -H C 13 -H Bond angle (in degrees) C 2 -C 1 -C C 2 -C 1 -H C 6 -C 1 -H C 1 -C 2 -C C 1 -C 2 -C

22 C 3 -C 2 -C C 2 -C 3 -C C 2 -C 3 -C C 4 -C 3 -C C 3 -C 4 -C C 3 -C 4 -H C 5 -C 4 -H C 4 -C 5 -C C 4 -C 5 -H C 6 -C 5 -H C 1 -C 6 -C C 1 -C 6 -H C 5 -C 6 -H C 3 -C 13 -H C 3 -C 13 -H C 3 -C 13 -H H 14 -C 13 -H H 14 -C 13 -H H 15 -C 13 -H

23 Table 3.2 Experimental and Theoretical (HF, B3LYP) level vibrational frequencies (cm -1 ) with TED (%) of o-tolunitrile Sl. No Mode of Symmetry Experimental Frequency FT-IR FT- Raman HF B3LYP 6-311g(d) G(d) 6-311g(d) G(d) U S a U S b U S c U S d Vibrational Assignment (TED > 10%) 1. A' 3080 s CH (98) 2. A' 3070 s CH (99) 3. A' 3060 m CH (99) 4. A' 3030 m CH (99) 5. A' 2990 m CH of CH 3 (100) 6. A' 2970 m CH of CH 3 (100) 7. A' 2930 s CH of CH 3 (100) 8. A' 2230 s C N (100) 9. A' 1600 s 1600 s C=C (84) 10. A' C=C (84)

24 11. A' 1490 s C=C (76) 12. A' 1480 s C-C (83) 13. A' 1450 s CH of CH 3 (90) 14. A' 1395 s C-C (78) 15. A' 1390 s CH of CH 3 (96) 16. A' 1290 s C-C (63) 17. A' 1210 s CH (83) 18. A' 1205 m C-(CH 3 ) 19. A' 1170 m C-(C N) (87) 20. A' 1120 s CH (65) 21. A' 1110 m CH (56) 22. A 1050 s CH of CH 3 (96) 23. A' 1040 m CH (78) 24. A" 1020 m CH of CH 3 (88) 25. A" 990 m CH (83) 26. A" 950 m CH of CH 3 (89)

25 27. A" 860 m CH (90) 28. A" 820 m CH of CH 3 (85) 29. A" 750 s CH (78) 30. A 720 s CCC 31. A 710 s CCC 32. A' 590 m C N (81) 33. A 550 s (C CN) (89) 34. A" 540 s CH (80) 35. A" 460 m CCC (80) 36. A" 450 s CCC 37. A" 390 s CCC 38. A' 350 m C-CH3 (82) 39. A" 230 m CCC 40. A" 150 s C N (82) 41. A" 140 s (C CN) (80) 42. A" 110 w C-CH3 (92)

26 a Scale factor of for HF/6-311G(d); b Scale factor of for HF/ G(d); c Scale factor of for B3LYP/6-311G(d) ; d Scale factor of for B3LYP/ G(d); U-Unscaled theoretical frequency ; S-Scaled theoretical frequency; w weak, m medium, s strong; - stretching; in-plane-bending; - out-of-plane bending;

27 Table 3.3 Theoretical (HF, B3LYP) Infrared Intensity and Raman Activity of o-tolunitrile with different basis sets Sl. No. Experimental frequency HF B3LYP 6-311G(d) G(d) 6-311G(d) G(d) FT - IR FT-Raman I IR S Ra I IR S Ra I IR S Ra I IR S Ra s s m m m m s s s 1600 s

28 s s s s s s s m m s m s m m m m m

29 m s s s m s s m s s m m s s v w weak, m medium, s strong, I IR IR intensity; S Ra Raman Activity

30 Table 3.4 Theoretically computed Zero point vibrational energy (kcal mol -1 ), rotational constants (GHz), thermal energy (kcal mol -1 ), molar capacity at constant volume (cal mol -1 Kelvin -1 ), entropy (cal mol -1 Kelvin -1 ) and dipole moment (Debye) Parameter Zero Point Vibrational Energy HF B3LYP G(d) G(d) G(d) G(d) Rotational Constants Energy Molar capacity at constant volume Entropy Dipole moment

31 Table 3.5 Mulliken atomic charges of o-tolunitrile performed at HF and B3LYP methods with 6-311G(d) and G(d) basis sets Mulliken Atomic Charges Atom Number HF B3LYP G(d) G(d) G(d) G(d) C C C C C C H H H H C N C H H H