Molecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding.

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Molecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding."

Transcription

1 Molecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding.

2 Sigma and Pi Bonds: All single bonds are sigma(σ), that occur in the overlap of hybridized orbitals. Pi (π) bonds occur when parallel, unhybridized p orbitals overlap. Double bonds contain one sigma and one pi bond; triple bonds contain one sigma and two pi bonds. π bonds are weaker than the σ bonds, but because π bonds are found with σ bonds they are stronger than a single σ bond. Pi bonds also prevent rotation about the bond. Hybridization: Blending of outer bonding orbitals

3 Intermolecular Forces: London Dispersion - Weak intermolecular force, temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles. London (dispersion) forces are the forces that cause non-polar substances to condense to liquids and to freeze into solids when the temperature is low. Because of the constant motion of the electrons, an atom or molecule can develop a temporary (instantaneous) dipole when its electrons are distributed asymmetrically. Dipole-dipole - Forces occur between two polar molecules and result from the attractive forces between the positive end of one molecule and the negative end of another. Weaker than ionic or covalent bonds and have an effect only when the molecules involved are close together. Hydrogen bonds - A type of dipole-dipole attraction. The bonds between the hydrogen atom of one molecule and the nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine of another molecule are very short and cause a stronger polar. The attractions between these molecules are particularly strong. Organic Chemistry: Molecules containing carbon, with the exception of carbides (SiC), carbonates (CaCO3), and carbon oxides (CO2). Covalently bonded and allow for unique structures with long carbon chains and rings. Carbon atoms form very stable covalent bonds with one another, known as catenation. Properties of Organic Molecules: They usually have low melting points. They are usually nonpolar (unless there are functional groups). Less soluble in water compared to many inorganic salts, except certain compounds, like low weight alcohols and carboxylic acids where hydrogen bonding occurs. Do not Conduct electricity. Exist in most states of matter. Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons that corresponds to the formula CnH2n +2, where n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. All the members of the series are not reactive. However, they are combustible at high enough temperatures. The first four members of the series are gases at normal temperatures and pressures; intermediate members are liquids; and the heavier members are semi-solids or solids. Naming: Identify the longest carbon chain (Prefix before ane, ene, yne). Place double/triple bond at the lowest carbon position and put the carbon position in the name. if no multiple bond then place the most side chains at the lowest carbon bond, and identify the side chains and the carbon potion and incorporate into naming.

4 Alkenes: Chain of hydrocarbons in which a double bond exists between two carbon atoms. The general formula for the series is CnH2n, where n is the number of carbon atoms. Lower members are gases, intermediate compounds are liquids, and the higher members of the series are solids. These compounds are more chemically active and easily react with substances such as halogens, adding atoms at the double bonds.

5 Alkynes:contain a triple bond between two carbon atoms in the molecule. They are very active chemically and are not found in nature. Follow the formula CnH2n-2 Cyclical Hydrocarbons: a series of carbon atoms are connected together to form a loop or ring. Cyclic structures are more reactive than their linear counterparts. Follow CnH2n. Aromatic Structures: All aromatic compounds are based on benzene, C6H6, which has a ring of six carbon atoms, with alternating double bonded carbon structures, that resonate.

6 Functional Groups: Alcohols: The hydroxyl group ( OH) found in alcohols makes alcohols more soluble in polar solvents than the hydrocarbon from which they were derived and also increases the boiling point due to hydrogen bonding formed between the alcohol molecules. When naming alcohols, remove the ending of the hydrocarbon and replace with ol

7 Carboxylic Acids: The functional group of an organic acid is known as a carboxyl group ( COOH). Carboxylic acids are weak acids. To name organic acids, replace the ending with -oic acid Amides:Amides are commonly formed from the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an amine which forms peptide bonds between amino acids. Amides can participate in hydrogen bonding as hydrogen bond acceptors and donors, but do not ionize in aqueous solution. Amide formation plays a role in the synthesis of some condensation polymers, such as nylon and Kevlar. For amides with an NH2 group, name the parent carboxylic acid, drop the oic acid and add amide. For amides with a substituted nitrogen, name the alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen, then name the parent acid, drop the oic acid and add amide. Amines: Amines are organic bases. The R groups can be hydrogen atoms or hydrocarbon groups. To name an amine, use the name of the hydrocarbon group followed by amine all written as a single word.

8 Aldehydes:Aldehydes contain a carbonyl group (C = O) to which one hydrogen is attached and the carbonyl group must be attached to the last carbon of the chain. To name an aldehyde, add the suffix -al. Keytones: Ketones have a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to an carbon atom. Ketones are commonly used as organic solvents due to their polarity. To name ketones, replace the ending of the molecule with the suffix -one and use a number to indicate the position of the carbonyl group in the molecule.

9 Esters: Esters are commonly formed as the product of a condensation reaction between an acid (usually an organic acid) and an alcohol (or phenol compound). Condensation reactions occur when two molecules are joined together and eliminate a small molecule, e.g., H2O. A condensation reaction to form an ester is called esterification. To name esters, use the name of the group derived from the alcohol followed by the name of the group derived from the acid, end with -oate Ethers: Ethers are formed by the condensation reaction between two alcohols. To name ethers, place the names (in alphabetical order) of the two R groups before the word ether Isomers:

10 Chain Isomers: Positional Isomers: Functional Isomers: Geometric Isomers:

11 Optical Isomers: enantiomers occur with the creation of non-superimposable mirror images of each other. which only occur when two of the bonds are switched. Polymers Reactions Addition: transformation of a many double bonded molecules into an longer singlebonded carbon chain. Vinyl Chloride -> PVC Condensation: the linking of two monomers together to create a new organic polymer and a waste molecule of water

Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry

Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry The study of carbon compounds constitutes a separate branch of chemistry known as organic chemistry The

More information

ORGANIC - EGE 5E CH. 2 - COVALENT BONDING AND CHEMICAL REACTIVITY

ORGANIC - EGE 5E CH. 2 - COVALENT BONDING AND CHEMICAL REACTIVITY !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: HYBRID ORBITAL THEORY The Aufbau Principle states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy. If carbon has only two unfilled orbitals, why does it like to

More information

ORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups

ORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups ORGANIC MOLECULES (LIVE) 10 APRIL 2015 Section A: Summary Notes and Examples Naming and Functional Groups Important Features of Carbon There are different allotropes (same element, same phase, different

More information

Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline

Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline Slide 2 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of and its compounds. The major sources of carbon are the fossil fuels: petroleum, natural gas,

More information

Organic and Biochemical Molecules. 1. Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.

Organic and Biochemical Molecules. 1. Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. Organic and Biochemical Molecules 1. Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. 2. A compound is said to be saturated if it contains only singly bonded carbons. Such hydrocarbons

More information

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH 03SEP 18:00 19:00 ORGANIC MOLECULES STUDY NOTES ORGANIC MOLECULES Important features of Carbon Carbon has a valency of 4 (can form 4 bonds), and has 4 valence electrons (outermost energy level). Carbon

More information

QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry. QuickTime and a are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry. QuickTime and a are needed to see this picture. QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry Has

More information

Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry

Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry Organic Chemistry The chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon has the ability to form long chains. Without this property, large biomolecules such as proteins,

More information

Chapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds

Chapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds Chapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds 1 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Organic compounds are carbon compounds and there are over a million. The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons and they are composed of hydrogen

More information

Naming Organic Halides. Properties of Organic Halides

Naming Organic Halides. Properties of Organic Halides Organic Compounds Organic Halides A hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms Freons (chlorofluorocarbons) in refrigeration and air conditioning Teflon (polytetrafluoroethane)

More information

Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes

Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons generally fall into 2 general groupings, aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons contain chains and rings of hydrocarbons,

More information

Hydrocarbons and their Functional Groups

Hydrocarbons and their Functional Groups Hydrocarbons and their Functional Groups Organic chemistry is the study of compounds in which carbon is the principal element. carbon atoms form four bonds long chains, rings, spheres, sheets, and tubes

More information

MSC. ISMAIL M.ALI DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEEING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TIKRIT UNIVERSITY

MSC. ISMAIL M.ALI DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEEING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TIKRIT UNIVERSITY LECTURE 1 SYLLABUS FOR FIRST CLASS 2013-2014 MSC. ISMAIL M.ALI DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEEING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TIKRIT UNIVERSITY MANDATORY CLASS: 1ST ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CH 122 Teaching scheme:

More information

CHAPTER 2: Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules

CHAPTER 2: Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules 1 HAPTER 2: Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules Atomic Orbitals A. What are atomic orbitals? Atomic orbitals are defined by special mathematical functions called wavefunctions-- (x, y, z). Wavefunction,

More information

video 14.4 isomers isomers Isomers have the molecular formula but are rearranged in a structure with different properties. Example: Both C 4 H 10

video 14.4 isomers isomers Isomers have the molecular formula but are rearranged in a structure with different properties. Example: Both C 4 H 10 video 14.4 isomers isomers Isomers have the molecular formula but are rearranged in a structure with different properties. Example: Both C 4 H 10 Butane Methylpropane 1 match the isomers drawing an isomer

More information

Electronegativity Scale F > O > Cl, N > Br > C, H

Electronegativity Scale F > O > Cl, N > Br > C, H Organic Chem Chapter 12 Alkanes Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Carbon has several properties that are worth discussing: Tetravalent Always forms 4 bonds Can form multiple bonds (double

More information

Chapter 9. Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds. Organic Chemistry

Chapter 9. Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds. Organic Chemistry Chapter 9 Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of carbon compounds. Of tens of millions of known chemical compounds,

More information

Lecture 2. The framework to build materials and understand properties

Lecture 2. The framework to build materials and understand properties Lecture 2 The framework to build materials and understand properties 1 Trees are made into a solid materials/structures in an environment that consists of small molecules: CO 2, N 2, H 2 0, CH 4 O C 2.58Ǻ

More information

Chapter 25. Organic and Biological Chemistry. Organic and

Chapter 25. Organic and Biological Chemistry. Organic and Chapter 25 Calculate grade: (Add exam1 - exam 4 scores)x1.5 Add 7 best quizzes (each quiz is worth 29) Gives you the # points you have so far. Final (worth 200 points) Grades: 800-4 750-3.5 700-3 650-2.5

More information

Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes

Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons Section 1 Objectives: Explain the terms organic compound and organic chemistry. Section 21.2 Alkanes Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes

More information

4. Carbon and Its Compounds

4. Carbon and Its Compounds 4. Carbon and Its Compounds Covalent bonds The bonds formed by the sharing of electrons are known as covalent bonds. In covalent bonding, both the atoms (that are participating in the bonding) share electrons,

More information

Worksheet Chapter 10: Organic chemistry glossary

Worksheet Chapter 10: Organic chemistry glossary Worksheet 10.1 Chapter 10: Organic chemistry glossary Addition elimination reaction A reaction in which two molecules combine with the release of a small molecule, often water. This type of reaction is

More information

Drawing Hydrocarbons. Classifying Hydrocarbons. Four types of diagrams can be used to represent the structure of a hydrocarbon: e.g.

Drawing Hydrocarbons. Classifying Hydrocarbons. Four types of diagrams can be used to represent the structure of a hydrocarbon: e.g. Classifying Hydrocarbons alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C s have H s attached, molecules are called hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC bonds alkenes & alkynes

More information

Chapter 8 Chemical Bonding

Chapter 8 Chemical Bonding Chapter 8 Chemical Bonding Types of Bonds Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Shapes of Molecules 8-1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Table 8.1 Two

More information

Organic Chemistry SL IB CHEMISTRY SL

Organic Chemistry SL IB CHEMISTRY SL Organic Chemistry SL IB CHEMISTRY SL 10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry Understandings: A homologous series is a series of compounds of the same family, with the same general formula, which differ

More information

Unit 5: Organic Chemistry

Unit 5: Organic Chemistry Unit 5: Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry: discipline in chemistry focussing strictly on the study of hydrocarbons compounds made up of carbon & hydrogen Organic compounds can contain other elements

More information

Topic 10.1: Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Notes

Topic 10.1: Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Notes Topic 10.1: Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Notes Terminology Hydrocarbon: compounds that contain mostly hydrogen and carbon Homologous Series: compounds with the same general formula Molecular Formula:

More information

Hydrocarbons. Chapter 22-23

Hydrocarbons. Chapter 22-23 Chapter 22-23 Hydrocarbons Organic Compounds All Carbon containing compounds Except carbon oxides, carbides, and carbonates which are inorganic. CO & CO2 Na4C CaCO3 +8 oxidation change CH 4 + O 2 CO 2

More information

Organic Chemistry. A. Introduction

Organic Chemistry. A. Introduction Organic Chemistry A. Introduction 1. Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of CARBON compounds. There are a huge number of organic compounds. This results from the fact that carbon forms chains

More information

The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry By Ball, Hill and Scott Download PDF at https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/bookdetail.aspx?bookid=40 Page 5 Chapter 1 Chemistry, Matter, and Measurement

More information

Chapter 4. An Introduction to Organic Compounds

Chapter 4. An Introduction to Organic Compounds Chapter 4 An Introduction to Organic Compounds Chapter 4 Educational Goals 1. Given the formula of a molecule, the student will be able to draw the line bond structure. 2. Understand and construct condensed

More information

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Families of Organic Compounds Organic compounds can be grouped into families by their common structural features We shall survey the nature of the compounds in a tour of the families

More information

Chemistry 11 Hydrocarbon Alkane Notes. In this unit, we will be primarily focusing on the chemistry of carbon compounds, also known as.

Chemistry 11 Hydrocarbon Alkane Notes. In this unit, we will be primarily focusing on the chemistry of carbon compounds, also known as. 1 Chemistry 11 Hydrocarbon Alkane Notes In this unit, we will be primarily focusing on the chemistry of carbon compounds, also known as. Why is organic chemistry so important? Many of the compounds that

More information

Chapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds. Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons

Chapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds. Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons Chapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons Reactions of Alkanes Single bonds (C-C) are strong and very hard to break, therefore these compounds are relatively unreactive

More information

CHAPTER 2. Structure and Reactivity: Acids and Bases, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules

CHAPTER 2. Structure and Reactivity: Acids and Bases, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules CHAPTER 2 Structure and Reactivity: Acids and Bases, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules 2-1 Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Simple Chemical Processes Chemical thermodynamics: Is concerned with the extent that

More information

PSI Chemistry. 3) How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 8

PSI Chemistry. 3) How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 8 Organic Chemistry HW PSI Chemistry Name I - Organic Introduction 1) Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of A) functional groups. B) vital forces interacting with matter. C) carbon compounds.

More information

Alkanes 3/27/17. Hydrocarbons: Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon only. Aliphatic (means fat ) - Open chain Aromatic - ring. Alkane Alkene Alkyne

Alkanes 3/27/17. Hydrocarbons: Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon only. Aliphatic (means fat ) - Open chain Aromatic - ring. Alkane Alkene Alkyne Alkanes EQ 1. How will I define Hydrocarbons? 2. Compare and contrast the 3 types of hydrocarbons (Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes). Hydrocarbons: Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon only. Aliphatic (means

More information

Organic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon.

Organic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. In this chapter we will discuss the structural features of organic molecules, nomenclature, and a

More information

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Anthracite alkanes arene alkenes aromatic compounds alkyl group asymmetric carbon Alkynes benzene 1a

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Anthracite alkanes arene alkenes aromatic compounds alkyl group asymmetric carbon Alkynes benzene 1a Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Anthracite alkanes arene alkenes aromatic compounds alkyl group asymmetric carbon Alkynes benzene 1a Hard coal, which is high in carbon content any straight-chain or branched-chain

More information

FAMILIES of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

FAMILIES of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1 SCH4U October 2016 Organic Chemistry Chemistry of compounds that contain carbon (except: CO, CO 2, HCN, CO 3 - ) Carbon is covalently bonded to another carbon, hydrogen and possibly to oxygen, a halogen

More information

Organic Chemistry 112 A B C - Syllabus Addendum for Prospective Teachers

Organic Chemistry 112 A B C - Syllabus Addendum for Prospective Teachers Chapter Organic Chemistry 112 A B C - Syllabus Addendum for Prospective Teachers Ch 1-Structure and bonding Ch 2-Polar covalent bonds: Acids and bases McMurry, J. (2004) Organic Chemistry 6 th Edition

More information

Chemistry 201. MW 12pm 1:15pm Examination #1 July 20 th Bronco ID. Question Score Possible Points. 1 (17pts) 2 (28pts) 3 (14pts) 4...

Chemistry 201. MW 12pm 1:15pm Examination #1 July 20 th Bronco ID. Question Score Possible Points. 1 (17pts) 2 (28pts) 3 (14pts) 4... Chemistry 201 MW 12pm 1:15pm Examination #1 July 20 th 2016 Name Bronco ID. Question Score Possible Points 1 (17pts) 2 (28pts) 3 (14pts) 4... (22pts) 5 (19pts). Total (100pts) 1. Read each question carefully.

More information

Classifying Hydrocarbons

Classifying Hydrocarbons Classifying Hydrocarbons alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C s have H s attached, molecules are called saturated hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C double bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC triple

More information

AP Chemistry Chapter 22 - Organic and Biological Molecules

AP Chemistry Chapter 22 - Organic and Biological Molecules AP Chemistry Chapter - Organic and Biological Molecules.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons A. Straight-chain Hydrocarbons 1. Straight-chain alkanes have the formula C n H n+. Carbons are sp hybridized The

More information

CHEMISTRY - TRO 4E CH.21 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.

CHEMISTRY - TRO 4E CH.21 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. !! www.clutchprep.com TOPI: ORGANI EMISTRY Organic hemistry is the study of carbon and the other common nonmetals it is connected to:,, &. Some organic molecules are made of just carbons and hydrogens

More information

Aside on Chapter 22, Organic Chemistry. Why is organic chemistry important:

Aside on Chapter 22, Organic Chemistry. Why is organic chemistry important: Aside on Chapter 22, Organic Chemistry Why is organic chemistry important: 1) Materials 2) Energy (oil & coal) 3) Human health a) diagnosis b) treatment (drugs) 4) A drug development logic progression

More information

Objectives. Organic molecules. Carbon. Hydrocarbon Properties. Organic Chemistry Introduction. Organic versus Hydrocarbon 1/1/17

Objectives. Organic molecules. Carbon. Hydrocarbon Properties. Organic Chemistry Introduction. Organic versus Hydrocarbon 1/1/17 Objectives Organic Chemistry Introduction 8.1 To determine the properties of organic molecules and recognize a hydrocarbon. Use table P and Q to write structural and molecular formulas for hydrocarbons.

More information

Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry

Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry covered by A-Level Chemistry products Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry 1.1 The mole concept and Avogadro s constant 1.1.1 Apply the mole concept to substances. Moles and Formulae 1.1.2 Determine the number

More information

ORGANIC - BROWN 8E CH.1 - COVALENT BONDING AND SHAPES OF MOLECULES

ORGANIC - BROWN 8E CH.1 - COVALENT BONDING AND SHAPES OF MOLECULES !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY? Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of life. It consists of the study of molecules that are (typically) created and used by biological systems.

More information

Chapter 2: An Introduction to Organic Compounds

Chapter 2: An Introduction to Organic Compounds Chapter : An Introduction to Organic Compounds I. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: Functional groups with similar structure/reactivity may be "grouped" together. A. Functional Groups With Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds.

More information

12.1 The Nature of Organic molecules

12.1 The Nature of Organic molecules 12.1 The Nature of Organic molecules Organic chemistry: : The chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is tetravalent; it always form four bonds. Prentice Hall 2003 Chapter One 2 Organic molecules have covalent

More information

Organic Chemistry. Introduction to Organic Chemistry 01/03/2018. Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry. Introduction to Organic Chemistry 01/03/2018. Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Chemistry 30 Ms. Hayduk Introduction to Organic Chemistry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9r1dmhh2m0 Organic Chemistry Study of compounds that contain carbon as the main element Relevant

More information

Unit 6: Molecular Geometry

Unit 6: Molecular Geometry Unit 6: Molecular Geometry Molecular Geometry [6-5] the polarity of each bond, along with the geometry of the molecule determines Molecular Polarity. To predict the geometries of more complicated molecules,

More information

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: ALKANES

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: ALKANES P a g e 1 Chapter 12 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: ALKANES Organic chemistry: The study of carbon compounds. Carbon is tetravalent; it always forms four bonds. Organic molecules have covalent bonds.

More information

3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes 3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 6 th edition, Chapter 3 2003 Ronald Kluger Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 1 Families of Organic Compounds!

More information

5. Solve the following a) What energy is required to heat 55.5 g of carbon from -10 C to 47 C (Carbon = 0.71 J/g C)

5. Solve the following a) What energy is required to heat 55.5 g of carbon from -10 C to 47 C (Carbon = 0.71 J/g C) ANSWERS Ch.10 - Energy 1. How is the concept of energy defined? The ability to do work 2. What does temperature measure? The average kinetic energy of particles in a sample of matter; the lowest temperature

More information

Chemistry Review - Vocabulary

Chemistry Review - Vocabulary Name Topic 1 - Atomic Concepts atom atomic number atomic mass electron valence electrons excited state ground state isotope mass number neutron orbital proton shell wave-mechanical model quanta spectra

More information

Chapter 22. Organic and Biological Molecules

Chapter 22. Organic and Biological Molecules Chapter 22 Organic and Biological Molecules The Bonding of Carbon Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. Because carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds, the following

More information

Functional Groups SCH4C

Functional Groups SCH4C Functional Groups With the huge number of organic compounds in existence, it would be very difficult for you to memorize the properties of each compound separately. Fortunately the compounds fall into

More information

Chapter 2 Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules. Advanced Bonding: Review

Chapter 2 Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules. Advanced Bonding: Review hapter 2 Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules hemistry 231 Organic hemistry I Fall 2007 Advanced Bonding: Review Atomic Quantum Mechanics cannot explain how molecules like 4 form: Valence Bond

More information

CHEMISTRY Matter and Change

CHEMISTRY Matter and Change CHEMISTRY Matter and Change CHAPTER 21 Table Of Contents Section Section Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes Section Section 21.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons Explainthe terms organic compound

More information

Unit 12 Organic Chemistry

Unit 12 Organic Chemistry Unit 12 Organic Chemistry Day 138 5/5/14 QOD: What is Organic Chemistry? Do Now: True or false? 1. Electrochemical cells generate electricity. 2. Electrons flow from left to right in a battery. 3. Redox

More information

Bio-elements. Living organisms requires only 27 of the 90 common chemical elements found in the crust of the earth, to be as its essential components.

Bio-elements. Living organisms requires only 27 of the 90 common chemical elements found in the crust of the earth, to be as its essential components. Bio-elements Living organisms requires only 27 of the 90 common chemical elements found in the crust of the earth, to be as its essential components. Most of the chemical components of living organisms

More information

Learning Organic Chemistry

Learning Organic Chemistry Objective 1 Represent organic molecules with chemical formulas, expanded formulas, Lewis structures, skeletal structures. Determine shape (VSEPR), bond polarity, and molecule polarity. Identify functional

More information

Chapter 12: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Chapter 12: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Chapter 12: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds. Alkenes C=C double bonds Alkynes triple bonds Aromatics benzene rings 1 2 NAMING ALKENES Step 1: Name

More information

Alkyl phenyl ketones are usually named by adding the acyl group as prefix to phenone.

Alkyl phenyl ketones are usually named by adding the acyl group as prefix to phenone. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones Aldehydes: Often called by their common names instead of IUPAC names. Ketones: Derived by naming two alkyl or aryl groups bonded

More information

Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry

Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry Organic Chemistry The chemistry of carbon compounds. What s special about carbon? Ø tetravalent (sp 3 hybridization) Ø wide choice in oxidation states Ø CO 2

More information

DAMIETTA UNIVERSITY. Energy Diagram of One-Step Exothermic Reaction

DAMIETTA UNIVERSITY. Energy Diagram of One-Step Exothermic Reaction DAMIETTA UNIVERSITY CHEM-103: BASIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURE 5 Dr Ali El-Agamey 1 Energy Diagram of One-Step Exothermic Reaction The vertical axis in this graph represents the potential energy. The transition

More information

Straight. C C bonds are sp 3 hybridized. Butane, C 4 H 10 H 3 C

Straight. C C bonds are sp 3 hybridized. Butane, C 4 H 10 H 3 C Hydrocarbons Straight Chain Alkanes aren t Straight C C bonds are sp 3 hybridized Butane, C 4 H 10 Structural Shorthand Explicit hydrogens (those required to complete carbon s valence) are usually left

More information

Dr. Mohamed El-Newehy

Dr. Mohamed El-Newehy By Dr. Mohamed El-Newehy Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/melnewehy Aldehydes and Ketones 1 Structure of Aldehydes and Ketones - Aldehydes and ketones

More information

Explain how the structure and bonding of carbon lead to the diversity and number of organic compounds.

Explain how the structure and bonding of carbon lead to the diversity and number of organic compounds. Section 1 Organic ompounds Objectives Explain how the structure and bonding of carbon lead to the diversity and number of organic compounds. ompare the use of molecular and structural formulas to represent

More information

Wave Properties of Electrons. Chapter 2 Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules. Wave Interactions. Sigma Bonding

Wave Properties of Electrons. Chapter 2 Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules. Wave Interactions. Sigma Bonding rganic hemistry, 5 th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. hapter 2 Structure and Properties of rganic Molecules Jo Blackburn Richland ollege, Dallas, TX Dallas ounty ommunity ollege District 2003, Prentice all Wave

More information

1. Which compound would you expect to have the lowest boiling point? A) NH 2 B) NH 2

1. Which compound would you expect to have the lowest boiling point? A) NH 2 B) NH 2 MULTIPLE CICE QUESTINS Topic: Intermolecular forces 1. Which compound would you expect to have the lowest boiling point? A) N 2 B) N 2 C) N D) E) N Ans: : N 2 D Topic: Molecular geometry, dipole moment

More information

ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS

ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS Alcohols contain an OH group connected to a a saturated C (sp3) They are important solvents and synthesis intermediates Phenols contain an OH group connected to

More information

CHEMISTRY 1A Fall 2010 Final Exam Key

CHEMISTRY 1A Fall 2010 Final Exam Key CHEMISTRY 1A Fall 2010 Final Exam Key YOU MIGHT FIND THE FOLLOWING USEFUL; 0.008314 kj H E ( n)rt R = K mol 0.00418 kj q C cal m w T g C H rxn = H f (products) H f (reactants) Electronegativities H 2.2

More information

Lecture 2. The framework to build materials and understand properties

Lecture 2. The framework to build materials and understand properties Lecture 2 The framework to build materials and understand properties 1 Trees are made into a solid materials/structures in an environment that consists of small molecules: C 2, N 2, H 2 0, CH 4 C 2.58Ǻ?

More information

Unit 7 ~ Learning Guide Name:

Unit 7 ~ Learning Guide Name: Unit 7 ~ Learning Guide : Instructions: Using a pencil, complete the following notes as you work through the related lessons. Show ALL work as is explained in the lessons. You are required to have this

More information

1. (8 pts) Circle the formula (only one) that best fits each of the following descriptions:

1. (8 pts) Circle the formula (only one) that best fits each of the following descriptions: 1. (8 pts) Circle the formula (only one) that best fits each of the following descriptions: a. largest radius 2 b. stronger acid (first ionization) HN 3 H 3 P 4 H 2 S 4 c. largest radius N 3 2 F e. highest

More information

Chapter 2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Introduction to Hydrocarbons

Chapter 2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Introduction to Hydrocarbons Chapter 2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Introduction to Hydrocarbons 2.1 Classes of Hydrocarbons Classes of Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons only contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbons are either classed

More information

3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry

3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 3.1 Introduction to Organic hemistry Organic hemistry is the study of carbon chemistry as carbon has the ability to join together in chains, rings, balls etc. arbon also joins with other elements easily

More information

Detailed Course Content

Detailed Course Content Detailed Course Content Chapter 1: Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds The Structural Theory of Organic Chemistry 4 Chemical Bonds: The Octet Rule 6 Lewis Structures 8 Formal Charge 11 Resonance 14 Quantum

More information

An alcohol is a compound obtained by substituting a hydoxyl group ( OH) for an H atom on a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon group.

An alcohol is a compound obtained by substituting a hydoxyl group ( OH) for an H atom on a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon group. Derivatives of Hydrocarbons A functional group is a reactive portion of a molecule that undergoes predictable reactions. All other organic compounds can be considered as derivatives of hydrocarbons (i.e.,

More information

CHEM 261 HOME WORK Lecture Topics: MODULE 1: The Basics: Bonding and Molecular Structure Text Sections (N0 1.9, 9-11) Homework: Chapter 1:

CHEM 261 HOME WORK Lecture Topics: MODULE 1: The Basics: Bonding and Molecular Structure Text Sections (N0 1.9, 9-11) Homework: Chapter 1: CHEM 261 HOME WORK Lecture Topics: MODULE 1: The Basics: Bonding and Molecular Structure Atomic Structure - Valence Electrons Chemical Bonds: The Octet Rule - Ionic bond - Covalent bond How to write Lewis

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE 2 points each

MULTIPLE CHOICE 2 points each Name: Date: Score: / 110 Chapter 1/ TEST 1 OPEN BOOK KEY Organic Chemistry MULTIPLE CHOICE 2 points each 1. An atom of which element would have an electron configuration of 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1? a.

More information

- aromatic hydrocarbons carbon atoms connected in a planar ring structure, joined by σ and π bonds between carbon atoms

- aromatic hydrocarbons carbon atoms connected in a planar ring structure, joined by σ and π bonds between carbon atoms hapter 25: The histry of Life: rganic and Biological hemistry - organic chemistry the study of carbon compounds - biochemistry the stuyd of the chemistry of living species 1.1 Introduction to ydrocarbons

More information

Cartoon courtesy of NearingZero.net. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Cartoon courtesy of NearingZero.net. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Cartoon courtesy of NearingZero.net Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Chemical Bonds Forces that hold groups of atoms together and make them function as a unit. 3 Major Types: Ionic bonds transfer

More information

HONORS: Naming Organic Compounds

HONORS: Naming Organic Compounds HONORS: Naming Organic Compounds Organic chemistry centers around the element carbon. Hydrocarbons (compounds made of the elements hydrogen and carbon are the basic building foundation of organic chemistry.

More information

Organic Chemistry. 2 nd Stage Pharmacy/ Undergraduate

Organic Chemistry. 2 nd Stage Pharmacy/ Undergraduate Organic Chemistry 2 nd Stage Pharmacy/ Undergraduate Time of Lectures: Saturday; 8:30-11:30 am Instructor: Wrya O. Karim University email: wrya.karim@univsul.edu.iq Personal email: wrya.othman49@gmail.com

More information

Ionic and Covalent Bonding

Ionic and Covalent Bonding 1. Define the following terms: a) valence electrons Ionic and Covalent Bonding the electrons in the highest occupied energy level always electrons in the s and p orbitals maximum of 8 valence electrons

More information

Carbon Bonding Isomers Naming Reference Tables Functional Groups. Reactions

Carbon Bonding Isomers Naming Reference Tables Functional Groups. Reactions arbon Bonding Isomers Naming Reference Tables Functional Groups 2 Reactions Not electrolytes; they do not generally conduct electricity. Low melting points; they are nonpolar with weak forces of attraction.

More information

Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and Ketones Reading Chapter 12: 12.1-12.3, 12.6-12.9 Practice problems: in text problems and 19, 21-24, 28 Carbonyl Compounds II: Reactions of More Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives The Structure of 1 The Structure

More information

BIOB111_CHBIO - Tutorial activity for Session 10. Conceptual multiple choice questions:

BIOB111_CHBIO - Tutorial activity for Session 10. Conceptual multiple choice questions: BIOB111_CHBIO - Tutorial activity for Session 10 General Topics for Session 10 Week 5 Properties of the functional groups and examples. Amines, amides and Esters Physical properties and chemical reactions:

More information

Organic Chemistry. FAMILIES of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Organic Chemistry. FAMILIES of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1 SCH4U September 2017 Organic Chemistry Is the chemistry of compounds that contain carbon (except: CO, CO 2, HCN, CO 3 2- ) Carbon is covalently bonded to another carbon, hydrogen and possibly to oxygen,

More information

Molecular Structure and Bonding- 2. Assis.Prof.Dr.Mohammed Hassan Lecture 3

Molecular Structure and Bonding- 2. Assis.Prof.Dr.Mohammed Hassan Lecture 3 Molecular Structure and Bonding- 2 Assis.Prof.Dr.Mohammed Hassan Lecture 3 Hybridization of atomic orbitals Orbital hybridization was proposed to explain the geometry of polyatomic molecules. Covalent

More information

Section 1 Compounds and Molecules

Section 1 Compounds and Molecules CHAPTER OUTLINE Section 1 Compounds and Molecules Key Idea questions > What holds a compound together? > How can the structure of chemical compounds be shown? > What determines the properties of a compound?

More information

2FAMILIES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS:

2FAMILIES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS: P1: PBU/VY P2: PBU/VY Q: PBU/VY T1: PBU Printer: Bind Rite JWL338-02 JWL338-Solomons-v1 April 23, 2010 21:49 2AMILIES ARB MPUDS: UTIAL GRUPS, ITERMLEULAR RES, AD IRARED (IR) SPETRSPY SLUTIS T PRBLEMS 2.1

More information

Classes of Organic Compounds

Classes of Organic Compounds Unit 1 Functional Groups Depicting Structures of rganic ompounds Lewis Structures ondensed structural formulas Line angle drawings 3-dimensional structures Resonance Structures Acid-Base Reactions urved

More information

Organic Chemistry. Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups

Organic Chemistry. Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups For updated version, please click on http://ocw.ump.edu.my Organic Chemistry Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups by Dr. Seema Zareen & Dr. Izan Izwan Misnon Faculty Industrial Science

More information

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has developed a system of rules for naming organic molecules.

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has developed a system of rules for naming organic molecules. HYDRCARBNS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES The field of organic chemistry includes the study of hydrocarbons (compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bonded together) and their derivatives (variations

More information

Organic Chemistry. Unit 10

Organic Chemistry. Unit 10 Organic Chemistry Unit 10 Halides Primary Carbons Secondary Carbons Tertiary Carbons IMPORTANCE?? REACTIONS!! Benzene C6H6 Aromatic functional group - C6H5 (IUPAC name - phenyl) Substitution Reactions

More information