Norbert Kučerka. Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna

Transcription

1 Norbert Kučerka Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna

2 Neutron Sources Idea and History of Pulsed Reactor IBR Spectrometers at IBR-2M User Program at Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics Condensed Matter Research

3 Historical Overview 1903 Antoine H. Becquerel & Pierre Curie & Maria Skłodowska-Curie radiation phenomena 1917 Ernest Rutherford splitting the atom in a nuclear reaction 1932 James Chadwick - discovery of neutron 1932 John Cockcroft & Ernest Walton controlled split of nucleus 1933 Leó Szilárd the idea of nuclear chain reaction 1937 Glenn T. Seaborg concept of nuclear spallation 1942 Enrico Fermi the first artificial nuclear reactor Chicago Pile National Research experimental reactor 1949/ National Research Universal reactor Ernest O. Lawrence the first spallation source Materials Testing Accelerator 1955 Dimitry I. Blokhintsev the idea of pulsed reactor 1957/ Ilya M. Frank & Fyodor L. Shapiro the pulsed reactor IBR, IBR / / IBR-2, IBR-2M 1997/2006-present Spallation Neutron Source operational 2009/2019-future European Spallation Source constructing p.3

4 Fission (1933) vs. Spallation (1937) Neutron (1932) Sources Reactors (1942) vs. Accelerators (1951) Inefficient use of neutrons produced in stationary reactors due to monochromators (acceptance~1%) choppers in Time-of-Flight methods Complex systems at spallation sources National Research Universal (1957) reactor at Chalk River, ON Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge, TN (2006) p.4

5 Idea of IBR (Импульсный Быстрый Реактор) in 1955 The idea of the pulsed fast reactor of neutrons belongs to russian scientist Dimitry Ivanovich Blokhintsev Institute of Physics and Power Engineering in Obninsk, Russia Why not fix a part of the reactor active zone on a rim of the disk so that at each revolution this part passes near the stationary zone and creates a supercritical mass for a short time? p.5

6 Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics in World s first reactor of a new type built in 3 years at the FLNP directed by Nobel Laureate Ilya Mikhailovich Frank and under the guidance of Fyodor Lvovich Shapiro June 23, start-up operation power of 1kW upgraded to 6kW 1958 Nobel Prize in physics to p.6 I.M.Frank and I.Ye.Tamm for a theoretical explanation of the Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation ( )

7 High Flux Pulsed Reactor IBR-2 in / IBR-2 operating at 2 MW while designed for 4 MW operates from 1984 modernization of all components IBR-2M service life untill 2037 p.7

8 IBR-2M Parameters p.8

9 Neutron Sources Around the World Report of a technical meeting held in Vienna, May 2004, IAEA-TECDOC-1439 (2005) p.9

10 Suite of Spectrometers p.10

11 User Program in 2014 materials science 26% Other 1% applied science 4% geosciences 5% biology, biophysics 7% chemistry 10% physics 47% p.11 Russian Federation Azerbaijan Bulgaria Belarus Czech Republic France Germany JINR Hungary Latvia Mongolia Romania Poland Slovakia Spain Ukraine Vietnam

12 Advantages of Neutrons Charge: ==> deep penetration into matter Magnetic Moment: ==> the world smallest magnetometer Scattering Power: ==> sensitivity to light elements ==> sensitivity to isotope exchange p.12

13 Diffraction p.13

14 Real-Time Studies of Li-Based Accumulators p.14 HRFD : Bobrikov I.A., Balagurov A.M. et al. J of Power Sources 258 (2014) Real-time monitoring of transition processes during charge-discharge cycles revealed 10% increase of LiC 6 phase in anode when cathode was doped with vanadium oxide, which correlates with better electrochemical properties.

15 Hydrogen-Assisted Phase Transition in MgNi 2 H 3 Magnesium-based alloys and composite materials containing magnesium dihydride (MgH 2 ) are important hydrogen and energy storage materials neutron diffractometer DN-2 DN-2 : V.A. Yartys, V.E. Antonov, A.I. Beskrovnyy et al. Acta Materialia 82 (2015) p.15 Neutron diffraction reveals the positions of D atoms in structure

16 Railway Wheel Steel: Crystallographic Texture Changes Studying the textures in railway wheel helps to improve technologies in steel industry SKAT - texture diffractometer (operated by GEOMAR Kiel, Germany) T. Lychagina, D. Nikolayev, A. Sanin, J. Tatarko, & K. Ullemeyer J. Phys. (2014) Strain Measurement on a Granite Sample The EPSILON Strain-Diffractometer (operated by KIT Karlsruhe, Germany) Investigations on geological samples help a better understanding of deformation processes, which take place in rocks under conditions of the Earth's upper crust, and during the Earth quakes Scheffzük, Ch., Zang, A., Stephansson, O., Ullemeyer, K. & Schilling, F.R. Sweden. J. Phys. (2014) p.16

17 Small Angle Scattering p.17

18 Structural Organization of Detonation NanoDiamonds TNT Fluorescent chips Electronics Local therapy MRI Hexogen Fractal Analysis of Small Angle Neutron Scattering reveals continuous spatial transition of carbon states in DND liquid dispersions from crystalline diamond inside particles to graphite-like state on surface M.V. Avdeev, V.L. Aksenov, O.V. Tomchuk, et al. p.18 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 25 (2013) O.V. Tomchuk, D.S. Volkov, L.A. Bulavin, A.V. Rogachev, et al. J Phys Chem C 119 (2015)

19 p(r), a. u. I(0) (cm -1 ) Interactions of Nanoparticles with Bio-Macromolecules Magnetoferritin Loading factor (LF) ferrihydrite L Small Angle Neutron Scattering suggests a partial disassembling of the appoferritin shell due to the increasing content of the magnetic (iron oxides) material 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1, MF LF 160 MF LF 510 MF LF 766 0, MFer mg/ml LA 2 mg/ml LA + MFer 532 ratio 1: r, nm Destroy of amyloids Instability of protein shell -0,2 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 SAXS experiments indicate the destroying effect of Mfer on lysozyme amyloid fibrils with the effect increasing with the loading factor. L. Melníková, V.I. Petrenko, M.V. Avdeev, et al. p.19 Colloids and Surfaces B 123 (2014) P.Kopcansky, K.Siposova, L.Melnikova, et al. J of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 377 (2015) 0,0

20 Reflectometry p.20

21 Structural Study of TiN Hardening Coatings Reflection coefficients obtained by neutron and X-ray reflectometry and the scattering length density profile obtained from the experimental data for the TiN(36nm)/Si system. courtesy of Dr. D.P. Kozlenko p.21

22 Neutron Activation Analysis p.22

23 Atmospheric Deposition of Trace Elements courtesy of Dr. M.V. Frontasyeva Moss is used as a biological indicator of radioactive environmental pollution e.g., Belarus and Slovakia in consequence of the Chernobyl accident in 1986 Yu.V. Aleksiayenak, M.V. Frontasyeva, M. Florek, et al. J of Environmental Radioactivity 117 (2013) p.23

24 Neutron Imaging p.24

25 Development of Neutron Imaging Techniques Radiography Tomography 3D reconstruction of Fe-Ni alloy distribution in Seimchan meteorite courtesy of Dr. D.P. Kozlenko p.25 3D reconstruction of internal structure of Protosequoia cone (cretaceous period) from Paleontological Institute RAS

26