SASTAV MATERIJE ELEMENTI, ATOMI, JEDINJENJA, MOLEKULI, JONI HEMIJSKE REAKCIJE
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1 SASTAV MATERIJE ELEMENTI, ATOMI, JEDINJENJA, MOLEKULI, JONI HEMIJSKE REAKCIJE
2 ELEMENTI HEMIJSKI ELEMENT JE SUPSTANCA KOJA SE HEMIJSKIM PUTEM NE MOŽE RAZLOŽITI NA PROSTIJE SUPSTANCE. DO SADA JE POZNATO 110 HEMIJSKIH ELEMENATA.
3 HEMIJSKE ELEMENTE PREDSTAVLJAMO HEMIJSKIM SIMBOLIMA. Simboli alhemičara Daltonovi simboli
4 Slovni sistem obeležavanja hemijskih elemenata. Jens Bercelijus ( ) uvodi godine prost slovni sistem obeležavanja hemijskih elemenata. SIMBOL IME ZNAČENJE O C Cl Kiseonik Oxygen Ugljenik Carboneum Hlor Chloros Onaj koji stvara okside Ugalj Žuto - zelen Po Polonijum Poljska He Helijum Grčki Helios - sunce Th Torijum Tor bog Cm Kirijum Po Mariji i Pjeru Kiriju
5 Kvalitativno i kvantitativno značenje simbola hem. elementa Simbol označava: H vrstu hem. elementa sa svim njegovim osobinama 1 atom datog hemijskog elementa 1 mol atoma datog hemijskog elementa
6 Hemijski elementi sa uređeni u periodni sistem elemenata I A II A III B IV B V B VI B VII B VIII B I B II B III A IV A V A VI A VII A VIII A H H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe * Cs Ba **La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn * 209 * 210 * Fr Ra ***Ac Rf Ha Sg Ns Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh * * 261 * 262 * 263 * 262 * 265 * 268 * 269 * 272 * 277 *284 *285 *288 *292 Based on symbols used by ACS S.M.Condren * Designates that **Lanthanum Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu all isotopes are Series * radioactive *** Actinium Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Series * 244 * 243 * 247 * 247 * 251 * 252 * 257 * 258 * 259 * 260
7 ATOMI ATOM JE NAJMANJA ČESTICA HEMIJSKOG ELEMENTA KOJA IMA HEMIJSKE OSOBINE TOG ELEMENTA HEMIJSKI ELEMENT JE SUPSTANCA KOJA SE SASTOJI OD ATOMA ISTE VRSTE (savremeno shvatanje: sa istim brojem protona u jezgru). POČECI TEORIJE O ATOMIMA DATIRAJU IZ STARE GRČKE (DEMOKRIT, LEUKIP) ZATIM ROBERT BOJL (1661)... DO DALTONOVE ATOMSKE HIPOTEZE (1805)
8 OSNOVNE POSTAVKE DALTONOVE ATOMSKE TEORIJE CELOKUPNA MATERIJA SE SASTOJI OD ATOMA SVI ATOMI JEDNOG HEMIJSKOG ELEMENTA SU IDENTIČNI ATOMI RAZLIČITIH HEMIJSKIH ELEMENATA IMAJU RAZLIČITE MASE JEDINJENJA SU SPECIFIČNA KOMBINACIJA ATOMA VIŠE OD JEDNOG HEM. ELEMENTA U HEMIJSKIM REAKCIJAMA, ATOMI SE NITI STVARAJU NITI RAZARAJU VEĆ SE SAMO PRERASPOREĐUJU DAJUĆI NOVU SUPSTANCU
9 HEMIJSKA JEDINJENJA HEMIJSKO JEDINJENJE JE SUPSTANCA KOJA SE SASTOJI OD ATOMA DVA ILI VIŠE HEMIJSKIH ELEMENATA U DEFINISANOM, STALNOM ODNOSU.
10 MOLEKUL MOLEKUL JE ODREĐENA I POSEBNA, ELEKTIČNO NEUTRALNA GRUPA POVEZANIH ATOMA; MOLEKUL JE NAJMANJA ČESTICA HEMIJSKOG JEDINJENJA KOJA IMA HEMIJSKE OSOBINE DATOG JEDINJENJA.
11 JONI I HEMIJSKA JEDINJENJA JON JE POZITIVNO ILI NEGATIVNO NAELEKTRISAN ATOM ILI GRUPA ATOMA. JEDINJENJA MOGU BITI: MOLEKULARNA SASTOJE SE OD MOLEKULA JONSKA SASTOJE SE OD JONA NAJVAŽNIJE KARAKTERISTIKE JEDINJENJA SU: STALNOST SASTAVA RAZLAGANJE NA ELEMENTE JE MOGUĆE SAMO HEMIJSKIM METODAMA
12 HEMIJSKE FORMULE EMPIRIJSKA FORMULA pokazuje relativni broj atoma svakog elementa u jedinjenju. Odražava stalan sastav hemijskog jedinjenja. H 2 O, H 2 SO 4, CH 2 O MOLEKULSKA FORMULA pokazuje stvaran broj atoma svakog elementa u molekulu H 2 O, C 2 H 4 O 2 STRUKTURNA FORMULA - pokazuje raspored i način povezivanja atoma u molekulu CH 3 COOH H H C H C O OH
13 HEMIJSKE REAKCIJE U HEMIJSKIM REAKCIJAMA JEDNA SUPSTANCA ODGOVARA (REAGUJE) NA PRISUSTVO DRUGE SUPSTANCE, NA PROMENU TEMPERATURE ILI NA NEKI DRUGI UTICAJ. REAKTANTI PRODUKTI REAGENS je supstanca ili rastvor koji reaguje sa drugom supstancom REAKTANT je reagens koji učestvuje u određenoj hemiskoj reakciji
14 PREDSTAVLJANJE HEMIJSKE REAKCIJE HEMIJSKE JEDNAČINE VODONIK + KISEONIK VODA 2 H 2 + O 2 2 H 2 O KVALITATIVNO I KVANTITATIVNO ZNAČENJE HEMIJSKIH JEDNAČINA
15 DOPUNSKE INFORMACIJE U HEMIJSKIM JEDNAČINAMA H 2 + O 2 H 2 O H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) H 2 O(l) agregatna stanja reaktanata i produkata (g) - gas (l) - tecno (s) - cvrsto (aq) - rastvor H 2 (g) + J 2 (g) 2 HJ(g) povratna reakcija N 2 (g) + 3 H 2 (g) katal. Fe 2 O 3 2 NH 3(g) reakcija zahteva katalizator CaCO 3 (s) t CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) 800 oc reakcija tece uz zagrevanje
16 PODELA HEMIJSKIH REKACIJA I KLASIFIKACIJA NA BAZI SASTAVA REAKTANATA I PRODUKATA TIP REAKCIJE REAKCIJE SPAJANJA (SINTEZA) REAKCIJE RAZLAGANJA (ANALIZA) REAKCIJE ZAMENE JEDNOSTRUKA DVOSTRUKA REAKCIJE SAGOREVANJA OPIS I PRIMER Nastajanje jedinjenja od jednostavnijih polaznih supstanci 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2 H 2 O(l) H 2 O(l) + SO 3 (g) H 2 SO 4 (aq) Opšta jednačina: A +B C Nastajanje jednostavnijih supstanci od početne supstance CaCO 3 (s) CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) NH 4 NO 2 (s) N 2 (g) + 2 H 2 O(g) Opšta jednačina: A B + C Zamena partnera Zn(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) ZnSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g) NaCl(aq) + AgNO 3 (aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO 3 (aq) Opšte jednačine: A + BC AC + B AB + CD AC + BD Reakcija sa kiseonikom pri čemu nastaju CO 2, H 2 O, N 2 i oksidi bilo kog elementa CH 4 (g) + 2 O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + 2 H 2 O(l)
17 II IZDVAJANJE GASA TALOŽENJE NEUTRALIZACIJA REDOX PODELA HEMIJSKIH REAKCIJA KLASIFIKACIJA NA BAZI»VODEĆE SILE«Izdvajanje gasa CaCO 3 (s) CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) Vodeća sila: odlazak gasa Nastajanje taloga pri mešanju dva rasvora NaCl(aq) + AgNO 3 (aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO 3 (aq) Vodeća sila: nastajanje nerastvorne čvrste supstance Reakcija između kiselina i baza HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Vodeća sila: nastajanje rastvarača Prelazak elektrona sa jedne čestice na drugu Zn(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) ZnSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g) Vodeća sila: prenos elektrona pri čemu nastaju stabilnija jedinjenja
18 REAKTANTI PRODUKTI MASENI ODNOSI ZAPREMINSKI ODNOSI ENERGETSKE PROMENE (TERMOHEMIJA) BRZINA ODVIJANJA HEMIJSKE REAKCIJE (HEMIJSKA KINETIKA) LAVOAZIJEOV ZAKON-zakon o održanju mase, energije PRUSTOV ZAKON-zakon stalnih masenih odnosa DALTONOV ZAKON-zakon umnoženih masenih odnosa GEJ LISAKOV ZAKON-zakon prostih zapreminskih odnosa TOPLOTNI EFEKTI SPONTANOST TOKA MERENJE BRZINE FAKTORI KOJI UTIČU MEHANIZAM REAKCIJE POVRATNE REAKCIJE
19 SUPSTANCA različiti pojavni oblici materije koji se razlikuju i prepoznaju na osnovu njihovih posebnih osobina OSOBINE SUPSTANCI FIZIČKE OSOBINE Karakteristike supstanci koje opažamo ili merimo bez promene identiteta supstance (Agregatno stanje, boja, tačka topljenja itd.) HEMIJSKE OSOBINE Karakteristike supstanci koje opažamo ili merimo samo uz promenu identiteta supstance (Sagorevanje, reakcija sa vodom, kiselinom itd.)
20 ČISTE SUPSTANCE I SMEŠE
21 FIZIČKA PROMENA Promena pri kojoj ne dolazi do promene identiteta supstanci Promene stanja supstanci: čvrsto tečno topljenje mržnjenje isparavanje kondenzacija tečno para (gas)
22 HEMIJSKA PROMENA Promena pri kojoj dolazi do promene identiteta supstanci Prilikom hemijske promene dolazi do formiranja neke supstance od druge supstance. Sagorevanje supstanci PAPIR sagorevanje PEPEO + DIM
23 KRATKA ISTORIJA HEMIJE
24 ALHEMIJA Otkriće fosfora (Brand, 1669) slika Džozefa Rajta (1770)
25 Robert Bojl-otac hemijske nauke
26 A.Lavoazije Osnivač moderne hemije
27 DALTONOVA ATOMSKA TEORIJA
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