Modern view of the atom
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1 403 Parts of Atom Nomenclature and Parts of the Atom Dr Fred Omega Garces Chemistry 152 Miramar College Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
2 Modern view of the atom What are the parts of the atom and how are these parts (especially the electrons) arranged in each atom? What makes each atom (element) different from each other? What makes certain atoms (elements) similar to each other? Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
3 Planetary Model Nucleus 1 Niels Bohr (1913) Proposed the first reasonable model of the atom (hydrogen) Model of the Hydrogen atom is liken to the solar system The center is the sun (most heaviest planetary body) Planets are confined to their orbitals Planet orbits the sun The center is the nucleus (most dense) Electrons are located in discrete quantized orbitals electron orbits the nucleus Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
4 Atomic Model Theories From the time of Dalton g Thomson g Rutherford g Bohr g Schrodinger, our model of the atom has undergone many modifications The model is not finish however Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
5 Mass and Volume; Size Nucleus are so dense that the size of the pea has a mass of 250 million tons Protons in nucleus held together by nuclear binding force Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
6 Parts of the atom Relative mass and charge for the subatomic particles of an atom Particle Mass *Rel Mass Rel Charge (amu) e - ; electron Kg 1/ C p + ; proton Kg C n; neutron Kg 1 0 * Relative mass: 1 amu ~ mass of proton 1amu equals exactly one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 isotope Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
7 Mass of the Atom; A typical heavy atom ie, lead-208, with 82 protons, 82 electrons and 126 neutrons It has a mass of g You need lead-208 to make one pound of lead This number is so large that if distribute this many atom to the citizen of this planet (~5 billion) each would have atoms If all these atoms where pennies, we all would be trillionires Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
8 The density of the nucleus; The density of the lead-208 nucleus is g/cc This is an extremely high density To put it in perspective, if a paper clip had this much density, it would weigh over 10-million (10 7 ) tons The Statue of Liberty is about 250 tons, 10,000,000 tons is 40,000 Statues of Liberty!!! Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
9 The size of the nucleus; If the nucleus of a lead-208 atom were the size of a golf ball, then the whole atom would be much larger than a Coliseum stadium In fact, it would be a sphere about half-mile in diameter Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
10 Mass of the electron; An electron has a mass of g The sun is very big, it weigh about 333,000 times as much as the earth The mass of the sun is to the mass of the pineapple as the mass of the pineapple is to the mass of an electron Electron Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
11 Mass of the nucleus; The total mass of the 82 electrons in a lead-208 atom is g, the mass of the whole atom is only g (electrons account for only 1/2000 th ) I weigh about 149 lb, my mass is to the mass of the proton as the mass of a nickel is to the mass of an electron Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
12 Size of the Atom; An atom has a diameter of about cm If you could line them up with the atoms just touching, it would take 73 million (73,000,000) atoms to make a line 1 inch long Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
13 Why are elements so different? (if particles are identical) Electrons dictate chemistry, it is the electron which interact with each other Their arrangement is different for each element which give rise to the element s different properties Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
14 A X chg Nomenclature: Z X - Symbol of element A - Atomic mass = no proton + no neutron Z - Atomic number = no proton, detm' identity chg - charge of atom = sum of no p (+) & no e (-) ( Elements with the same atomic number (Z) but different atomic mass (A) are called isotopes) Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
15 The atoms: Different Elements 1s C N O p +,6n 1s p +, 7n 1s p +,8n The periodic table give an atomic mass that is not a whole number? ie, C = amu, H = 1008 amu, O = amu Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
16 The atoms: Different Elements 1s C N O p +,6n 1s p +, 7n 1s p +,8n The periodic table give an atomic mass that is not a whole number? ie, C = amu, H = 1008 amu, O = amu Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
17 The atoms: Different Elements 1s C N O p +,6n 1s p +, 7n 1s p +,8n The periodic table give an atomic mass that is not a whole number? ie, C = amu, H = 1008 amu, O = amu Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
18 The atoms: Isotopes 12 C C C s s s Isotopes - atoms with different # of neutrons and protons ie, C-12, C-13 C-14 6p +,6n 6p +, 7n 6p +, 8n 75% of all elements have more than one isotope Titanium and nickel has five isotope, while fluorine and potassium have just one Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
19 The atoms: Isotopes 12 C C C p +,6n 1s s p +, 7n 1s p +, 8n Isotopes - atoms with different # of neutrons and protons ie, C-12, C-13 C-14 75% of all elements have more than one isotope Titanium and nickel has five isotope, while fluorine and potassium have just one Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
20 The atoms: Isotopes 12 C C C p +,6n 1s s p +, 7n 1s p +, 8n Isotopes - atoms with different # of neutrons and protons ie, C-12, C-13 C-14 75% of all elements have more than one isotope Titanium and nickel has five isotope, while fluorine and potassium have just one Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
21 The atoms: Charge atoms (ions) 14 C C C p +, 8n 1s s p +, 8n 1s p +, 8n ions - charge of atom / isotope or group of atoms (+) cation (cat) (-) anion (ant) Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
22 The atoms: Charge atoms (ions) 14 C C C p +, 8n 1s s p +, 8n 1s p +, 8n ions - charge of atom / isotope or group of atoms (+) cation (cat) (-) anion (ant) Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
23 The atoms: Charge atoms (ions) 14 C C C p +, 8n 1s s p +, 8n 1s p +, 8n ions - charge of atom / isotope or group of atoms (+) cation (cat) (-) anion (ant) Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
24 The atoms: Charge atoms (ions) 14 C C C p +, 8n 1s s p +, 8n 1s p +, 8n ions - charge of atom / isotope or group of atoms (+) cation (cat) (-) anion (ant) Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
25 The atoms: Identifying the element (1) What is the element with the following subatomic particles? 15? 7 X 7 7? 15 N Nitrogen N 1s p +, 7n Nitrogen? X? N 7 14 N Answer 1s p +, 7n Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
26 The atoms: Identifying the element (1) What is the element with the following subatomic particles? 15? 7 X 7 7? 14 N Nitrogen N 1s p +, 7n 15 X? N Nitrogen N 1s p +, 8n Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
27 The atoms: Identifying the element (2) What is the specie with the following subatomic particles?? X -2 8? O -2 Oxygen 1s O - 2 8p +, 9n X O -2 Oxygen 1s O - 2 8p +, 9n Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
28 The atoms: Identifying the element (2) What is the specie with the following subatomic particles? 8-2? 17 X? 8 17 O -2 Oxygen 1s O - 2 8p +, 9n? X? O -2 Answer Oxygen 1s O - 2 8p +, 9n Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
29 Atomic Nomenclature: Exercise #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 Protons 33 Protons Neutrons Neutrons Electrons Electrons A (atomic Mass) A (atomic Mass) 113 Z (atomic No) Z (atomic Number) 48 Charge Charge Symbol Zn At Se Xe Symbol 222 Rn Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
30 Atomic Mass: a closer look According to the periodic table the atomic mass of carbon is amu, chlorine is amu Yet we just said that the mass of an atom is arrived by the number of protons and neutrons for that atom How is it that we have 011 amu worth of atom Is there such a thing as a fraction of an atom? Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
31 What cost $100? -Song from itunes -Lemonade -Slice of pizza Weighted Average Consider a song from itunes; Not all songs are $100 Suppose you bought 4 songs, $1, $1, $1 and $125 What is the average cost of each? $425 / 4 or $106 here is what you did : What is the average = 425 / 4 = 106 or 1 (25) + 1(25) + 1(25) + 125(25) = = 106 This is called the weighted average The values are weighted against its population in the collection Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
32 Weighted Average The mass of the elements from the periodic table is actually the weighted average Consider the following: : What is the average = 27: 27 / 4 = 675 or 8 (25) + 7(25) + 6(25) + 6(25) = = 675 Now what is the atomic mass for chlorine which exist in the following abundance: Cl-35 (7553 % ) & Cl-37( 2447 %) At Wt = 35(7553) + 37(2447) = = 3549 g/mol Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
33 Atomic Mass Unit What is the mass of an object that cannot be seen? What scale / units of mass is used for such small objects? Unit of mass that is comparable to object of that size atomic mass unit (amu) has been used as a standard for a mass of an atom 1 amu = Kg = 1/12 mass of 12 C Atoms: Atomic mass one atom of potassium 19 K weighs 19 amu one atom of zinc 30 Zn weighs 30 amu Molecule: Molecular mass one water (H 2 O) molecule 2-H, 1-O = 2amu + 16amu = 18 amu one glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) molecule: 6C, 12H, 6O = [6 C 12amu] + [12 H 1 amu] + [6 O 16amu] = 144 amu Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
34 Isotopic Distribution Isotopic Distribution: Question comes to mind: Why is the mass of carbon according the periodic table? Why is the mass of chlorine 35453? That of copper 63546? Is not the mass of an atom reflected on the number of protons and neutrons an atom possesses? If so, is there such a thing as 0011 amu of subatomic proton or neutron for carbon Or 0453 in chlorine and 0546 in copper? Atomic mass, as shown in the periodic table, is the average of all isotope found in nature Atomic mass is the weighted average mass for the isotropic distribution(found in nature) for that element Weighted atomic mass average for the copper atom: Copper has two stable isotope: 63 Cu %, and 65 Cu % 63 amu (07270) + 65 amu (02730) = amu Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
35 Summary Piecing together the Atomic Structure Atomic Structure and Nomenclature
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