The choice of the ac+ve materials for use in experiments at high luminosity colliders

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Jemima Phillips
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luminosity colliders Mikhail Korjik Belarus State

1 INTELUM MSC Project CRYSTAL CLEAR The choice of the ac+ve materials for use in experiments at high luminosity colliders Mikhail Korjik Belarus State University, Research Ins5tute for Nuclear Problems,Minsk, Belarus ISMART2016 1

2 Mo+va+on: 3 huge projects in Europe LHC with high luminosity starts in 2025 FAIR at GSI is expected to start in 2021 FCC became afracgve strategy for future There is a crucial demand for radiagon resistant materials surviving in a complex irradiagon environment ( electromagnegc + hadron) ISMART2016 2

3 Why damage come at irradia+on? ISMART2016 3

Impact of radia+on damage effects from different components

Essen+al effects ϒ- quanta Charged hadrons Neutral hadrons 1

colour centers 2 CreaGon of new defects and dedicated colour

non recoverable damages Change of the material composigon due

4 Impact of radia+on damage effects from different components of ionizing radia+on on energy resolu+on σ (E) E = a E b E c Essen+al effects ϒ- quanta Charged hadrons Neutral hadrons 1 Change of the thermodynamic equilibrium due to creagon of colour centers 2 CreaGon of new defects and dedicated colour centers +/- Timing & Photo receivers loading 3 4 CreaGon of non recoverable damages Change of the material composigon due to nuclear reacgons (radio isotopes and fragments) +/- ISMART2016 4

Impact of radia+on damage effects from different components of ionizing radia+on on energy resolu+on σ (E) E = a E b E c Essen+al effects ϒ- quanta Charged hadrons Neutral hadrons 1 2 3 Change of the

5 Impact of radia+on damage effects from different components of ionizing radia+on on energy resolu+on σ (E) E = a E b E c Essen+al effects ϒ- quanta Charged hadrons Neutral hadrons Change of the thermodynamic equilibrium due to creagon of colour centers CreaGon of new defects and dedicated colour centers CreaGon of non recoverable damages +/- +/- Op+cal transmission spectra of lead tungstate crystal with 0,2 mm width before and aver irradia+on by fast neutrons with neutron/cm 2 integral fluence. The measurement of the samples exposed to radia+on was made a year and a half aver irradia+on 4 Change of the material composigon due to nuclear reacgons (radio isotopes and fragments) ISMART2016 5

6 List of the scin+lla+on materials studied ϒ-quanta 60Co(1.22MeV), absorbed doses Gy PWO(CMS and PANDA spex) LSO:Ce(LYSO:Ce) LuAG:Ce BSO PbF2 BaF2 GSO:Ce YSO:Ce YAG:Ce(Pr) YAP:Ce (Pr) DSB:Ce(glass and glassceramics) Y2O3 (micro-ceramics) LiF 24 GeV & 150 MeV protons PWO(CMS and PANDA spex) LSO:Ce(LYSO:Ce) LuAG:Ce BSO PbF2 BaF2 GSO:Ce YSO:Ce YAG:Ce(Pr) YAP:Ce (Pr) DSB:Ce(glass and glass ceramics) Y2O3 (micro-ceramics) LiF reactor neurons PWO(CMS spex) There is not too much of available informagon. May be also interesgng for: (1) well logging tools; (2) Detectors at spallagon sources. ISMART2016 6

Similarity and diﬀerence of the colour centres

created by ﬁssion products Point defects due

Set of isotopes iden+ﬁed in PWO crystal :

4 months aver irradia+on and the extrapolated

7 Similarity and diﬀerence of the colour centres created under ϒ-quanta and protons Stars created by ﬁssion products Point defects due to crystal growth -VA -VC -In.Si. Set of isotopes iden+ﬁed in PWO crystal : measured ac+vity! 4 months aver irradia+on and the extrapolated values at 24 h and 7 months aver the end of irradia+on. L.T.Chadding, 1965 Point defects and their clusters which are created by knocked ions Van Lint 1980 I V V M.HuhGenen 2001 I ISMART2016 7

8 Dras+c fall of the transmission under hadron irradia+on T, % wavelength, nm T, % wavelength, nm Change of the longitudinal transmission of 22 cm long PWO crystals after irradiation with ϒ-quanta (60Co, 1000Gy) and 24GeV protons with fluence 3, p/cm 2. ISMART2016 8

9 PWO. Short term intense irradia+on by 60Co (1.2MeV, 1000Gy) ϒ-quanta RadiaGon induced absorpgon spectrum and its approximagon with set of Gaussians ISMART2016 9

10 PWO. Short term intense irradia+on with 24GeV protons (3.6x10 13 (p/cm 2 ) Spectrum cutoff shift Sum of bands 30.0 Experimental curve 25.0 dk, m x1=3.56 ev (348 nm) x2=3.18 ev (390 nm) x3=2.75 ev x4=2.48 ev (451 nm) (500nm) x5=2.26 ev (548 nm) x6=1.79 ev (692nm) Energy, ev RadiaGon induced absorpgon spectrum and its approximagon with set of Gaussians ISMART

11 Undoped LSO. Short term intense irradia+on by 60Co (1.2MeV, 1000Gy) ϒ-quanta 60 dk, m-1 Sum of bands Center1 Center2 Center Experimental curve Center Center Energy, ev RadiaGon induced absorpgon spectrum and its approximagon with set of Gaussians ISMART

12 Undoped LSO. Short term intense irradia+on with 24GeV protons (3.6x10 13 (p/cm 2 ) 120 Sum of bands 100 Shift of cutoff Center Center2 Center4 Center3 Center Experimental curve Energy, ev RadiaGon induced absorpgon spectrum and its approximagon with set of Gaussians dk, m-1 ISMART

13 ShiV of absorp+on spectrum cutoff aver irradia+on with protons is a general property of the damage Heavy self activated scintillators and Cherenkov radiators BSO edge PWO dk,m PbF2 PbF2 edge 3.9 PWO edge 3.4 Energy, ev 2.9 BSO 2.4 Long wavelength edge of fundamental absorption of PWO, BSO and PbF 2 and the proton irradiation-induced absorption spectra after integral fluence p/cm 2 ISMART

14 Comparison of damage of light and medium inorganic crystalline, glass and glass ceramic materials aver irradia+on with 150MeV protons and ϒ- irradia+on dk, m-1 dk, m wavelength, nm wavelength, nm Transmittance, % wavelength, nm LiF LuAG:Ce dk, m Transmittance, % wavelength, nm wavelength, nm wavelength, nm dk, m-1 YAG:Ce BaF 2 DSB:Ce glass dk, m dk, m wavelength, nm DSB:Ce glass ceramics wavelength, nm Induced absorpgon in several inorganic scingllagon materials: a`er ϒ- irradiagon (60Co, 1,2 MeV, 100Gy), in 3 months a`er 150 MeV proton irradiagon repeated ϒ- irradiagon ISMART

15 ! Spontaneous and thermally s+mulated recovery of op+cal transmission damage in PWO crystals under irradia+on with 24GeV protons(3,6x10 13 p/cm 2 ) Spontaneous Thermally s+mulated ISMART

s+mulated Non recoverable part of the spectrum which is caused by unrecoverable damages!

16 Spontaneous and thermally s+mulated recovery of op+cal transmission damage in PWO crystals under irradia+on with 24GeV protons(3,6x10 13 p/cm 2 ) Spontaneous Thermally s+mulated Non recoverable part of the spectrum which is caused by unrecoverable damages! Recoverable part of the spectrum which is caused by single defects and clusters ISMART

Low temperature annealing of the clusters and their producing aver repeated irradia+on with 24GeV protons Diminishing of laser beam light scaeering in a full size PWO crystal Irradiated with 24GeV

17 Low temperature annealing of the clusters and their producing aver repeated irradia+on with 24GeV protons Diminishing of laser beam light scaeering in a full size PWO crystal Irradiated with 24GeV protons and subsequent annealing at different low temperatures. Op+cal transmission of 20 cm long PWO crystal aver first irradia+on with protons (1*10 13 p/cm 2 )-green, annealing at 300C for 15h- orange, repeated irradia+on with accumulated fluence (3*10 13 p/cm 2 )-ochre. ISMART

Op+cal transmission recovery s+mula+on in PWO WO 3 +O is an oxygen vacancy and oxygen ion in a close intersite position (FTD) Room temperature changes of dk 420 of a PWO crystal due to spontaneous

18 Op+cal transmission recovery s+mula+on in PWO WO 3 +O is an oxygen vacancy and oxygen ion in a close intersite position (FTD) Room temperature changes of dk 420 of a PWO crystal due to spontaneous relaxa+on and under s+mulated recovery by photons with different wavelengths. The peak wavelength of the LED spectrum is given in brackets Electronic transi+ons in PWO containing FTD and dedicated absorp+on bands ISMART

19 Combining op+cal and thermal transmission recovery s+mula+on in PWO aver irradia+on with 24 GeV protons 840nm Change of the normalized induced absorp+on at 420nm of PWO crystals under s+mula+on with different wavelength of light and combined with hea+ng.! ISMART

Op+cal transmission damage effects also depend on the construc+on of the detec+ng cell OpGcal transmission damage due to

scingllators is proporgonal to the number of the charged hadrons passed scingllator Homogeneous cell: damage overall volume of

rare part of the cell; CFCAL cell: damage in fibers is proporgonal to the fluence of the pargcles through fibers only,

20 Op+cal transmission damage effects also depend on the construc+on of the detec+ng cell OpGcal transmission damage due to charged hadrons is proporgonal to the fluence of the pargcles through detecgng cell ConcentraGon of the new defects in scingllators is proporgonal to the number of the charged hadrons passed scingllator Homogeneous cell: damage overall volume of scingllator; Shaslik type cell: all scingllator wafers are damaged but with the effect progressively decreasing from front to rare part of the cell; CFCAL cell: damage in fibers is proporgonal to the fluence of the pargcles through fibers only, moreover, only forward part of the fibers will be damaged: cm in the fiber material with density 4g/cm3 Damage Profile(D) D D D ISMART

21 Phosphorescence Phosphorescence measurement on proton irradiated LSO:Ce & YSO:Ce Phosphorescence intensity versus dose rate at γ-irradiagon of Proton irradiated LSO:Ce crystal The genera+on of the parasi+c photons due to phosphorescence induced by irradia+on will con+nuously be increased in the detec+ng cells at opera+on. One of the nega+ve consequences is the con+nuous and increasing light reaching the photo-detectors. It increased the total single electron addi+onal noise count rate by factor ISMART

22 Set of the radio-isotopes generated in some inorganic scin+lla+on crystals aver irradia+on with 24GeV protons with fluence 3 * p/cm GeV/ (s cm 3 ) from β+γ emieers 6.4 GeV/(s cm 3 ) from β+γ emieers Total energy, deposited in 1cm3 by induced radioisotopes ISMART

23 Long-lived radioisotopes generated in absorbing materials (Pb or W) aver irradia+on by 24GeV protons with fluence 3 * p/cm 2 Isotopes measured in Pb and W plates 6 months after irradiation with protons. This set can be used as a starting point to simulate set of short-living isotopes. Pb plate(25*25*3mm 3 ) W plate(25*25*3mm 3 ) Dominating Isotope : 121 Te Dominating Isotopes : 169 Yb, 175 Hf, 127 Xe ISMART

24 Summary of factors inducing noise in LSO/YSO in sandwich configura+on Phosphorescence photon flux Induced radioisotopes Induced radioisotopes in absorber materials LSO:Ce 5 MHz/cm 3 a`er 0.15 Gy/h => 367 GHz/crystal kgy for η=2.5 & L=250 l -1 (CMS RadiaGon SimulaGons Data (MARS15)) 43.2 GeV/(s cm 3 ) from β +γ p +/cm 2 fluence or 1.3 GHz/cm 3 (LY LSO =3*10 7 ph/gev) ~201 GeV/(s cm 3 ) from Pb (only p+/cm 2 fluence or 5.8 GHz/cm 3 (LY LSO =3*10 7 ph/gev) YSO:Ce 0.5 MHz/cm 0.15 Gy/h for 20 hours (3 Gy) or 37 GHz/crystal kgy for η=2.5 & L=250 l -1 (CMS RadiaGon SimulaGons Data (MARS15)) 6.4 GeV/(s cm 3 ) from β+γ p+/ cm 2 fluence or 192 MHz/cm 3 (LY YSO =3*10 7 ph/gev) ~69 GeV/(s cm 3 ) from Pb (only p+/cm 2 fluence or 2.1 GHz/cm 3 (LY YSO =3*10 7 ph/gev) ISMART

Summary of factors inducing noise in LSO/YSO in sandwich configura+on Phosphorescence photon flux Induced radioisotopes Induced radioisotopes in absorber materials LSO:Ce 5 MHz/cm 3 a`er 3Gy @ 0.

25 Summary of factors inducing noise in LSO/YSO in sandwich configura+on Phosphorescence photon flux Induced radioisotopes Induced radioisotopes in absorber materials LSO:Ce 5 MHz/cm 3 a`er 0.15 Gy/h => 367 GHz/crystal kgy for η=2.5 & L=250 l -1 (CMS RadiaGon SimulaGons Data (MARS15)) 43.2 GeV/(s cm 3 ) from β +γ p +/cm 2 fluence or 1.3 GHz/cm 3 (LY LSO =3*10 7 ph/gev) ~201 GeV/(s cm 3 ) from Pb (only p+/cm 2 fluence or 5.8 GHz/cm 3 (LY LSO =3*10 7 ph/gev) YSO:Ce 0.5 MHz/cm 0.15 Gy/h for 20 hours (3 Gy) or 37 GHz/crystal kgy for η=2.5 & L=250 l -1 (CMS RadiaGon SimulaGons Data (MARS15)) 6.4 GeV/(s cm 3 ) from β+γ p+/ cm 2 fluence or 192 MHz/cm 3 (LY YSO =3*10 7 ph/gev) ~69 GeV/(s cm 3 ) from Pb (only p+/cm 2 fluence or 2.1 GHz/cm 3 (LY YSO =3*10 7 ph/gev) ISMART

Energy deposit due to pairs crea+on in an ini+al part of the shower development GEANT4 simula+on of the 100GeV e - interac+on with virtually sliced LSO:Ce scin+llator.

26 Energy deposit due to pairs crea+on in an ini+al part of the shower development GEANT4 simula+on of the 100GeV e - interac+on with virtually sliced LSO:Ce scin+llator. ( 10 slices of 3mm long wafers, each wafer is equivalent to 10 ps of pargcle flight) Deposited energy per pargcle. It is averaged for 3000 Incident pargcles. Deposited energy, MeV de, MeV per 1 e- N, photons Time, ps Shower beginning RelaGve error of the amplitude measurement at the beginning of the 100 GeV electron shower development N, photons Error, % time, ps +/-10% is reachable at 30ps with scin+llator like LSO:Ce ISMART

27 The scin+llator Internal Time Resolu+on (ITR) at registra+on of 100GeV electrons Rela+ve Error of Time measurements. Error, % Absolute Error of Time Measurements (AET). 3.5 Absolute error, ps time, ps +me, ps Time resolugon FWHM is 2,3*AET. AET~Time interval at 8-9 ps ISMART

Effect of phosphorescence & induced radio-luminescence due to radioisotopes on the +me resolu+on Time resolu+on σ t of a scin+llator: σ t = σ tsc int σ tphos σ Noise terms tradiol σ tscint : Pure

28 Effect of phosphorescence & induced radio-luminescence due to radioisotopes on the +me resolu+on Time resolu+on σ t of a scin+llator: σ t = σ tsc int σ tphos σ Noise terms tradiol σ tscint : Pure photosta5s5cs σ tphos : Induced phosphorescence σ tradio : Radioluminescence from induced radioisotopes Induced phosphorescence and induced radioluminescence due to radioisotopes in the crystal contribute to noise terms of Gme resolugon: σ t degradagon in proton irradiated LSO:Ce bulk crystal with volume 300 cm 3 (25Xo) LSO YSO ISMART

29 Integral cross-sec+on of (n, γ) reac+ons for some of the atomic nuclei ISMART

30 Expected contribu+on of different damage effects in deteriora+on of the scin+lla+on material proper+es at their opera+on in a high dose rate irradia+on environment with a strong energe+c hadron component ISMART

31 Conclusions Heavy self-ac+vated materials, ac+vely developed earlier for electromagne+c calorimetry and HEP applica+ons, are most vulnerable in terms of the damage effects from high-energy protons. Fluence of the order of p/cm 2 seems to be the limi+ng value for the use of such crystals as PWO in homogeneous calorimeters. Medium heavy self-ac+vated materials have an advantageous combina+on of damage effects. The most extensively studied material-сеf 3, has demonstrated the least damage of op+cal transmieance under 24GeV of all studied crystals. Compact homogeneous calorimeters opera+ng in the vicinity of the vertex at further high luminosity collider experiments, especially in the detector nearbeam region, will give way to segmented detector modules incorpora+ng small-sized middle heavy scin+lla+on elements. Such structures appreciably lessen the dependence of light collec+on on the forma+on of defects in crystals and diminish the effects caused by phosphorescence and the excita+on of radio-luminescence by the isotopes produced in scin+lla+on and surrounding construc+on elements. SCINT ISMART

Optical transmission radiation damage and recovery stimulation of DSB:Ce 3+ inorganic scintillation material

Optical transmission radiation damage and recovery stimulation of DSB:Ce 3+ inorganic scintillation material V. Dormenev a, A. Borisevich b,v. Mechinsky b, M. Korjik b, D. Kozlov b, R.W. Novotny a a II.