05 - Scintillation detectors
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1 05 - Scintillation detectors Jaroslav Adam Czech Technical University in Prague Version 2 Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 1 / 39
2 Scintillation detector principles Ionizing radiation detected by scintillation light Suitable scintillation material should follow some basic requirements Inorganic crystals (NaI) Organic liquids and plastic Fluorescence = emission of visible radiation after excitation Phosphorescence is emission with longer wavelength Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 2 / 39
3 Organic scintillators Fluorescence by transitions in a single molecule π-electron structure Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 3 / 39
4 Absorption and emission spectra of organic scintillator Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 4 / 39
5 Scintillation efficiency Fraction of energy of incident particle converted into visible light Quenching at impurities Transfer of excitation energy from molecule to molecule - binary scintillator Tertiary organic mixture with waveshifter Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 5 / 39
6 Pure organic crystals Anthracene - oldest organic scintillator Stilbene - fast response Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 6 / 39
7 Liquid organic solutions Organic scintillator in solvent (+ wavelength shifter) Large active volume meters Radiation resistant (no solid structure) Radioactive material may be present in the solution Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 7 / 39
8 Plastic scintillators Polymerized organic scintillator in solvent Arbitrary shape of final scintillator, large volume Radiation damage depends on nature of radiation May cause decrease of light output and/or decrease of light transparency Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 8 / 39
9 Thin film scintillators Very thin film of plastic scintillator, lower than range of weakly penetrating particles (heavy ions) Response as light yield per unit energy loss, depends on ion velocity and Z Transmission detector for protons and alpha, fast timing Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 9 / 39
10 Loaded organic scintillators Direct detection of alpha and beta Addition of high-z material to allow for photoelectric conversions Neutron detection with conversion elements Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 10 / 39
11 Light output of organic scintillator Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 11 / 39
12 Alpha-to-beta ratio Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 12 / 39
13 Absolute scintillation efficiency Normalization constant in relation between fluorescence energy and specific energy loss Variability among different materials Effect of radiation damage, surface crazing Degradation by long-term exposure to light and oxygen Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 13 / 39
14 Time response Time to populate optical levels either exponential or Gaussian, followed by exponential decay Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 14 / 39
15 Pulse shape discrimination in organic scintillators Larger delayed constant for delayed fluorescence Depends on specific energy loss, allows for particle identification Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 15 / 39
16 Inorganic scintillators Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 16 / 39
17 Emission spectrum of inorganic scintillators Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 17 / 39
18 NaI(Tl) Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 18 / 39
19 NaI(Tl) temperature dependence Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 19 / 39
20 NaI(Tl) temperature dependence Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 20 / 39
21 CsI(Tl) and CsI(Na) Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 21 / 39
22 BGO Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 22 / 39
23 Other slow (>200 ns) inorganic crystals CdWO 4 and CaWO 4 ZnS(Ag) CaF 2 (Eu) SrI 2 (Eu) Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 23 / 39
24 BaF 2 Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 24 / 39
25 Other unactivated fast inorganics CsI Cerium halides Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 25 / 39
26 Cerium activated fast inorganics Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 26 / 39
27 Transparent ceramic scintillators Nanocrystals in polycrystalline solid Used for X-ray tomography Allows for many combinations of materials and activators Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 27 / 39
28 Glass scintillators Silicate glass + Li + Ce activator Neutron detection Beta/gamma counting at severe environment Imaging application Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 28 / 39
29 Noble gas scintillators High purity gas as scintillation material, Xe, He Gas molecules excited by ionizing particle, UV scintillation light Arbitrary size and shape Linear response for specific energy loss measurement Secondary scintillation in proportional region with external electric field Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 29 / 39
30 Cryogenic liquid and solid scintillators Liquid/solid Ar, Kr, Xe or He High scintillation efficiency, emission in UV region PM at cryogenic temperature Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 30 / 39
31 Radiation damage in inorganic scintillators Reduction of transparency Interference with scintillation mechanism Effects rate dependent Annealing at room temperature Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 31 / 39
32 Light collection and scintillator mounting Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 32 / 39
33 Light pipes Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 33 / 39
34 Strip light guide Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 34 / 39
35 Fiber scintillators Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 35 / 39
36 Ribbon array of fiber scintillators Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 36 / 39
37 Glass capillaries in bundle Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 37 / 39
38 Wavelength shifters Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 38 / 39
39 Remote detection of X-rays T. S. Perry and J. J. Molitoris, "Coupling between Plastic Scintillators and Light Fibers for Remote Detection of X-rays", Proc. SPIE 0566, Fiber Optic and Laser Sensors III, 218 (January 3, 1986) Jaroslav Adam (CTU, Prague) DPD_05, Scintillation detectors Version 2 39 / 39
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