6. Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an element.

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1 . Atomic Number- 6 Atomic Mass- 2.0 Atomic Symbol- C Element Name- Carbon 2. a) 37 b) 4 c) 24 d) 2 e) 4 f) 8 ) 9 3. a) 266 amu b) amu c) amu d) amu e) 3.29 amu f) 222 amu ) amu Ionization enery is the amount of enery required to remove an electron from an element. 7. Electroneativity is a measure of the relative ability an element s atoms to attract electrons in a chemical bond. 8. A roup is a vertical column of elements in the periodic table that have similar chemical properties. 9. A period is a horizontal row of elements in the period table. 0.As you move left to riht on the periodic table, the ionization enery increases. As you move from top to bottom, the ionization enery decreases.. As you move left to riht on the periodic table, the electroneativity increases. As you move from top to bottom, the electroneativity decreases. The noble ases are not included in this trend.

2. As you move from left to riht on the periodic table, the size of atoms and their ions enerally decreases. As you move from top to bottom, the size enerally increases. 3.

2 2. As you move from left to riht on the periodic table, the size of atoms and their ions enerally decreases. As you move from top to bottom, the size enerally increases. 3. A valence electron in an electron in the outermost enery level of an atom. These are the electrons that participate in chemical reactions. 4. A - 2A- 2 3A -3 4A- 4 5A- 3 6A- 2 7A - 8A- 8 valence electrons, 0 available for bondin 5. a. b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 4 f. 8 valence electrons, 0 available for bondin. h.3 i protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons 8. Protons and neutrons are responsible for most of the mass in an atom. 9. Protons and Neutrons are located in the nucleus. 20. The nucleus of the atom contains almost all of the mass of an atom but it occupies only about one ten thousandth of the volume. 2. An ionic bond is the bond formed from the electrostatic attraction between ions(metal and non-metal). The ions are formed throuh the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal. 22. A covalent bond is formed by the sharin of electrons between non-metals to satisfy the octet rule. 23. A metallic bond works throuh the attraction of positively chared nuclei to a surroundin sea of neatively chared electrons.

24. Most lare bioloical ecules are covalent because they contain mostly carbon atoms, which bond covalently. Glucose is a covalent ecule. Picture of lucose on pae 78 of text. 25.

3 24. Most lare bioloical ecules are covalent because they contain mostly carbon atoms, which bond covalently. Glucose is a covalent ecule. Picture of lucose on pae 78 of text. 25. Sodium chloride crystal is a repeatin pattern of positive and neative ions held toether because of their opposite chares. Sodium is positive, chloride is neative. 26. An atom will transfer an electron to an atom of a different element, leavin one element positively chared and the other neatively chared. Neative atoms surround the positive elements in a 3D pattern, thus formin a crystal lattice Gas 3. Solid 32. a. [Ar] 4s - valance electron K Ca b. [Ar] 4s 2-2 valance electrons c. [He] 2s 2 2p 4 6 valance electrons d. [Ne]3s 2 3p 5 7 valance electrons e. [Kr]5s 2 4d 0 5p 6 8 valance electrons f = 6 val. e. ++6=8 val. e H O H O Cl Xe S Cs S 33. Balance the followin equations a. 2 KKlO 3 2 KCl + 3 O 2 b. CaC H 2 O C 2 H 2 + Ca (OH) 2 c. Cu + 2 ANO 3 Cu(NO 3 ) A d. Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl 2 + H 2 e. K 2 CO HCl 2 KCl + H 2 O CO 2 f. 2 C 4 H O 2 8 CO HO. 3 Zn + 2 H 3 PO 4 Zn 3 (PO 4 ) H 2 h. H(NO 3 ) NaI HI NaNO 3 i. 3 A + 4 HNO 3 NO + 3 ANO H 2 O

4 j. N 2 H H 2 O 2 N H 2 O k. 4 NH O 2 4 NO H 2 O l. 2 Al + 3 Cl 2 2 AlCl x0 23 atoms x0 23 / 36. a / / = / b. 2(4.0) + 8(.0) (6) = 32.7 / c (6) = 84.0 / 37. a = c. 00 = b. 200 = d..0k = 7 k x0 atoms a. 45 = 5.88x0 atoms H 6.02x0 atoms 24 b. 45 = 3.53x0 atoms C2H 5OH 23 O 6.02x0 atoms 23 c. 45 = 5.88x0 atoms C2H 5OH L L = L = 46. L 42. a. 2:3 b. 3:8 c. 3:0 d. 2:8 e.2: = 8 2) = =

5 = = = = = =

6 Chemistry Standards Review Answers NaClO 3 x 3O 2 / 2NaClO 3 = 576 of O 2 80O 2 X O 2 /32O 2 x 2NaCl/3O 2 x 58.5NaCl/NaCl = 97.4 of NaCl ANO 3 x Cu / 2ANO 3 =.75 es of Cu 89.5A x (A / 07.9A) x (Cu / 2A) x (63.5Cu / Cu) = 26.4 of Cu kFe 2 O 3 x (000Fe 2 O 3 / k) x( Fe 2 O 3 / 59.6 Fe 2 O 3 ) x (2Fe / Fe 2 O 3 ) x (55.Fe / Fe) = 7500 of Fe = 7.5 K of Fe C 6 H 2 O 6 x ( C 6 H 2 O 6 / 80 C 6 H 2 O 6 ) x (6CO 2 / CO 2 ) x (44CO 2 / CO 2 ) = of CO 2 5. See section Gas consists of small particles with lots of space between them. No attractive or repulsive forces exist between the particles. The particles are in constant motion. Gas particles move the most. 53. The perfume as particles diffuse into the air in the room. Accordin to the Kineticecular theory as particles are in constant motion. Particles of different compounds flow past each other and mix until they are evenly distributed. 54. The Volume of a iven amount of as held at a constant temperature varies inversely with the pressure. P V = P 2 V The volume of a iven mass of a as is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature at a constant pressure. V V 2 = T T The pressure of a iven mass of a as varies directly with Kelvin temperature when the volume remains constant. P T = P 2 T Describes the physical behavior of an ideal as in terms of pressure, volume, temperature, and number of es present. PV = nrt 58. Shows the relationship amon pressure, volume and temperature of a fixed amount of as. PV T = P 2V 2 T P V = P 2 V 2 a. (40mmH)(2.3L) = (60mmH)(V 2 ) V 2 = 8.2 L

7 60. V T b. (.00atm)(3.6L) = (2.50atm)(V 2 ) V 2 =.44 L c. (atm)(400cuft.) = (P 2 )(3.00CuFt) P 2 = 33 atm d. (atm)(.56l) = (3atm)(V 2 ) V 2 = 0.52 L = V 2 T 2 a. (2.00L / 293K) = (.00L) / T 2 T 2 = 283K b. (600.0ml / 293K) = V 2 / (333K) V 2 = 800 ml =.8L c. (900.0ml / 300K) = V 2 / (405K) V 2 = 4400 ml = 4.4L P 2 6. P = T T 2 a. (atm / 293K) = P 2 / (303K) P 2 =.5 atm b atm / 323K = P 2 / 298K P 2 =0.85 atm c mmh / 33K = 760 mmh / T 2 T 2 = 36.5K d. 750 mmh / 323.0K = P 2 / 273.5K P 2 = 634 mm H 62. PV = nrt a. (750 mmh) (0.89 L) = n (62.4 L mmh - K - ) (294.0 K) n = b. (.09 H 2 ) ( H 2 / 2.02 H 2 ) = 0.54 H 2 P (2.00 L) = (0.54 ) (0.082 L atm - K - ) (293 K) P = 6.49 atm (760 mmh / atm) = 4936 mmh P = 4936 mmh c. (762,4 mmh) (V) = (3 ) (62.4 L mmh - K - ) (297 K) V = 72.9 L d. (20.0 ) ( / 39.9 ) = 0.5 ( atm) (V) = (0.5 ) (0.82) (273 K) V =.2 L 63. P V / T = P 2 V 2 / T 2 a. (300 torr) (800 ml) / ( K) = (600 torr) (V) / ( K) V = 800 ml b. (700 mmh) (500 ml) / (473K) = (30 atm * 760 mmh atm - ) (V) / (293K) V = L c. (760 mmh) (400mL) / ( K) = (360 mmh) (V) / ( K) V = ml d. (0.25 atm) (300 ml) / (400K) = (2 atm) (V) / (200K) V = L ºC; 273 K mm H; 760 torr; atm; 0.3 kpa; 29.9 in H 66. K = C a. 67C = 340K b. 02C = 375K c. 2C = 275K d. 0C = 273K e. 7.5C = 448K 67. C = K 273 a. 375K 273 = 02C b. 456K 273 = 83C c. 0K 273 = -273C d. 26K 273 = -57C e. 3K 273 = -260C 68. No movement (KE = 0) of the particles. 69. Temperature is a measure of the KE of the particles.

8 70. kinetic enery is measured by Kelvin units are used. 7. Acids are proton donors, contains H+ ions, turn litmus paper red, tastes sour, react with metals to produce hydroen as and salt, react with carbonates to form carbon dioxide, water and salts and react with bases to form water and salt. 72. Bases are proton accepts, contain OH- ions, turn litmus paper blue, tastes bitter and feels slippery, do not reach with metals or carbonates and neutralize acids. 73. Salts are made of metals and non-metals and held toether by ionic bonds they may be either aqueous or solid. 74. When an acid and base react, a neutralization reactions results producin water and a salt. 75. When a weak acid is dissolved in water it only partially ionizes. This means that only a few ecules separate into H+ ions 76. When a sstron acid is dissolved in water it completely ionizes. This means that literally all of the ecules of acid separate into H+ ions = acid 7 = neutral = base 78. Lemonade = acid Cola = acid Acetic acid = acid Draino = base Water = neither (netural) 79. A solute is any material that ets dissolved into a solution. 80. A solvent is any material that does the dissolvin and produces a solution. 8. All ecules possess kinetic enery. As a result of this enery, ecules are in constant motion. The motion is slow in a solid, quicker in a liquid and quite rapid in a as. 82. When suar is dissolved in water, the suar ecules evenly spread out throuh out the solution. Since suar is held toether by covalent bonds, it does not dissociate into ions it remains intact. 83. In order to increase solubility, you would increase the temperature of the water, increase the pressure if possible (would require a device like a pressure cooker) and stir in order to increase the contact between the suar and the water ecules /.250 L = 88 /L /24 = 9.3 % composition / 58.5 /e =.046 ;.046 /.5 L =.0923 /L or.0923 M NaCl 87. ppm is reserved for small quantities of solute in the water. Pesticides and minerals dissolved in water are often expessed in ppm or even ppb (parts per billion)

9 88. The heat is bein transferred from the metal cube to the water. Hence, the metal is losin heat (exothermic) while the water is ainin heat (endothermic). Therefore the flow of heat is from the metal cube into the water. 89. Heat from your body is bein transferred to the cold metal bench. As the bench absorbs the heat from your body, you experience the sensation of feelin cold. Therefore your body is experiencin heat loss, while the bench is bein warmed. 90. If it ets hot, it s losin enery and is therefore an exothermic reaction. The solution is losin heat.

10 9. Enthalpy is the enery of the products minus the enery of the reactants; therefore if enery is released from the reaction the enthalpy will be neative. 92. If enery is absorbed durin a reaction the enthalpy will be positive. 93. The system is the liquid in the cup; since it freezes the ecules have slowed down to the point where inter-ecular forces overcome the momentum of the ecules. If momentum was lost, enery must have been lost from the cream and one into the surroundin ice. 94. It s essentially #93 backwards. Enery went into the crayons. 95. Couldn t find specific heat for methane? Me neither. Use methanol from pae 502 = 3.77kJ/ (mass)(ar mass)(hfusion) = (25.7 )( / 37 )(3.77 kj / ) = 2.59 kj ( / 7 ) 23.3 kj / = 240 kj 97. q = mc T 5650 J = m(4.84 J/ o C)( o C) m = (5650 J)(4.84 J/ o C )(26.6 o C) m = 3592 of water 98. q = (34.3 ) (2.44 J/ o C)( o C) q = 4520 J 2. First, to melt the copper, you must heat it to its meltin point (083 o C) from 25 o C). Look up the specific heat ( J/ o C) and solve for q = 7.8 (0.384 J/ o C)( o C) = 373 J THEN add the heat of fusion for the phase transition from 083 o C to liquid at 083 o C) Like in #95 q m = 7.8 ( /63.55 ) 3.38 kj/ =.642 kj or 643 J 99. Refer to the Phase Diaram on next pae Use q=mc t for the heatin of the ice, steam, or water Use q=(mass)(ar mass) (H vap ) (or H fus if solid to liquid) for the phase transitions REMEMBER H fus & H vap ARE IN kj/; WHILE C IS IN (J/ o C)

11 99. Reaction Rate = chane in concentration of a reactant or a product over time 00. Collision Theory = atoms and ecules used to run into one another in order to react 0. Activation Enery = enery required to form the activated complex 02. Reaction Rate = quantity / Time 03. Reaction rates o up with concentration, as you would expect from collision theory. More atom means more hits 04. As in #04, if the atoms are movin faster, which is what temperature measures, more collisions will have sufficient enery to react, and the rate will o up 05. Pressure only effects rates when ases are involved. Essentially this is the same as #04 in that increasin the pressure on a as forces ecules to hit more often, as they are in less space. Solids and liquids do not react faster under hiher pressure. 06. Catalysts lower the activation enery. They are not consumed in the reaction. This usually increases the rate.

12 07. Le Chatliers principle is that if a stress is applied to a system, the system will respond to lessen the stress. Althouh the principle can only be applied to systems at equilibrium, it helps us fiure out how chanin conditions will alter a reaction. 09. N 2 () + 3H 2 () NH 3 () + HEAT a. remove NH 3, shift riht b. decrease pressure, shift left c. add N 2, shift riht d. increase Temperature, shift left SO 2() + O 2 2SO 3 + HEAT e. increase SO 2, shift riht f. increase temperature, shift left. remove O 2, shift left CO 2() + C (s) + HEAT 2CO () CO 2() +H 2() +HEAT CO () + H 2 O h. increase temperature, shift riht q. Decrease pressure, shifts to riht i. increase CO, shift left r. add catalyst, no shift j. decrease pressure, shift riht H 2() + Cl 2() 2HCl () + HEAT N 2 O 4() + HEAT 2NO 2() k. increase H 2, shift riht. decrease pressure, shift left l. increase pressure, no shift t. remove N 2 O 4, shift left. N 2() + O 2() + HEAT 2NO () m. decrease [O 2 ], shift left n. add catalyst, no shift PCl 3() + Cl 2() PCl 5() + HEAT o. increase [Cl 2 ], shift riht p. decrease pressure, shift left 0. Equilibrium is the point at which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are the same.. See above 2. A polymer is a lare ecule composed of many small ecules. 3. A monomer is the small ecules used to make polymers. 4. The monomer of protein is an amino acid. 5. The monomer of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of a suar, phosphate roup, and a nitroen base.

13 Chemistry Review Nucleotide 6. Glucose 7. Carbon-carbon bonds are relatively stron, allowin carbon atoms to join toether to form chains of reat lenth. (Few other atoms are able to do so).carbon forms four covalent bonds in almost all its stable compounds Compounds which contain only the elements carbon and hydroen 20. Oranic compounds are all carbon containin compounds with the primary exception of carbon oxides, carbides and carbonates. Inoranic compounds are everythin else. 2. Stron nuclear force 22. +;.673 x ;.673 x ; 9. x Nuclear reactions involve a chane in an atom s nucleus; chemical reactions only involve an atom s electrons. Protons and neutrons 26. In a nuclear fission reaction the nucleus is split into framents. (Nuclear power plants use a fission reaction) 27. In a nuclear fusion reaction atomic nuclei are combined. (The sun is powered by nuclear fusion reactions. Within the sun hydroen atoms fuse toether to forms helium atoms) 28. E=mc 2 ; E = enery; m = mass; c = the speed of liht 29. Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. 30. The process in which some substances spontaneously emit radiation.

3. Isotopes that are formed by the radioactive decay of some other isotope. In the case of radium-226, for example, there are 0 successive dauhter products, endin in the stable isotope lead-206. 32.

The nucleus is reduced by these two protons and neutrons and therefore it chanes from one element to another. 34. In beta decay an electron is iven off.

14 3. Isotopes that are formed by the radioactive decay of some other isotope. In the case of radium-226, for example, there are 0 successive dauhter products, endin in the stable isotope lead Carbon-4 is an isotope of Carbon. It contains 8 neutrons. 33. Alpha decay is when an element ives off two protons and two neutrons. The nucleus is reduced by these two protons and neutrons and therefore it chanes from one element to another. 34. In beta decay an electron is iven off. Within the nucleus, a neutron is converted to a proton. Beta particles are represented by the symbol 0 -- β 35. Gamma decay occurs because the nucleus is at too hih an enery. The nucleus falls down to a lower enery state and, in the process, emits a hih enery photon known as a amma particle. Gamma particles (or rays) have no mass and are represented by the symbol 0 0 γ

15 36. Alpha radiation is easily stopped by a thin sheet of paper or the body's outer layer of skin. Since they do not penetrate the outer (dead) layer of skin, they present little or no hazard when they are external to the body. However, alpha particles are considered internal hazards, because when they come into contact with live tissue they cause a lare number of ionizations to occur in small areas, thus causin damae to tissues and cells. 37. Beta radiation, while faster and lihter than alpha radiation, can travel throuh about 0 feet of air and penetrate very thin layers of materials such as aluminum foil. However, while clothin will stop most beta particles, they can penetrate the live layers of skin tissue. Therefore, beta radiation is considered to be both an internal and external (to skin only) hazard. Thin layers of metals and plastics can be used to shield individuals from beta radiation. 38. Gamma radiation (or amma rays), like liht, represent enery transmitted in a wave without the movement of material, just as heat and liht from a fire or the sun travels throuh space. X-rays and amma rays are virtually identical except that X-rays are enerally produced artificially rather than comin from the atomic nucleus. Unlike liht, X-rays and amma rays have reat penetratin power and can pass throuh the human body. Thick barriers of concrete, lead or water are used as protection from them.

Date: SCH 4U Name: ENTHALPY CHANGES

Date: SCH 4U Name: ENTHALPY CHANGES Enthalpy (H) = heat content of system (heat, latent heat) Enthalpy = total energy of system + pressure volume H = E + PV H = E + (PV) = final conditions initial conditions