Practice(Packet(( Unit(4:(Atomics(

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1 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts RegentsChemistry:Mr.Palermo PracticePacket Unit4:Atomics Vocabulary: Intro Lesson1: Inquiry Lesson2: Lesson3: Lesson4: Lesson5: Lesson6: Lesson7:

2 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts Vocabulary Foreachword,provideashortbutspecificdefinitionfromYOUROWNBRAINNoboringtextbook definitions.writesomethingtohelpyouremembertheword.explainthewordasifyouwereexplainingit toanelementaryschoolstudent.giveanexampleifyoucan.don tusethewordsgiveninyourdefinition Alphaparticle: Anion: Atom: AtomicMass: AtomicNumber: Bohr: BrightLineSpectra: Cation: Deflected: ElectronConfiguration: Electron: ExcitedState: Goldfoilexperiment: GroundState: Isotope: MassNumber: Neutron: Nuclearcharge: Nucleus:

3 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts Orbital: Proton: Rutherford: Thompson: ValenceElectrons: WaveMechanicalModel:

4 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts Unit4:AnchoringPhenomenon:Mixing50mLofethanoland50mLofwater Predict: Observe: Explain: Background: IntroductiontoAtomicModels Modelsareusedinscienceasawaytorepresentwhatwecannotsee.Theyhelpusworkwith,visualize, andunderstandscientificconcepts. However,modelsareconstantlychangingaswedevelopnew technologyandcontinuetomakeadvancements.wearegoingtostudytheatominthisunit,anditis importanttolearnabouttheprocessofdevelopingourmostcurrentmodel. Model1: Dalton Daltoncameupwiththetheorythatdescribedatomsinfivepostulates,meaning,asetofconceptsor theoriesproposedbyscientists. Daltonusedexperimentationtodevelophispostulatesthroughtesting gases. Hefirstdifferentiatedatomsviaatomicweight.Hisdatawasflawed,however,butheisknownas thefatherofatomictheoryduetohisimmensestridesinthistopic. Hisfivepostulatesarelistedbelow: i. Allelementsarecomposedoftinyindivisibleparticlescalledatomsthatcannotbe brokendownfurther. * ii. Atomsofagivenelementareallsimilarintheirphysicalandchemical properties. * iii. Atomsofdifferentelementsdifferintheirphysicalandchemicalproperties. iv. Atomsofdifferentelementscombineinsimple,wholenumberratiostoform compounds. v. Inchemicalreactions,atomsarecombined,separated,orrearranged,butnever created,destroyed,orchanged.*indicatesthatthepostulateisstillheldastruetoday. ***indicates*that*the*postulate*still*holds*true*today*

5 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts Dalton smodelsummarizestheseprinciplesbyshowingthatan atomismadeupofsolid,indivisibleparticles. Thiswasoriginally statedbygreekphilosopherdemocritus,andhecalledthe indivisibleparticleatomoswhichmeansindivisible).however, Democritusdidnothaveanysupportforhisclaim. Dalton smodelof theatom: KeyContentQuestions: 1. EventhoughnewmodelswerediscoveredafterDaltoncreatedhisfiveprinciples,whichofthese principlesstillholdstrue? actuallywritethemout) Model2: JJThomson Usingacathoderaytube,JJThomsondiscoveredtheelectron.Acathoderaytubeis composedofacathodeornegativeelectrode,andananodeorpositiveelectrodeinsideofanevacuated glasscontainer. Electrodesaremetalplateswithpositiveornegativechargesonthesurface). Thomsonappliedachargetothecathoderayandobservedtheflowofelectronsfromcathodetoanode throughtheopenspaceofthecontainer.theseobservationschangedthewaythatatomswere portrayedsinceitwasnowdeterminedthatatomscould)befurtherbrokendown.

6 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts Thomson smodelshowselectronsscatteredthroughoutanatomthatismostlyapositively]chargedcloud. Inadditiontothebeamtravelingfromthenegativecathodetothepositiveanode,Thomsonputamagnetic fieldonthetubeandnoticedthebeamwasattractedtothepositiveendofthefield. Thisallowedhimto concludetherearenegativelychargedparticlesintheatom.thomsonalsoconcludedthattheremustbe anopposingpositivechargesurroundingthenegativecharge. Thomson s PlumPudding Model: KeyContentQuestions: 2.WhatdidThomsondeterminethechargeofan electrontobe?positiveornegative) 3.Howdidhedeterminethischargebasedon hisexperimentation? Model3: Rutherford In1911,themodeloftheatomchangedonceagainafterErnestRutherforddiscoveredthe nucleus.rutherfordaimedalphaparticlespositivelychargedparticlesthatrepresentaheliumnucleus) atathinsheetofgoldfoil. BasedonThomson smodel,heexpectedtheparticlestotravelstraight throughthefoil. However,thiswasnotthecase. Rutherfordobservedsomeparticlesthatwentstraightthrough,buthealsonoticedsomedeflections backtowardshimandofftotheside.thisshowedthatprotonsandelectronswerenotevenlydispersed. Rutherforddeterminedthatprotonsarelocatedinaconcentratedareainthecenterofatom,andthe electronsaredispersedintheemptyspacearoundit.

7 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts ThismeansthatThomson smodelwasnolongercorrect,andthatprotonswerefoundinadenseareaof theatomcalledthenucleus.electrons,ontheotherhand,arefoundintheemptyspacearoundtheatom. Rutherford smodeloftheatom: KeyContentQuestions: 4.WhatdidRutherfordexpecttohappeninhisexperiment? 5.Whatactuallyhappened? Whatdidthismeanaboutthemake]upoftheatom? 6.WhatpartoftheatomisRutherfordcreditedfordiscovering?

8 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts Model5:Bohr In1912,NielsBohrcameupwithatheorythatexplainedwhyelectronsdonotspiralinwardas theyshouldbaseduponclassicalphysicsandparticlemovement).hestatedthatelectronsfollow tworules. 1. Electronsorbitatspecificdistancesfromthenucleus.Inotherwords,allelectronscanbe foundatacertaindistancefromthenucleusinanorbital. 2. Atomsradiategiveoff)energywhenanelectronjumpsfromahigher]energyorbittoalower] energyorbit,andabsorbstakein)energywhentheelectrongetsboostedfromalow]energy orbittoahigh]energyorbit. Thismodelisknownastheplanetarymodelsincetheelectronsareorbitingaroundthenucleusmuch liketheplanetsorbitaroundthesun. Thefirstorbitalonlyholdstwoelectrons.Orbitaltwocanhold uptoeightelectrons,orbitalthreecanholduptoeighteenelectrons,andorbitalfourandhighercan holduptothirty]twoelectrons.2]8]18) Bohr smodeloftheatom: KeyContentQuestions: Whatarethecirclesaroundthenucleuscalled? Whatparticleresidesinthem? Howcanelectronsmovefromoneorbitaltoanother? 8

9 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts Model6: Today smodel QuantumMechanicalModel Fifteenyearspassedbeforeanothermodeloftheatomwasputintothemix.Thenextmodel,the quantummechanicalelectroncloud)model,isamathematicalmodelthatpredictstheprobability ofelectronlocationsandpathswithinanelectroncloud.thismodelresultedfromscientistssuchas debroglie,schrödinger,andheisenberg. Thesescientistsstartedtolookatelectronsactingasboth particlesandwaves,anddeterminedthattherecanbenocertaintyinfindingthepositionofanelectron ifyouknowthemomentumatwhichittravels.thisledtotheideaofelectronsexistinginanelectron cloudmovingasbothaparticleandawaveatthesametime.hencecamethequantummechanical model. QuantumMechanicalModel: KeyContentQuestions: IntheQuantumMechanicalmodel,howdoelectronstravel?Wherearetheylocated? 9

10 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts ExtensionQuestion: LabelthemodelsDalton,Thomson,Rutherford,Bohr,orQuantumMechanicalmodel). 10

11 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts LESSON1:ATOMICTHEORY Objective:* Describehowthemodernmodeloftheatomhasevolvedoveralongperiodoftimethrough theworkofmanyscientists Relateexperimentalevidencetomodelsoftheatom* DescribeindetailRutherford sexperimentandtheconclusionshemade* * ObservationofThompson splumpuddingmodel: Go#to# and#click#on#plum#pudding#model.##click#on#the#blue#button#on#the#gun#on#the#left#side#labeled# alpha#particles. # Observe#what#is#occurring#and#answer#the#questions#below.# # 1. AccordingtowhatyouobservedaboutThompson splumpuddingmodel,whatwashappeningwith thealphaparticles? 2. Is#this#model#accurate#from#what#you#now#know#about#the#structure#of#the#atom?# # ObservationofRutherford smodel: Go#to# and#click#on#rutherford#atom.#then#click#on#the#blue#button#on#the#gun#on#the#left#side#labeled# alpha# particles. #Observe#what#is#occurring#and#answer#the#questions#below.# # 1. Asthepositivelychargedalphaparticlesareshotatthegoldfoilwhathappenstomostoftheparticles baseduponthesimulation? 2. Doallparticlespassrightthroughtheatomsundeflected? 3. Whatcanyouconcludeaboutthechargeofthenucleusfromthesimulation?Whataboutthesize? RegentsPractice: 1.)J.J.Thomson scathoderaytubeexperimentledtothediscoveryof 1. thepositivelychargedsubatomicparticlecalledtheelectron 2. thepositivelychargedsubatomicparticlecalledtheproton 3. thepositivelychargedsubatomicparticlecalledtheelectron 4. thenegativelychargedsubatomicparticlecalledtheelectron 11

12 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts 2.)AccordingtotheBohrModel, 1. electronsarefoundinareasofhighprobabilitycalledorbitals 2. electronstravelaroundthenucleusincircularpathscalledorbits 3. electronsarefoundinareasofhighprobabilitycalledorbits 4. electronstravelaroundthenucleusinrandompathscalledorbitals 3.)AccordingtotheWave]MechanicalModel, 1. electronsarefoundinareasofhighprobabilitycalledorbitals 2. electronstravelaroundthenucleusincircularpathscalledorbits 3. electronsarefoundinareasofhighprobabilitycalledorbits 4. electronstravelaroundthenucleusinrandompathscalledorbitals 4.) In Thomson s cathode-ray experiment, what evidence led him to believe that the ray consisted of particles, and why did he conclude that the ray was negatively charged? 5.)One)model)of)the)atom)states)that)atoms)are)tiny)particles)composed)of)a)uniform)mixture)of)positive)and) negative)charges.)scientists)conducted)an)experiment)where)alpha)particles)were)aimed)at)a)thin)layer)of) gold)atoms.))most)of)the)alpha)particles)passed)directly)through)the)gold)atoms.))a)few)alpha)particles) were)deflected)from)their)straight<line)paths.)an)illustration)of)the)experiment)is)shown)below.) ) a. Mostofthealphaparticlespasseddirectlythroughthegold atomsundisturbed.whatdoesthisevidencesuggestaboutthe structureofthegoldatoms? b. Afewofthealphaparticlesweredeflected.Whatdoesthisevidencesuggestaboutthe structureofthegoldatoms c. Howshouldtheoriginalmodelberevisedbasedontheresultsofthisexperiment? 12

13 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts 6.) In)1897,)J.)J.)Thomson)demonstrated)in)an)experiment)that)cathode)rays)were)deflected)by)an)electric)field.) This)suggested)that)cathode)rays)were)composed)of)negatively)charged)particles)found)in)all)atoms.)Thomson) concluded)that)the)atom)was)a)positively)charged)sphere)of)almost)uniform)density)in)which)negatively)charged) particles)were)embedded.)the)total)negative)charge)in)the)atom)was)balanced)by)the)positive)charge,)making)the) atom)electrically)neutral.))in)the)early)1900s,)ernest)rutherford)bombarded)a)very)thin)sheet)of)gold)foil)with) alpha)particles.)after)interpreting)the)results)of)the)gold)foil)experiment,)rutherford)proposed)a)more) sophisticated)model)of)the)atom.) a. Stateone)conclusionfromRutherford sexperimentthatcontradictsoneconclusionmadeby Thomson. b. Stateone)aspectofthemodernmodeloftheatomthatagreeswithaconclusionmadeby Thomson. 7.)Explainthecurrentmodeloftheatom. ASSESSYOURSELFONTHISLESSON: /7 Ifyoumissedmorethan1,dotheAdditionalPractice.Ifnot,goontothenexthwvideo ADDITIONALPRACTICELESSON1: 1. WhatareRutherford stwoconclusionsabouttheatomasaresultofhisgoldfoilexperiment? 2. HowisBohr smodeldifferentthatrutherford smodel? 3. Explainthewavemechanicalmodelcurrentmodel)oftheatom. ASSESSYOURSELFONTHISADDITIONALPRACTICE: /8 Ifyoumissedmorethan1youshouldseemeforextrahelpand/orreHwatchthelessonvideoassignment 13

14 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts BUILDINGANATOMINQUIRYACTIVITY: Go)to)the)Nearpod)lesson)assigned)in)google)classroom.))Complete)the)inquiry)activity)and)fill)in)your)packet) below)when)prompted)to)in)the)lesson.))) Build an Atom Before running the simulation, check off stable and click the sign next to mass number. Then build 3 different examples of atoms that have a stable nucleus and fill in the table below. Numberofparticlesin yournucleus: Protons: Neutrons: Protons: Neutrons: Protons: Neutrons: Draw yournucleus Whatelement isit? 1. Which particle or particles) determines the name of the element you built? Test your idea by identifying the element for the 3 cases. Particles What Element? Protons:6 1. Neutrons:6 Electrons: Protons:7 Neutrons:6 Electrons:6 Protons:6 Neutrons:7 Electrons:7 WhatDetermines theelement? Proton Neutron Electron Proton Neutron Electron Proton Neutron Electron Nametheelement 14

15 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts a. What sub atomic part affects the mass of your atom? b. Which particles are heavy and which particles are light? c. What is a rule for determining the mass? d. Using all of your rules, figure out what changes for each of these actions to an atom. You can test your ideas with the simulation. If you have new ideas, rewrite your rules. Action Adda Proton What Changes? HowDoesitChange? Element Charge Mass Action Removea Neutron What Changes? HowDoesitChange? Element Charge Mass Action Removean Electron What Changes? HowDoesitChange? Element Charge Mass Action Adda Electron What Changes? HowDoesitChange? Element Charge Mass ***********Now*return*to*the*Nearpod*lesson.** 15

16 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts SubatomicParticles: SubatomicParticle Charge Mass Proton Electron Neutron Drawthefollowing: HydrogenIon HydrogenIsotope Designanatom: x CompletetheNearpodlesson. 16

17 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts LESSON2:SUBATOMICPARTICLES Objective:* Identifythesubatomicparticlesofanatomproton,neutron,andelectron) Determinethenumberofprotons,neutrons,electrons,nucleonsandnuclearchargeina neutral atom Fill)in)the)table)below)using)the)periodic)table)and)table)S)in)your)reference)table.) Name Symbol Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic# Mass# Hydrogen He 2 4 Carbon C 6 12 Nitrogen Oxygen O Aluminum Iron Co Lithium 4 Beryllium Be Boron 5 11 Ne 10 Sodium Fluorine 9 10 Nickel Ni 59 Ca

18 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts Thetermnuclearchargerepresentsthenumberandsignofthechargeinsidethenucleus.Protons whichare chargedandneutronswhichare charged,areinthenucleus. Thismeansthenucleusisalways charged.the#ofnucleonsisthenumberofparticlesin thenucleus plus. Complete)the)table)below)all)are)neutral):* Atom Protons Electrons Neutrons Mass # 1. Thenumberofprotonsinthenucleusof 32 Pis: 15 Atomic # Nuclear charge #of Nucleons A B C 55 D E F G 81 Nuclear diagram 57n 44p Element s Symbol Mn Ba 1)15 2)17 3)32 4)47 2. Whatisthetotalnumberofelectronsinanatomwithanatomicnumberof13andamassnumber of 27? 1)13 2)14 3)27 4)40 3. Themassnumberofanatomisequaltothetotalnumberofits 1) electronsonly2)protonsonly3)electronsandprotons 4)protonsandneutrons 4. Whichatomhasamassofapproximatelytwoatomicmassunits? 1) 1 H 2) 2 H 3) 3 He 4) 4 He Theatomicnumberofanatomisalwaysequaltothetotalnumberof 1)neutronsinthenucleus 2)protonsinthenucleus 3)neutronsplusprotonsintheatom 4)protonspluselectronsintheatom ASSESSYOURSELFONTHISLESSON: /33 Ifyoumissedmorethan5,dotheAdditionalPractice.Ifnot,goontothenexthwvideo 18

19 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts ADDITIONALPRACTICE:LESSON2 1. Whatisthetotalnumberofneutronsinanatomof 39 K? 19 1)19 2)20 3)39 4)58 2. AnAtomof 226 Rncontains: 88 1)88protonsand138neutrons 2)88protonsand138electrons 3)88electronsand226neutrons 4)88electronsand226protons 3. Whichnuclidecontainsthegreatestnumberofneutrons 1) 37 Cl 2) 39 K 3) 40 Ar 4) 41 Ca 4. Comparethemassesofprotons,neutronsandelectrons. 5. Whydoesthenucleushaveapositivecharge? 6. Whataffectdoneutronshaveontheoverallchargeofthenucleus? ASSESSYOURSELFONTHISADDITIONALPRACTICE: /8 Ifyoumissedmorethan1youshouldseemeforextrahelpand/orreHwatchthelessonvideoassignment 19

20 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts LESSON#3:IONS Objective:* Determinethenumberofprotons,neutrons,andelectronsinanion* * Cationsare chargedbecausethey whenbonding. positively/negatively) gain/lose)electrons/protons) Anionsare chargedbecausethey whenbonding. positively/negatively) gain/lose)electrons/protons) Ifaparticlehas9protonsand10electrons,whatisthesymbolandcharge? Ifaparticlehas11protonsand10electrons,whatisthesymbolandcharge? Ifaparticlehas12protonsand10electrons,whatisthesymbolandcharge? Giveamathematicalrulefordeterminingthechargeofaparticle: 1.))Complete)the)following)table) Name Symbol Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic# Mass# Copperion Cu Bariumion Ba K 39 Goldion Au Chlorideion Fluorideion F ] 10 Sulfideion S ]2 16 O ]2 16 Aluminumion

21 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts Sinceallatomsstrivetobecomestable8electronsintheirvalenceshell)whentheygainorlose electronstoformionstheybecomestable.theresultingelectronconfigurationoftheionisthesameas thatofanoblegas.forexample,lookattheelectronconfigurationofoxygen. Theunstableatomofoxygenhasanelectronconfigurationof2d6. Tobecomestabletheatomgains2valenceelectronsresultingin8valenceelectrons andaelectronconfigurationof2d8whichisthesameconfigurationasthenoblegas Neon. *****rememberwhenanatomformsanionitdoesn tbecomeanoblegas itjusthasthesameconfigurationasone.theprotonandneutrons donotchangefromatomtoionandthereforewillbedifferentthanthe noblegas. 2.Complete)the)following)Table Electron Ionlargeror #of #of Electron Ion Charge Configuration smallerthan protons electrons configuration sameas atom? Al d8 Ne smaller P 3d Sr 2 Na aproton d2 8 d1 17 K F d 3. Explain,intermsofsubatomicparticles,whyanoxygenatomiselectricallyneutral. 21

22 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts 4.Explain,intermsofsubatomicparticles,whyanoxideion,O 2],hasanegativecharge. 5.Comparethenumberofprotonstothenumberofelectronsinapositiveion. 6.Comparethenumberofprotonstothenumberofelectronsinanegativeion. 7.Explain,intermsofsubatomicparticles,whyachlorineionislargerthanachlorineatom ASSESSYOURSELFONTHISLESSON: /24 Ifyoumissedmorethan4,dotheAdditionalPractice.Ifnot,goontothenexthwvideo ADDITIONALPRACTICE:LESSON3 1. Fill)in)the)following)table:) Name Symbol Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic# Oxideion S H2 Hydrogenion Berylliumion ASSESSYOURSELFONTHISADDITIONALPRACTICE: /8 Ifyoumissedmorethan1youshouldseemeforextrahelpand/orreHwatchthelessonvideoassignment 22

23 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts LESSON#4:ISOTOPESANDAVERAGEATOMICMASS Objective:* Differentiatebetweenatomicnumber,massnumber,andaverage)atomicmass* Calculatetheaverage)atomicmassforallisotopesofanelement* Calculatethenumberofneutronsinanisotope* Intermsofsubatomicparticles,isotopesareatomsofthesameelement,whichhaveadifferentnumberof butthesamenumberof.thusthe numberisthesamebutthe numberisdifferent.isotopenamescanbefollowedbythemass number.example:carbonh14andcarbonh12.isotopesymbolsincludetheelement ssymbolwiththemass numberonthetopleftandtheatomicnumberonthebottomleft.example: 14 6Cand 12 6C Isotope Atomic Atomic Nuclear Name Neutrons Protons Electrons Symbol Mass Number Charge LithiumH6 LithiumH7 BoronH10 BoronH11 SodiumH22 SodiumH24 AluminumH26 AluminumH27 IronH55 IronH56 ZincH65 ZincH66 Foreachpairabove,lookuptheelement satomicmassfromthereferencetableanddecidewhichisotope ismoreabundant.circlethemoreabundantisotope sname. ASSESSYOURSELFONTHISLESSON: /12 Ifyoumissedmorethan2,dotheAdditionalPractice.Ifnot,goontothenexthwvideo 23

24 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts ADDITIONALPRACTICE:LESSON4 1. ExplainwhythemassofCarbon]12andCarbon]14aredifferent. 2. Cantwodifferentelementshavethesamenumberofneutrons? 3.Fill)in)the)chart)below Isotope Atomic Atomic Nuclear Name Neutrons Protons Electrons Symbol Mass Number Charge IronH56 IronH57 IronH58 FluorineH18 FluorineH19 ASSESSYOURSELFONTHISADDITIONALPRACTICE: /5 Ifyoumissedmorethan1youshouldseemeforextrahelpand/orreHwatchthelessonvideoassignment 24

25 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts Calculatingaverageatomicmass 1. Whatisyourquartergradeifyourcategorieshavethefollowingweights? YourGrades: Test60%)of)the)average)of)all)tests)scores) 70 Labs30%)of)the)average)of)all)lab)scores) 90 Quiz10%)of)the)average)of)all)quiz)scores) 95 Find)the)average)atomic)mass)for)each)of)the)following:)show)your)work)) 2. Silver:55.0%Ag]107,45.0%Ag] Indium:40.0%In]113,60.0%In] Rhendium:30.0%Re]185,70%Re] Copper:75.0%Cu]63,25.0%Cu]65 6. Chlorine:75.5%Cl]35,therestCl]37 7. Oxygen:99.76%O]16,0.046%O]17,and0.20%O]

26 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts 8. Baseyouranswerstothefollowingquestionsonthedatatablebelow,whichshowsthreeisotopes ofneon. a. Intermsofatomic)particles,)stateonedifferencebetweenthesethreeisotopesofneon. b. Basedontheatomicmassesandthenaturalabundancesshowninthedatatable,showa correctnumericalsetupforcalculatingtheaverageatomicmassofneon. c. Basedonnaturalabundances,theaverageatomicmassofneonisclosesttowhichwhole number? 9. TheatomicmassofelementAis63.6atomicmassunits.Theonlynaturallyoccurringisotopesof elementaarea]63anda]65.thepercentabundancesinanaturallyoccurringsampleofelement Aareclosestto 1)31%A]63and69%A]65 2)50%A]63and50%A]65 3)69%A]63and31%A]65 4)100%A]63and0%A]65 ASSESSYOURSELFONTHISLESSON: /9 Ifyoumissedmorethan1,dotheAdditionalPractice.Ifnot,goontothenexthwvideo 26

27 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts ADDITIONALPRACTICE:LESSON4 1. Naturallyoccurringelementalcarbonisamixtureofisotopes.Thepercentcompositionofthetwo mostabundantisotopesislistedbelow %ofthecarbonatomshaveamassof12.00atomicmassunits. 1.07%ofthecarbonatomshaveamassof13.00atomicmassunits. a. Showacorrectnumericalsetupforcalculatingtheaverageatomicmassofcarbon. b. Describe,intermsofsubatomic)particles)found)in)the)nucleus,onedifferencebetweenthe nucleiofcarbon]12atomsandthenucleiofcarbon]13atoms.theresponsemustincludeboth isotopes. 2. A100.00]gramsampleofnaturallyoccurringboroncontains19.78gramsofboron]10atomic mass=10.01atomicmassunits)and80.22gramsofboron]11atomicmass=11.01atomicmass units).whichnumericalsetupcanbeusedtodeterminetheatomicmassofnaturallyoccurring boron? 3. WhatisthemostabundantorcommonisotopeofVanadiumV)? a) 50 V b) 52 V c) 51 V d) 49 V ASSESSYOURSELFONTHISADDITIONALPRACTICE: /5 Ifyoumissedmorethan1youshouldseemeforextrahelpand/orreHwatchthelessonvideoassignment 27

28 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts LESSON#5:BOHRDIAGRAMS Objective:* Construct*Bohr*diagrams*for*atoms*and*ions* Bohrdiagramsshowthenumberofprotonsandneutronsinthenucleusandthenumberofelectronsintheir energylevels.theelectronconfigurationshowshowmanyelectronsareineachlevelinthegroundstate,or undernormalconditions.anexampleofabohrdiagramisgivenbelow: MagnesiumMg) Atomic)number12 Mass)numberrounded)24 DrawtheBohrdiagramsofthefollowing: 12p 12n H\1 K\40 Li\7 Be\9 B\11 C\14 Ne\20 O\16 F\19 Cl\35 Al\27 S\28 S\32 N\14 Mg\24 P\

29 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts Valenceelectronsaretheelectronsintheoutermostshell.Theyarethefurthestfromthenucleus,escaping theprotonspullingonthem.therefore,theyhavethe energyoutofalltheelectrons.doanyof theelementsabovehavethesamenumberofvalenceelectrons?listthepairs: ASSESSYOURSELFONTHISLESSON: /9 Ifyoumissedmorethan1,dotheAdditionalPractice.Ifnot,goontothenexthwvideo ADDITIONALPRACTICE:LESSON5 Draw#the#Bohr#diagrams#of#the#following:## Na\23 Ca\40 B\10 Ne\21 Br\80 P\31 Rb\86 Li\6 ASSESSYOURSELFONTHISADDITIONALPRACTICE: /8 Ifyoumissedmorethan1youshouldseemeforextrahelpand/orreHwatchthelessonvideoassignment 29

30 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts LESSON#6GROUNDVS.EXCITEDSTATEANDBRIGHTLINESPECTRUM Objective:* Differentiate*between*excited*and*ground*state* Explain*how*light*is*produced* Identify*substances*based*upon*their*bright*line*spectra* 1. Completethetablebelow.Thefirstoneisdoneforyou. Electron configuration Total# of ed s Total# of edshells edshellwith thehighest energyed s Exciteddor grounddstate Atom s symbol AtomA 2d8d rd ground Si AtomB 2d3d1 AtomC 2d8d7d1 AtomD 2d8d18d6 AtomE 2d8d18d17d5 AtomF 1d7 2. Completethetablebelow.Thefirstoneisdoneforyou. Element symbol Element name Grounddstateelectron configuration #ofvalence electrons Anexciteddstateelectron configuration O oxygen 2d6 6 2d5d1 Mg He K N P F Sr Al Br Cu 3. Electrontransitionsfromoneshelltoanotheraregivenforfourdifferentatomsbelow: AtomG: 3 rd shellto2 nd shell AtomI: 4 th shellto6 th shell AtomH: 1 st shellto4 th shell AtomJ: 5 th shellto3 rd shell a. Inwhichatoms)isenergyabsorbedduringthee]transition? b. Inwhichatoms)isenergyreleasedduringthee]transition? c. Inwhichatoms)wouldspectrallinesbeobserved? 30

31 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts d. Inwhichatomisthegreatestamountofenergyabsorbed? e. Inwhichatomisthegreatestamountofenergyreleased? f. InatomG,comparetheenergyoftheelectroninthe3 rd shelltothatoftheelectroninthe2 nd shell. Baseyouranswerstoquestions4and5onthediagrambelow,whichshowsbright]linespectraof selectedelements. 10Identifythetwo)elementsintheunknownspectrum. 11Explainhowabright]linespectrumisproduced,intermsofexcited)state)andground)state.) ASSESSYOURSELFONTHISLESSON: /11 Ifyoumissedmorethan1,dotheAdditionalPractice.Ifnot,goontothenexthwvideo ADDITIONALPRACTICE:LESSON6 Baseyouranswertoquestion1ontheinformationandthebright]linespectrarepresentedbelow.Many advertisingsignsdependontheproductionoflightemissionsfromgas]filledglasstubesthataresubjectedtoa high]voltagesource.whenlightemissionsarepassedthroughaspectroscope,bright]linespectraareproduced. 1.Isthefollowingelectronconfigurationexcitedorground? 2. Isthefollowingelectronconfigurationexcitedorgroundstate:2<7<2) 3. GiveonepossibleexcitedstateelectronconfigurationforMg) ASSESSYOURSELFONTHISADDITIONALPRACTICE: /3 Ifyoumissedanyyoushouldseemeforextrahelpand/orreHwatchthelessonvideoassignment 31

32 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts LESSON#7LEWISDOTDIAGRAMS Objective:* Construct*Lewis*dot*diagrams*for*atoms*and*ions* * Lewisdiagramsshowonlytheatom ssymbolanddotsrepresentingthevalenceelectrons.themostvalence electronsanatomcanhaveis sothemostdotsyouwilldrawis.pleasemakedotsveryvisible Examplesofatoms: ExamplesofIons: Name Protons Neutrons Electrons Electron Configuration RubidiumH85 CesiumH133 StrontiumH88 BariumH138 GermaniumH72 TinH119 ArsenicH75 Valence LewisDiagram Electrons 32

33 PracticePacket:Unit4AtomicConcepts 1. Whyarethevalenceelectronsthemostimportantelectrons? 2. Thekernelelectronsareallelectronsexceptthevalenceelectrons.Howmanykernelelectronsdoes magnesiumhave? 3. DrawtheLewisdotdiagramofCs 1,Sr 2,Te H2 andbr H1 4. Allcationshave dotsandallanionshave dots. ASSESSYOURSELFONTHISLESSON: /11 Ifyoumissedmorethan1,dotheAdditionalPractice.Ifnot,goontothenexthwvideo ADDITIONALPRACTICE:LESSON7 Name Protons Neutrons Electrons Antimony]121 Selenium]79 Tellurium]127 Bromine]80 Iodine]127 Electron Configuration Valence LewisDiagram Electrons ASSESSYOURSELFONTHISADDITIONALPRACTICE: /5 Ifyoumissedanyyoushouldseemeforextrahelpand/orreHwatchthelessonvideoassignment 33

34 Unit 4 Atomic Regents Practice 1. In which pair do the particles have approximately the same mass? A) proton and electron B) proton and neutron C) neutron and electron D) neutron and beta particle 2. Which statement best describes the nucleus of an aluminum atom? A) It has a charge of 13 and is surrounded by a total of 10 electrons. B) It has a charge of 13 and is surrounded by a total of 13 electrons. C) It has a charge of -13 and is surrounded by a total of 10 electrons. D) It has a charge of -13 and is surrounded by a total of 13 electrons. 3. Which subatomic particle will be attracted by a positively charged object? A) proton B) neutron C) electron D) positron 4. Which statement concerning elements is true? A) Different elements must have different numbers of isotopes. B) Different elements must have different numbers of neutrons. C) All atoms of a given element must have the same mass number. D) All atoms of a given element must have the same atomic number. 5. Which particles are found in the nucleus of an atom? A) electrons, only B) neutrons, only C) protons and electrons D) protons and neutrons 6. Which statement best describes electrons? A) They are positive subatomic particles and are found in the nucleus. B) They are positive subatomic particles and are found surrounding the nucleus. C) They are negative subatomic particles and are found in the nucleus. D) They are negative subatomic particles and are found surrounding the nucleus. 7. Which sequence represents a correct order of historical developments leading to the modern model of the atom? A) the atom is a hard sphere most of the atom is empty space electrons exist in orbitals outside the nucleus B) the atom is a hard sphere electrons exist in orbitals outside the nucleus most of the atom is empty space C) most of the atom is empty space electrons exist in orbitals outside the nucleus the atom is a hard sphere D) most of the atom is empty space the atom is a hard sphere electrons exist in orbitals outside the nucleus 8. Subatomic particles can usually pass undeflected through an atom because the volume of an atom is composed of A) an uncharged nucleus B) largely empty space C) neutrons D) protons 9. Which statement about the mass of an electron is correct? A) The mass of an electron is equal to the mass of a proton. B) The mass of an electron is less than the mass of a proton. C) The mass of an electron is equal to the mass of a neutron. D) The mass of an electron is greater than the mass of a neutron.

35 Unit 4 Atomic Regents Practice 10. An experiment in which alpha particles were used to bombard thin sheets of gold foil led to the conclusion that an atom is composed mostly of A) empty space and has a small, negatively charged nucleus B) empty space and has a small, positively charged nucleus C) a large, dense, positively charged nucleus D) a large, dense, negatively charged nucleus 11. What is the charge of the nucleus in an atom of oxygen-17? A) 0 B) 2 C) 8 D) A neutral atom contains 12 neutrons and 11 electrons. The number of protons in this atom is A) 1 B) 11 C) 12 D) What is the nuclear charge of an iron atom Fe)? A) 26 B) 30 C) 56 D) An atom contains 22 neutrons and 40 nucleons. What is the total number of protons in the atom? A) 18 B) 22 C) 40 D) What is the total number of protons contained in the nucleus of a carbon-14 atom? A) 6 B) 8 C) 12 D) What is the mass number of an atom that has six protons, six electrons, and eight neutrons? A) 6 B) 12 C) 14 D) What is the total number of neutrons in the nucleus of a neutral atom that has 19 electrons and a mass number of 39? A) 19 B) 20 C) 39 D) The number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom can be determined by A) adding the atomic number to the mass number B) subtracting the atomic number from the mass number C) adding the mass number to the atomic mass D) subtracting the mass number from the atomic number 19. The nucleus of an atom of cobalt-58 contains A) 27 protons and 31 neutrons B) 27 protons and 32 neutrons C) 59 protons and 60 neutrons D) 60 protons and 60 neutrons 20. Isotopes of an element must have different A) atomic numbers B) mass numbers C) numbers of protons D) numbers of electrons 21. All the isotopes of a given atom have A) the same mass number and the same atomic number B) the same mass number but different atomic numbers C) different mass numbers but the same atomic number D) different mass numbers and different atomic numbers 22. Which two notations represent atoms that are isotopes of the same element? A) B) C) D) 23. Which two nuclides are isotopes of the same element? A) B) C) D) 24. The atomic mass of element A is 63.6 atomic mass units. The only naturally occurring isotopes of element A are A-63 and A-65. The percent abundances in a naturally occurring sample of element A are closest to A) 31% A-63 and 69% A-65 B) 50% A-63 and 50% A-65 C) 69% A-63 and 31% A-65 D) 100% A-63 and 0% A-65

36 Unit 4 Atomic Regents Practice 25. The average isotopic mass of chlorine is Which mixture of isotopes shown as percents) produces this average mass? A) 50% 12 C and 50% 13 C B) 50% 35 Cl and 50% 37 Cl C) 75% 35 Cl and 25% 37 Cl D) 75% 12 C and 25% 13 C 26. The atomic mass of an element is defined as the weighted average mass of that element's A) most abundant isotope B) least abundant isotope C) naturally occurring isotopes D) radioactive isotopes 27. Which electron configuration represents the electrons in an atom of chlorine in an excited state? A) B) C) D) Which electron configuration represents an atom of aluminum in an excited state? A) B) C) D) An electron in an atom moves from the ground state to an excited state when the energy of the electron A) decreases B) increases C) remains the same 30. As an electron in a hydrogen atom moves from the second principal energy level to the first principal energy level, the energy of the atom A) decreases B) increases C) remains the same 31. As an electron in an atom moves from the ground state to the excited state, the electron A) gains energy as it moves to a higher energy level B) gains energy as it moves to a lower energy level C) loses energy as it moves to a higher energy level D) loses energy as it moves to a lower energy level 32. Which electron configuration represents the electrons of an atom in an excited state? A) B) C) D) Which electron configuration represents an atom of chlorine in an excited state? A) B) C) D) Which electron transition represents a gain of energy? A) from 2nd to 3rd shell B) from 2nd to 1st shell C) from 3rd to 2nd shell D) from 3rd to 1st shell 35. Which of these phrases best describes an atom? A) a positive nucleus surrounded by a hard negative shell B) a positive nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negative charges C) a hard sphere with positive particles uniformly embedded D) a hard sphere with negative particles uniformly embedded 36. Draw a Lewis electron-dot diagram for a sulfur atom in the ground state. 37. In the early 1900s, experiments were conducted to determine the structure of the atom. One of these experiments involved bombarding gold foil with alpha particles. Most alpha particles passed directly through the foil. Some, however, were deflected at various angles. Based on this alpha particle experiment, state two conclusions that were made concerning the structure of an atom.

37 Unit 4 Atomic Regents Practice 38. Base your answer to the following question on the data table below, which shows three isotopes of neon. Based on natural abundances, the average atomic mass of neon is closest to which whole number?