Available online at ScienceDirect. 68th Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2013

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1 Aville online t ScienceDirect Energy Procedi 45 ( 2014 ) th Conference of the Itlin Therml Mchines Engineering Assocition, ATI2013 Modeling of solr driven HD (Humidifiction-Dehumidifiction) deslintion system Giuseppe Frnchini*, Antonio Perdichizzi Deprtment of Engineering, University of Bergmo, vile Mrconi 5, Dlmine (BG), 24044, Itly Astrct The pper presents computer code developed to simulte the opertion of low-temperture thermlly driven deslintion system, sed on the HD process. The system is closed ir cycle unit nd is sed on single-effect humidifiction/dehumidifiction technique: heted slt wter is introduced into n humidifier to sturte the circulting ir nd then the wter vpor seprtes in condenstion section, where fresh wter production tkes plce. The modeling procedure llows to investigtes the ir nd wter thermodynmic properties cross ech component. The computer code is le to optimize the het exchnger surfces nd the ir nd wter mss flow rtes, depending on the se wter nd the het source temperture levels. The code ws used to nlyze n HD deslintion unit with fresh wter production of out 200 liters per hour, for two different configurtions: direct solr driven scheme, where the slt wter entering the HD unit is heted y solr collector field, nd n integrted cooling-deslintion system driven y solr energy, where the solr collected het is used to drive LiBr sorption mchine nd then the low-temperture het rejected y the chiller is exploited to drive the HD process. The simultion code hs een integrted into the Trnsys environment to perform trnsient simultion of the whole systems. The nnul simultions hve een crried out on n hourly sis for typicl climtic conditions of Au Dhi (UAE) The Authors. Pulished y y Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. Open ccess under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection nd peer-review under under responsiility of ATI of ATI NAZIONALE. Keywords: solr energy; deslintion; solr cooling; sorption chiller. * Corresponding uthor. Tel.: ; fx: E-mil ddress: giuseppe.frnchini@unig.it The Authors. Pulished y Elsevier Ltd. Open ccess under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection nd peer-review under responsiility of ATI NAZIONALE doi: /j.egypro

2 Stefni Cheruini nd Antonio Perdichizzi / Energy Procedi 45 ( 2014 ) Introduction Mny countries in the world suffer from shortge of nturl fresh wter. Incresing mounts of drinking wter will e required in the future s result of the rise in popultion rtes nd enhnced living stndrds, together with the expnsion of industril nd griculturl ctivities. Aville fresh wter resources from rivers nd groundwter re currently limited nd re eing incresingly depleted t n lrming rte in mny plces [1]. The ocens represent the Erth s mjor wter reservoir. Aout 97% of the Erth s wter is sewter while nother 2% is locked in icecps nd glciers. Aville fresh wter ccounts for less thn 0.5% of the Erth s totl wter supply. Vst reserves of fresh wter underlie the Erth s surfce, ut much of it is too deep to ccess in n economiclly suitle wy. Additionlly, sewter is unsuitle for humn consumption nd for industril nd griculturl uses. By removing slt from the virtully unlimited supply of sewter, deslintion hs emerged s n importnt source of drinking wter. Nomenclture surfce per unit volume (m -1 ); ir ABS sorption chiller r rine ch chilling coll collector COP coefficient of performnce d dimeter (m) D fresh wter production (kg/h, m 3 ) E energy (kwh, MWh) F re rtio G ir flow rte (kg/s) h het trnsfer coefficient (W/(m 2 K)) H enthlpy HD humidifiction/dehumidifiction het het; heter; heting wter in inlet k mss trnsfer coefficient L se wter flow rte (kg/s) MD memrne distilltion MED multiple effect distilltion MSF multi-stge flsh Nu Nusselt numer NVD nturl vcuum deslintion Pr Prndtl numer Q het trnsfer rte (kw) rd rdition Re Reynolds numer rej rejected RO reverse osmosis T temperture ( C) th therml V volume (m 3 ) w wter Deslintion is eing used in out 150 countries worldwide, meeting the wter needs of n estimted 300 million people. Deslintion plnts round the world mount 16,000 units with totl production of 77.4 million cuic meters per dy. Most of the production comes from three Ses (45% Arin Gulf, 17% Mediterrnen Se, 14% Red Se) [2]. Commercilly, the two most importnt technologies re sed on the MSF nd RO processes. Nevertheless growing interest is tking plce on those processes which mke use of low grde therml energy, like MED, solr distilltion, HD deslintion, NVD nd memrne distilltion. Wter deslintion y ir humidifiction nd dehumidifiction hs een the suject of mny investigtions. Different experimentl dt re ville for using HD t the pilot or industril scle. Most reserchers [2-7] hve performed the humidifiction/dehumidifiction deslintion process in two seprte columns. Al-Hllj et l. [6] investigted solr deslintion unit exploiting HD process. In their unit the circulted ir y nturl or forced convection ws heted nd humidified y the hot wter otined either from flt plte solr collector or from n electricl heter. The ltent het of condenstion ws recovered in the condenser to prehet the sline feed wter. To reduce the cpitl cost of humidifiction instlltion, especilly the solr collectors, other energy sources cn e used. Bourouni et l. [8] developed new HD process using geotherml energy. A new deslintion process sed on comintion of the principles of HD nd mechnicl vpor compression ws developed y Vlchoginnis et l. [9]. This process comines the principles of intensive evportion, vpor compression nd het pump. Air is injected in the evportion chmer through porous ottom wll nd is dispersed s smll dimeter ules. The emerging sturted strem is compressed y lower to slightly higher pressure nd is directed to the djcent

3 590 Stefni Cheruini nd Antonio Perdichizzi / Energy Procedi 45 ( 2014 ) condenstion chmer. Becuse of the incresed pressure, wter condenstion occurs t slightly higher temperture thn evportion, nd the ltent het is trnsferred ck to the evportion chmer through the thermlly conducting sidewll. Chfik [10] presented the development of process using the solr energy to het irflow up to temperture etween 50 nd 80 C. The moderte solr heted ir is humidified y injecting sewter into the ir strem. Lter on, the deslted wter is extrcted from the humid ir y cooling it. Using ir s het crrier nd keeping the mximum operting temperture in the process lower thn 80 C enles the use of cost effective polymers s construction mteril. Among solr deslinting systems, the humidifiction/dehumidifiction process is the most common process [11, 12] ecuse of series of dvntges: 1) MED nd NVD processes need working pressure lower thn tmospheric, while in HD distilltion is possile to keep the tmospheric pressure, ensuring greter reliility nd durility; 2) MD technique is relly promising, ut it is difficult to otin memrnes t resonle prices with hydrophoic property, high porosity for the vpor phse, high resistnce nd low moisture dsorptivity; 3) HD distilltion produce deslinted wter t higher rtes thn those usully otined from solr stills under similr solr rdition; 4) HD distilltion voids the direct contct etween the collector nd the sline wter, which my cuse corrosion nd scling in the solr still. Solr cooling is promising technology with gret potentil depletion especilly in tropicl nd equtoril countries with high solr rdition. This technology llows reduction of electricity consumption for uilding ir conditioning, s cooling demnd typiclly mtches solr energy vilility. Solr cooling systems re usully sed on LiBr sorption chillers driven y hot wter t C provided y solr collectors. A drwck of this technology is the need of lrge het rejection devices like ir coolers or cooling towers: single-stge mchines with COP of out 0.7 must reject out 2.5 kw for ech kw of cooling output. Het rejected y sorption chillers cn e re-used to drive low temperture deslintors. By this wy, comined production of chilling energy nd fresh wter is chieved. This solution ppers very ttrctive for pplictions in costl res with high solr irrdition nd prticulrly for islnds with scrcity of drinking wter sources nd need of refrigertion. The concept of coupling low temperture deslinting system with refrigertion unit powered y solr energy is essentilly unexplored. Gude nd Nirmlkhndn [13] reported on comined cooling nd freshwter production system ssisted y solr energy. Tht pper is minly focused on simultion of pssive vcuum distiller driven y 55 C wter flow from storge tnk. No studies t uthors knowledge hve een crried out on integrtion nd modeling of the whole system. In previous pper [14] the uthors explored the technicl fesiility nd the performnce of novel cogenertion system producing chilling energy nd fresh wter, powered y solr energy, sed on sorption chillers nd HD deslintion units. In the present work the integrted coolingdeslintion system is compred with seprted solr cooling nd solr HD deslintion systems. 2. System description 2.1. HD deslintion technique The HD process is sed on the fct tht ir cn e mixed with importnt quntities of vpor. When n irflow is in contct with slt wter, ir extrcts certin quntity of vpor t the expense of sensitive het of slt wter. On the other hnd, distilled wter is recovered y mintining humid ir t contct with cooling surfces, cusing the condenstion of prt of vpor mixed with ir. Generlly the condenstion occurs in nother exchnger het where slt wter is preheted y ltent het recovery. An externl het contriution is necessry to drive the system. The sic cycle consists of het source, ir humidifier nd dehumidifier (Fig. 1). A humidifier is used to sturte circulting ir. In the condenser/dehumidifier the hot humid ir goes in contct with the cooled surfces which mke hppen the condenstion of wter vpor nd production of fresh wter tkes plce. The condenstion het is used to prehet the se wter. The HD deslintion technique typiclly opertes t mient pressure with heted se wter temperture included in the rnge etween 70 C nd 95 C. The chllenge of the present work is to ssure n efficient opertion of the deslintion system t lower tempertures in the rnge C. Air circultion is forced y fn.

4 Stefni Cheruini nd Antonio Perdichizzi / Energy Procedi 45 ( 2014 ) Solr cooling nd HD deslintion The solr driven fresh wter/cooling cogenertion system is structured s shown in Fig. 1 (CONF A). A field of evcuted tue solr collectors feeds single stge LiBr sorption chiller. An hot storge is interposed to smooth hot wter temperture vritions, relted to solr rdition chnges. The het rejected from the chiller is recovered s het source for the deslintor. In such wy cogenertion system tkes plce: the first output is the chilling energy produced y the sorption chiller, the second one is the distilled wter. Figure 1 shows lso the lterntive configurtion (CONF B) investigted in the present study: frction of the solr collector field is devoted to drive the sorption chiller nd nother frction directly feeds the HD deslintor. In the solr driven HD unit, counterflow het exchnger seprtes the solr loop nd the deslintor heting circuit. For oth configurtions the sorption chiller is ssumed to e cooled y se wter: this required specil design of the cooling circuits in order to void corrosion. Tle 1 shows the min prmeters of the two investigted configurtions. Collector perture re nd outlet temperture, tnk volume, nominl chiller cpcity, se wter (L) nd ir (G) flow rtes for CONF A hve een chosen in ccordnce with previous investigtions. Prmeters relted CONF B were selected in order to exploit the sme solr input nd to otin similr chilling energy nd fresh wter production. Fig. 1. ) Schemtic of single effect HD deslintion unit; ) system configurtion: integrted cooling-deslintion system (CONF A) nd seprted solr cooling nd deslintion system (CONF B). Tle 1. Min system prmeters. Collector perture re (m 2 ) Setpoint collector temperture ( C) Tnk volume (m 3 ) Nominl chiller cpcity (kw) L (kg/s) CONF A CONF B 150 (ABS); 50 (HD) 90 (ABS); 45 (HD) L/G (-)

5 592 Stefni Cheruini nd Antonio Perdichizzi / Energy Procedi 45 ( 2014 ) System modeling To simulte the investigted solr driven systems, computer code hs een developed in Trnsys environment. The HD deslintion unit nd the sorption chiller Types cll externl in-house mde codes sed on physicl models nd implemented in Mtl. Solr collectors re evcuted tue type, with intercept efficiency, first nd second order loss coefficients respectively equl to 0.718, W/(m 2 K) nd W/(m 2 K 2 ). Slope ws set to 28, whilst zimuth ngle ws ssumed to e 0. A vrile speed pump keeps the collector outlet t the specified condition y vrying the flow rte. The plnts re ssumed to operte only when solr rdition on collector surfce exceeds 100 W/m 2. The therml storge is modeled with Trnsys stndrd Type. To tke into ccount the therml strtifiction, the storge is divided in 6 fully mixed segments. The losses from the tnk to the environment re clculted with n overll het trnsfer coefficient equl to 0.7 W/(m 2 K) HD deslintor modeling The HD unit investigted in the present study is sed on closed ir cycle, where ir is circulted etween the humidifiction nd condenstion section. Attention ws pid t the humidifier model, where the wetting cpility must e preserved nd mss trnsfer coefficient hs to e determined. The mss trnsfer coefficient k is n indictor of the humidifiction rte; men vlue of this prmeter for the whole humidifiction column is relted to the inlet nd outlet conditions s indicted in the following lnce eqution: H3 H6 H4 H5 H H / H H G H6 H5 kv = 0 (1) ln where V is the volume, the surfce per unit volume of the humidifiction column nd H entlphies. The humidifier geometry hs een derived from the concept presented y Nwyseh et l. [15]. The locl wetting cpility of internl surfces hs not een evluted through detiled model of this component, s it is outside the im of the present work, nd fixed vlue of the mss trnsfer coefficient k = kg/(m 2 s) hs een used, in greement with experimentl dt in the open literture [16]. The pcking surfce re of the humidifier hs een set equl to 300 m 2, tht is the lrgest vlue ssuring tht kv/l remins in n cceptle rnge ( ), when the se wter flow rte is vried from 1.5 to 6.5 kg/s. For the clcultion of the het trnsfer coefficient (h) in the condenser, the Dittus-Boelter reltionship hs een used for the wter side: Nu = (2) 4/5 0.4 Re w Prw The following correltion [17] ws used for the ir side: 0.29 k h = d Re Pr 1/3 F (3) where F is the re rtio etween ir side nd wter side nd d is the externl dimeter of het exchnger tues. The deslintor cross section ws ssumed to e uniform with squred re of 1.0 x 1.0 m. Previous investigtions showed tht the integrted solr cooling nd deslintion system performnce is minly ffected y the slt wter flow rte L, the condenser surfce nd the se wter to ir mss flow rte rtio L/G. The optiml vlues were found to e L = 3 kg/s, L/G = 1 nd 1500 m 2 condenser re [14]. Such prmeters were used lso for the present work oth for CONF A nd CONF B. The geometricl dt for the two min components re summrized in T. 2.

6 Stefni Cheruini nd Antonio Perdichizzi / Energy Procedi 45 ( 2014 ) Figure 2 shows model predictions of fresh wter production depending on se wter temperture nd therml input. A low se wter temperture improves the fresh wter condenstion, whilst n higher therml input llows to increse the ir humidifiction: when se wter temperture rises, n incresed het is needed to produce the sme mount of fresh wter. Fig. 2. HD deslintor performnce for L = 3 kg/s nd L/G = 1. Tle 2. HD deslintor geometricl detils. Het Exchnge surfce (m 2 ) Width (m) Depth (m) Height (m) Condenser Humidifier It cn e seen tht se wter temperture is the key prmeter of the process, s it influences in relevnt wy the fresh wter production. A wter temperture growth of only few degrees requires huge therml power increse to produce the sme mount of fresh wter Asorption chiller modeling In order to predict the chiller ehvior ll over the wide rnge of possile operting conditions occurring in this study, simultion code hs een used [18] cple to solve the thermodynmic cycle of LiBr sorption mchine. Once the surfce geometries hve een set together with the min input dt (temperture levels of inlet hot wter, chilled wter nd cooling wter), it provides working fluid conditions, i.e. pressure, temperture, concentrtion of LiBr-wter mixture nd flow rtes, t inlet nd outlet of ll the chiller components. The min ssumptions of the model re: stedy stte conditions nd fixed mss flow rtes of externl flows. The chilled wter entering the evportor ws ssumed to e t 16 C. This temperture level ws selected s it is suitle for ir conditioning y chilled ceiling systems nd llows the chiller to operte with cceptle efficiency lso when the cooling wter temperture rises eyond 40 C. Figure 3 shows the computed performnce of the sorption chiller (cooling cpcity in Fig. 3, COP in Fig. 3) vs. inlet cooling wter temperture for different heting wter tempertures. It cn e noticed tht oth cooling cpcity nd chiller efficiency undergo strong decrese when inlet cooling wter temperture increses. As n indirect result, there is positive effect on the sewter temperture t deslintor inlet tht cn increse even up 50 C when the integrted cooling-deslintion system is considered. 4. Simultion results The investigted systems re supposed to e locted in the Arin Gulf re (Au Dhi, UAE, N, E). The meteorologicl conditions re tken from the glol climtic dtse Meteonorm. The nnul glol solr rdition on the solr collector plne mounts to 2080 kwh/m 2.

7 594 Stefni Cheruini nd Antonio Perdichizzi / Energy Procedi 45 ( 2014 ) Fig. 3. Chiller performnce: ) cooling cpcity; ) COP Dily simultion results Simultions for oth configurtions hve een crried out on hourly sis for period of one yer. In the present section the results relted to 72-hour period in summer re shown. Figure 4 reports the trend of the se wter temperture t the condenser inlet (T 1 ), t the condenser outlet (T 2 ) nd t the humidifier inlet (T 3 ) for CONF A. T 1 vrition is relted to the se heting due to the solr rdition. T 2 is ffected y the condenstion process within the HD unit. T 3 depends on the chiller rejected het. In Fig. 4 the trend of fresh wter production D is reported together with solr collected power (Q coll ) nd the chiller output (Q ch ). The deslintor productivity ppers higher in the erly hours (out 200 l/h) when se wter temperture is low, in greement with curves reported in Fig. 2. Also the sorption chiller exhiits n higher efficiency in the erly hours: in fct, it hs to e reminded tht the cooling wter temperture entering the chiller is T 2 nd the LiBr mchine suffers when such temperture rises. It cn e seen tht the effective chiller cpcity is out kw under the current conditions, whilst the nominl cpcity is 50 kw. Moving to the CONF B, where solr cooling plnt nd solr driven HD unit re seprted, the se wter tempertures within the deslintor re shown in Fig. 5. Due to the set-point collector temperture of 45 C (see T. 1), the temperture T 3 remins lower thn CONF A cse. Becuse of the collector re limited to 50 m 2, the solr input is lower thn 30 kw (Fig. 5) nd the fresh wter productivity in CONF B rnges from 60 to 140 liters per hour in the selected dys. Although the solr input is lower (out 75 kw vs. 100 kw), the sorption chiller production is higher (see Fig. 6), despite of the lower nominl cpcity (30 kw vs. 50 kw). This is due to the het rejection tking plces t lower temperture, y directly using se wter. During the morning, the cooling production tends to decrese ecuse of the se wter heting, nevertheless in the lte morning the incresed solr collected het compenstes for the less fvorle het rejection. Fig. 4. ) Slt wter temperture in HD unit; ) solr collected het, fresh wter nd cooling production (CONF A).

8 Stefni Cheruini nd Antonio Perdichizzi / Energy Procedi 45 ( 2014 ) Fig. 5. ) Slt wter temperture in HD unit; ) solr collected het nd fresh wter production (HD, CONF B) Annul simultion results Fig. 6. ) Solr collected het, therml input nd cooling production (ABS, CONF B); ) verge dily cooling nd fresh wter production y month. Looking t the nnul simultion results, n overll evlution of the investigted systems cn e crried out. Figure 6 shows the verge dily cooling nd fresh wter production y month. CONF A exhiits etter fresh wter productivity, ecuse of the higher mount of het input entering the HD deslintor, corresponding to the het rejected y the sorption chiller. Nevertheless, the chilling energy is lower, in spite of the higher nominl chiller cpcity. In CONF B the direct het rejection into the se wter is eneficil for chiller cpcity nd COP. Despite of the mjor mount of ville solr rdition, in the summer months oth cooling nd fresh wter productions decrese ecuse of the wrmer se wter. T. 3 reports the nnul yields of the two investigted configurtions. The integrl nnul results confirm the previous considertions. The integrted solr cooling-deslintion system (CONF A) llows for higher fresh wter production (+22.3%) ut the chilling energy is significntly lower (-31.9%). Looking t the solr incident nd solr collected energy, CONF B exhiits higher efficiency (E coll to E rd rtio) in the solr energy collection (57.7% vs. 53.9%) thnks to the lower set-point collector temperture in the solr driven HD deslintor Sensitivity nlysis In order to investigte the effect of the set-point collector temperture on the system performnce, sensitivity nlysis hs een crried out, performing the nnul simultions for different outlet collector temperture. In Fig. 7 the nnul fresh wter production (D) nd the relted specific energy (E sp ) re shown for outlet collector temperture vrying from 45 C (reference cse) up to 85 C for the solr driven HD unit (CONF B). The distilled wter therml specific energy indictes the required het input per fresh wter unit mss (E sp = Q het /D).

9 596 Stefni Cheruini nd Antonio Perdichizzi / Energy Procedi 45 ( 2014 ) Tle 3. Annul results. D (m 3 ) E ch (MWh) E coll (MWh) E rd (MWh) CONF A CONF B (ABS); 68.2 (HD) Fig. 7. Sensitivity nlysis on outlet collector temperture for: ) solr driven HD deslintor; ) solr driven sorption chiller (CONF B). It cn e noticed tht incresing the temperture of the het source hs eneficil effect on the HD deslintor (E sp decreses), ut the collector efficiency drops nd the glol effect is detrimentl: in fct, fresh wter production goes down. Looking t the influence of the collector set-point on the solr driven sorption chiller, Fig. 7 shows tht moving from 80 up to 100 C the glol effect is lwys positive oth in terms of chilling energy nd COP, ut the improvement ecomes ever more mrginl. A similr sensitivity nlysis hs een crried out for the integrted solr cooling nd deslintion system (CONF A). The results re shown in Fig. 8: incresing the set-point collector temperture positively ffects oth the fresh wter nd the chilling energy production, in greement with previous investigtions crried out y the uthors [19]. Fig. 8. Sensitivity nlysis on the outlet collector temperture for the integrted solr cooling nd deslintion system (CONF A). 5. Conclusions A solr driven HD deslintion system hs een investigted in the present study. Two different configurtions hve een compred: n integrted solr cooling nd deslintion system nd seprted solr cooling nd solr

10 Stefni Cheruini nd Antonio Perdichizzi / Energy Procedi 45 ( 2014 ) deslintion units. A computer code hs een developed to crefully model the deslintor nd the LiBr sorption chiller nd to crry out nnul simultions on hourly sis. Dily nd nnul results showed tht system performnce is strongly ffected y the se wter temperture. Wrmer is slt wter, lower is the fresh wter productivity. Also sorption chiller performnce is negtively ffected y incresing se wter temperture. The integrted solr cooling nd deslintion configurtion llows for higher fresh wter production, whilst the sorption chiller efficiency is worse ecuse of higher cooling wter tempertures. The sensitivity nlysis showed tht chilling cpcity rises y incresing the set-point collector temperture for oth the configurtions. Fresh wter production, on the contrry, increses only in the integrted system thnks to the ugmented het rejected y the chiller; in the solr driven HD unit the reduction of the required specific energy is offset y the collector efficiency drop. Acknowledgements The uthors cknowledge finncil support from the Itlin Ministry of Environment. The project is lso funding the construction of HD deslintor prototype, which is currently in progress t the Energy Systems nd Turomchinery L of Bergmo University. References [1] Picinrdi A. Cogenertion of cooling energy nd fresh wter. PhD Thesis in Energy nd Environmentl Technologies; University of Bergmo; [2] 24 th IDA Worldwide Deslting plnt Inventory; [3] Bourouni K, Chii MT, Tdrist L. Wter deslintion y humidifiction nd dehumidifiction of ir: stte of the rt. Deslintion 2001; 137: p [4] Bourouni K, Mrtin R, Tdrist L, Tdrist H. Experimentl investigtion of evportion performnces of deslintion prototype using the eroevpo condenstion process. Deslintion 1997; 114: p [5] Nwyseh NK, Frid MM, Omr AA, Al Hllj SM, Tmimi AR. A simultion study to improve the performnce of solr humidifiction dehumidifiction deslintion unit constructed in Jordn. Deslintion 1997; 109: p [6] Al Hllj S, Arid MM, Tmirni AR. Solr deslintion with humidifiction-dehumidifiction cycle: performnce of the unit. Deslintion 1998; 120: p [7] Di YJ, Zhng HF. Experimentl investigtion of solr deslintion unit with humidifiction dehumidifiction. Deslintion 2000; 130: p [8] Bourouni K, Mrtin R, Tdrist L, Chii MT. Het trnsfer nd evportion in geotherml deslintion units. Applied Energy 1999; 64: p [9] Vlchoginnis M, Bontzoglou V, Georgls C, Litins G, Deslintion y mechnicl compression of humid ir. Deslintion 1999; 122: p [10] Chfik E. A new sewter deslintion process using solr energy. Deslintion 2002; 153: p [11] Ymli C,Solmus I. A solr deslintion system using humidifiction dehumidifiction process: experimentl study nd comprison with theoreticl results. Deslintion 2008; 220: p [12] Houcine I, Ben Amr M, Guizni A, Mlej M. Pilot plt testing of new solr deslintion process y multiple effect-humidifiction technique. Deslintion 2006; 196: p [13] Gude VG, Nirmlkhndn N. Comined deslintion nd solr-ssisted ir-conditioning system. Energy Conversion nd Mngement 2008; 49: p [14] Frnchini G, Perdichizzi A. Fresh wter nd cooling cogenertion y solr energy. ISES Solr World Congress 2009, Johnnesurg, South Afric, Octoer 11-14; ISBN: [15] Nwyseh NK, Frid MM, Al-Hllj S, Al-Timimi AR. Solr deslintion sed on humidifiction process I. Evluting the het nd mss trnsfer coefficients. Energy Conversion & Mngement 1999; 40: p [16] Xiong R, Wng S, Wng Z. A mthemticl model for thermlly coupled humidifiction dehumidifiction deslintion process. Deslintion 2006; 196: p [17] Bougriou C, Bessïh R. Determintion of pprent het trnsfer coefficient y condenstion in n industril finned-tue het exchnger: prediction. Applied Therml Engineering 2005; 25: p [18] Frnchini G, Nurzi G, Perdichizzi A. Comined solr heting nd cooling systems: simultion nd design optimiztion. ASME Interntionl Solr Energy Division 2008, Jcksonville, FL, USA, August 10-14; ISBN: [19] Frnchini G, Perdichizzi A, Picinrdi A. HD deslintion y het rejected from solr cooling systems. IEEE EnergyCon 2010, Bhrin, Decemer 20-22; ISBN: