Radiation Safety Training
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1 Radiation Safety Training
2 Radioactivity is the property of certain nuclides to spontaneously emit particles and/or waves (photons) These nuclides are called radionuclides, radioisotopes, or just isotopes The nucleus in the atom of a radioisotope is unstable To become stable, it releases particles or rays
3 Radiation is the emission and propagation of energy in the form of particles or waves through a medium Particulate radiation includes alpha, beta, and neutron radiation Wave radiation include light, UV radiation, gamma radiation, and x-rays
4 Particulate radiation consisting of an electron Relatively light particle moving at up to 99% the speed of light Travels deep into matter depending upon its energy An internal or external health hazard depending on the isotope Plexiglas shielding
5 H-3: Energy max = 0.19 Mev: Internal Hazard C-14: Energy max = 0.26 Mev: Internal Hazard S-35: Energy max = 0.17 Mev: Internal Hazard P-32: Energy max = 1.7 Mev: Internal and external hazard
6 Particulate radiation consisting of two protons and two neutrons (helium nucleus) Emitted by heavy nuclides (uranium, thorium, radium, and radon) Relatively heavy particle moving at 80% the speed of light Does not travel very deep in matter Internal health hazard
7 A wave radiation consisting of a photons Travels at the speed of light Highly energetic Deeply penetrating in matter Lead shielding required depending on the energy of the radiation Internal and external hazard Cr-51 (0.32 MeV), I-125 (0.04 MeV)
8 A wave radiation traveling at the speed of light and similar to gamma radiation Deeply penetrating in matter Lead shielding required depending on the energy of the radiation Internal and external hazard Produced as an interaction with matter or by x-ray tube emission
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12 Literally: breaking radiation Electromagnetic radiation produced when an electrically charged particle is slowed down by the electric field of an atomic nucleus Example: the electron emitted by a P-32 atom will interact with lead to give off an x- ray
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14 The Curie: abbreviated Ci 1 Ci = 37E10 disintegrations per second 1 Ci = 2.2E12 disintegrations per minute 1 Ci = 1000 millici 1E6 micro Ci
15 The Becquerel: abbreviated Bq International Unit 1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second 1 Bq = 2.7E-11 Ci Also megabq and gigabq
16 A disintegration is the same as a transformation. For example when P-32 disintegrates it is actually transforming to S-32, which is a stable isotope. Some radioisotopes transform to another radioisotope, which is also radioactive. Example: Radium transforms to Radon
17 The half life of a materials is the time required for half of the radioactive atoms present to decay The half life is a distinct value for each radioisotope Radiological or physical half life Biological half life
18 Nitrogen 17: 4.14 seconds Phosphorus-32: 14.3 days Tritium: 12.3 years Carbon-14: 5,730 years Uranium: 4,500,000,000 years
19 You receive a shipment of 250 uci of P-32 The half life of P-32 is 14.3 days If you do not use the P-32 until 14.3 days after receiving the material, you will only have 125 uci left If you wait 28.6 days, you will only have 62.5 uci left After 10 half lives, there will only be 0.24 uci left
20 The Roetgen: named after discoverer of the x-ray Ability of photons to ionize air Applies only to photons in air Equal to 2.58E-4 Coulombs/Kg
21 Absorbed Dose (D) D in Units of Rads Energy actually depositied in matter 1 Rad 100 ergs of deposited energy per gram of absorber International Unit: 1 Gray 100 Rads
22 Dose Equivalent (H) H in units of REM H = quality factor (Q) times the absorbed dose (D) Q equals 1 for beta, gamma and x-rays 5-20 for neutrons 20 for alpha International Unit 1 Sievert = 100 REM
23 Anticipate only beta, gamma and x-ray emitters Quality factor equals 1 Therefore a Roetgen equals a Rad equals a Rem Exposure reports in REM
24 Natural and man-made sources of radiation everybody is exposed to in their daily lives. *Can show up as exposure on an individuals film badge if not corrected with a control badge Typically 40 to 50 mrem per month 620 mrem/yr according to NCRP Report 160 published in 2009
25 Terrestrial: rocks, soil, and radon Cosmic: the sun and outside the solar system Man-made: medical, consumer goods and nuclear power
26 Uranium and daughter products in rocks and soil (U238 Ra226 Rn222 Po218) Radon in houses Pb-210 and P0-210 in tobacco Tritium in the atmosphere Radon in domestic water Potassium-40 in foods
27 Smoke detectors Coleman lantern mantles Airport luggage scanners Fiesta ware Static eliminators Building material Luminous watches
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30 Terrestrial (Cosmic) Radon Medical Consumer products Total 81 mrem 229 mrem 298 mrem 12 mrem 620 mrem
31 Data based on large exposures to individuals in the first half of the century Exposure to radiation in excess of 50 rads (R) over a short period of time Exposure to individuals at nuclear power plants, hospitals, and research orders of magnitudes smaller All occupational exposure limited by city, state, or federal regulations
32 Researchers first working with radioactive material and radiation producing devices Early use of radiation in the medical profession Radium dial painters Exposure to atomic bomb detonation Radioactive material in medical research
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37 Damages cells by breaking the DNA bonds Chemical or mechanical reaction Chemical: Generates peroxides which can attack the DNA Mechanical: Direct hit to the DNA by the radiation Damage can be repaired for small amounts of exposure
38 Muscle Stomach Bone Marrow Human Gonads Radioresistant Radiosensitive Radiosensistive Very Radiosensitive
39 Acute exposure: large dose in short period Acute Effects: symptoms arise soon after exposure (nausea, vomiting, loss of hair, blood changes, etc.) Chronic exposure: small doses over long period Latent Effects: symptoms appears some time, perhaps years, after an exposure (cataracts, cancer, genetic effects)
40 If an individual receives a dose in excess of 100 Rem in a short period of time, he/she will experience acute effects (changes in blood composition observable).
41 Skin: early researchers using x-rays Leukemia: Early radiologists and bomb survivors Bone Cancer: Radium dial painters Lung Cancer: Miners in radium mines
42 The amount of time over which the dose was received The type of radiation The general health of the individual The age of the individual The area of the body exposed
43 The level of exposure is related to the risk of illness While the risk for high levels of exposure is apparent, the risk for low levels is unclear Estimated that 1 rem of exposure increase likelihood of cancer by 1 in 10,000 Though the likelihood of cancer in ones life time is 1 in 3 from all other factors
44 State of Maine required dose limit: 5 rem whole body (WB) USM policy requires that action be taken at: 0.5 rem Anticipated exposure at USM is far below the 0.5 rem amount Exposure limit to pregnant women: 0.5 rem for the term of pregnancy
45 Should be kept less than 0.1 mrem/hour Use principle of ALARA Decontaminate area as needed Shield sources as needed Request a waste pickup to remove Hot waste
46 Ingested radioisotopes may accumulate in certain organs Radium and Stroncium in the bones and Iodine in the thyroid However, is useful in diagnostic procedure Technetium-99m
47 Follow the correct experimental protocol Wear personal protective equipment If required, use a fume hood No eating, drinking or applying cosmetics Clean up spills promptly Routinely monitor work area Secure radioactive material
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49 Declared Pregnancy Ordering Radioactive Material Receipt of Radioactive Material With warning labels Without warning labels Tracking Material Radioactive Waste Transfer of Material to another institution
50 No direct evidence of increased birth defects or childhood leukemia or other cancers from exposure at universities May extrapolate from high-dose data, but may subject to uncertainty The incident from radiation exposure would be masked by the natural incidence due to all other factors.
51 In embryo stage, cells are dividing very rapidly and undifferentiated in their structure More sensitive to radiation exposure Especially sensitive during the first 2 to 3 months after conception Risk of cancer and retardation increases with exposure
52 Contact the RSO if you know or suspect your pregnant Issued a special dosimeter during the term of the pregnancy Limit total dose to 0.5 rem with a monthly dose of 0.05 during the term of the pregnancy Follow all mandatory procedures and use protective devices Must continue to perform duties unless alternative arrangements are made with PI If concerned may resign or request a leave of absence Remains in effect until the declared pregnant woman withdraws the declaration in writing.
53 Patient exposure for treatment and therapy Patient exposure in diagnostic procedures Radiation exposure to nuclear power plant workers Radiation exposure to radiologist, radiological technicians, and nurses Radiation exposure to medical research staff
54 Time: minimize the time you are exposed to radiation Distance: Maintain the maximum distance possible between yourself and the source of the ionizing radiation. Shielding: Protect yourself with shielding when you are working with ionizing radiation.
55 At one (1) foot the dose rate from a I-125 source is 10 mrem/hour. If you stand back to two (2) feet from the source, the dose rate will decrease to 2.5 mrem/hour. If you stand back three (3) feet from the source, the dose rate will be 1.1 mrem/hour.
56 Lead for gamma and x-ray emitters such as I-125, Cr-51, Na-22, Co-60, etc. Plexiglass for high energy beta emitters such as P-32 and Sr-90
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62 Low-level survey meter High-level survey meter Wipe test counting instrument Shielded storage Shielded waste container Shielded L-block Fume hood Caution signs Personal monitoring
63 Type A Laboratory: Specially designed for handling large activities of highly radioactive materials. Type B Laboratory: Specially designed as radioisotope laboratory. Type C Laboratory: Good quality chemical laboratory
64 RADIOTOXICITY OF RADIONUCLIDES TYPE OF LABORATORY REQUIRED TYPE A TYPE B TYPE C VERY HIGH 10 mci 10 uci - 10 mci < 10 uci HIGH 100 mci 100 uci mci < 100 uci MODERATE 1 Ci 1 mci - 1 Ci < 1 mci LOW 10 Ci 10 mci - 10 Ci < 10 mci
65 FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT TYPE OF LABORATORY REQUIRED TYPE A TYPE B TYPE C Low-level survey YES YES YES meter High level survey YES YES NO meter Wipe test counting YES YES YES instrument Shielded isotope YES YES YES storage areas or containers Shielded waste areas YES YES NO Shielded L-blocks YES YES NO Fume Hood YES YES NO Caution signs YES YES YES Personnel monitoring YES* YES* YES* * Depending on isotopes being handled and current approved policies.
66 RELATIVE RADIOTOXICITY OF RADIONUCLIDES VERY HIGH HIGH MODERATE LOW Am-243 Ac-228 Au-198 Co-58m Cf-249 Bi-207 Be-7 Cs-125 Cm-244 Ce-144 C-14 Ge-71 Pa-231 Cl-36 Cr-51 H-3 Pb-210 Co-56 Gd-153 Kr-85 Po-210 Co-60 La-140 Nb-97 Pu-238 Hf-181 Na-24 O-15 Ra-226 I-125 P-32 Os-191m Ra-228 I-131 Ru-103 Rb-87 Th-227 Ir-192 S-35 Rh-103m Th-232 Na-22 Sc-48 Tc-99m U-238 Sb-125 Sr-91 Xe-131m Zr-95 Te-125m Cs V-48 W-187 Y-90 Zn-65 Zn-69m
67 250 microcuries(uci) Curies 9.25 megabecquerels 9, dps
68 Uranyl Acetate is composed of 99% U238 and <1% U235 Is radioactive and highly toxic Emits Alpha, Beta, and minute Gamma energies Used primarily for staining of cells to be viewed using Electron Microscopy Uranium (VI) Oxide Depleted uranium - U238 Used for staining of cell structures Is radioactive and highly toxic Emits Alpha, Beta, and minute Gamma energies
69 Faxitron X-RAY system Uses X-ray tube to generate x- ray Door is double interlocked to prevent x-ray activation when open Radiation exposure levels depend on distance from tube and energy setting. Niton XRF Analyzer Hand held x-ray emitting device. Mounts to shielded fixture for stand alone x-ray examination of samples Can be trigger or button activated menu operated.
70 Geiger Mueller (G-M) Gamma and x-ray High energy beta particles Sodium Iodide Detector Gamma and x-ray Not currently in use
71 Used for beta, gamma, and x-ray emitting isotopes Best for P-32, S-35 and C-14 Good for I-125, Cr- 51, & U-238 Not good for H-3
72 Check calibration date Calibrated annually Check batteries Replace batteries if necessary Confirm operational using radioactive source on side of device.
73 Definition: Radioactive material in an undesired location Undesired locations: surfaces, skin, internal, airborne Types: removable and fixed
74 A survey meter may be used to detect large quantities of high energy beta and gamma emitters on a surface For smaller quantities of contamination on surfaces and low energy beta emitters, use the wipe test method
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76 Choose equipment and surfaces to wipe Use a filter paper or Q-tip Moisten the paper or Q-tip Wipe approximately 100 cm 2
77 Place filter paper or Q-tip in scintillation vial Add scintillation fluid 3mg Place in scintillation counter Set scintillation counter to detect radioisotopes used in laboratory
78 Add 3ml scintillation fluid to vials Place Q-tip end in scintillation vial Place in scintillation counter Set scintillation counter to detect radioisotopes used in laboratory
79 Routinely, weekly for all radioisotopes Biweekly for P-32, S-35 and C-14 in amounts greater than 10 mci and less than 100 mci Weekly for P-32, S-35 and C-14 greater than 100 mci Biweekly for H-3 greater than 100 mci For U-238 (Uranyl Acetate & Uranium Oxide), conduct wipe test after each weighing or handling of substance. RSO conducts monthly wipes of Core Lab
80 <200 dpm/100cm 2 in unrestricted areas (hallways, offices, and labs not licensed for radioactive material) <1,000 dpm/100cm 2 in restricted areas (radioisotope laboratories) <1,000 dpm/100cm 2 immediately clean up to below 1,000 dpm/100cm 2 It is strongly recommended that you always decontaminate to as low as practicable
81 Radioactive containers (stock, flasks, beakers) Laboratory benches Laboratory apparatus and equipment Radioactive waste containers Refrigerator door handles Laboratory door handles Gloves and laboratory coats
82 Work in areas designated for radioactive material Use absorbent pads Wear appropriate protective clothing Do not spread contamination on gloves to other items or areas in lab Remove gloves prior to leaving laboratory Avoid spilling or spreading of material
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84 Laboratory coat Gloves Safety Glasses
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88 Ensure that there is nothing obstructing air flow Confirm that the flow rate for the fume hood has been checked Check that it is operational Set the sash at the appropriate level
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90 Required when possibility of receiving greater than 10% of exposure limit. Not required for all individuals working with radioactive materials at USM currently. Issued to employees to record exposure. Never brought home. Return promptly upon receiving new dosimeter.
91 Records occupational exposure. Records exposure from gamma, x-ray and high energy beta Not to be loaned out. Should never be worn outside of work.
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