THE EFFECT OF ALUMINUM ADDITIVES ON THE OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CATALYTIC COMBUSTION AGENT Fe203 V. S. Hikiforov, et al

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Hikiforov, et al Foreign Technology Division W right-patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 9 November

1 fwpp? nmmitmm* j ^"»««Mwwppjpwppfiwvi^^ AD THE EFFECT OF ALUMINUM ADDITIVES ON THE OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CATALYTIC COMBUSTION AGENT Fe203 V. S. Hikiforov, et al Foreign Technology Division W right-patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 9 November 1973 DISTRIBUTED BY: National Technical Information Service U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield Va

OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CATALYTIC COMBUSTION AGEI/P Fe-O- V. S. Hiklforov, N. N. Bakhman! j»r?

2 - -«-. -m*"- «r mm *wwt R FTD-HT ^ FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIVISION CO to CO ih THE EFFECT OF ALUMINUM ADDITIVES ON THE OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CATALYTIC COMBUSTION AGEI/P Fe-O- V. S. Hiklforov, N. N. Bakhman! j»r? '» <* * «* ' ' *» R#pfotWct*rt br NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE U S D«p'J*< nent of Comrt.efr«S^wixg'.rM VA JJ1.11 Approved for public release; distribution unlinited. 4 toil lllmmll III 1 1 -^"-"- 1 i^tammtssm& - >* "

2a. HEPoar HC-JKIT» CLAMIFICATIO* I 0«I«INATIN«ACTIVITY fcarponma aulhar.) Foreign Technology Division Air Force Systems Command U. S. Air Force Unr.

3 TOg-^ll^*^^«*^^ ^ -^^- W - W.- T1.^ wv^,»wbhpb9psswb5 Unclassified jgcurtty CUtjlflcgtlOB DOCUMIHT CONTROL DATA R&D ($*cun:y tufttlf H*n ol nil», body o< aaalraet «ntf Inätulnj armotahon»ml ftnnwl wliwi m* otttmll ttpori It cuttllud^ 2a. HEPoar HC-JKIT» CLAMIFICATIO* I 0«I«INATIN«ACTIVITY fcarponma aulhar.) Foreign Technology Division Air Force Systems Command U. S. Air Force Unr.lnaal f led a», CMOU» THE EFFECT OF ALUMINUM ADDITIVES ON THE OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CATALYTIC COMBUSTION AGENT Fe? 0 4. ot!cfti»tiv( NOTiifTVp* of rapati and litelual»* «( J Translation I' iuthomli (Firn naata. «<Mla wtljit Mat naaia; ~" V. S. Hikiforov, N. N. Bakhman P.IPOHT DAT! I«. CONTRACT 3» O.MANT NO. 197? 1J1 7«. TOTAL NO. OF PAGO a. oniainaton't OUT NUMBERI*I Jfc. NO OP nzr» 3».MW.CTNO. AP5C, AP5E PTD-HT »». OTMCn MIPONT NOW (Any othar numbar«(hat may 6«aaalanatf Inla raaeri; 10. OltTMiauTlON»TATCMtNT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. It IU»»LIM KT»«Y NOTIt II. tponsoplnc MILITANT ACTIVITY Foreign Technology Division Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio it.» THACT 11,20 DD :r.,1473 / Unclassified Security Classification v'tnimmmm-iltommt.-.mnm»-'^^ ^^^^.:,*.,.-i,.,»fctt» --*- J liftrlü :>M^'--- f " 1 ' '- T- - -

tv^^^v^-'w^^-^^^r^-t^^m^^^^^vr^ FID-HT- 23-627-71 EDITED TRANSLATION FTD-HT-23-627-?^ 9 Moveiber 1973 THE EFFECT OF ALUMINUM ADDITIVES ON T ; i : OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CATALYTIC COMBUST'.

Roberts Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. THIS TRANSLATION IS A RENDITION OF THE ORIGI- NAL FOREIGN TEXT WITHOUT ANY ANALYTICAL OR EDITORIAL COMMENT.

4 tv^^^v^-'w^^-^^^r^-t^^m^^^^^vr^ FID-HT EDITED TRANSLATION FTD-HT ?^ 9 Moveiber 1973 THE EFFECT OF ALUMINUM ADDITIVES ON T ; i : OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CATALYTIC COMBUST'.ON AGENT Fe? C, By: V. S. Hikiforov, N. N. Bakhman English pages: 7 Source: Qorer.iye 1 Vzryv, 1972, pp.?!-73 Country of Origin: USSR Translated by: Joseph E. Pearson Requester: FTD/PDTA/G. W. Roberts Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. THIS TRANSLATION IS A RENDITION OF THE ORIGI- NAL FOREIGN TEXT WITHOUT ANY ANALYTICAL OR EDITORIAL COMMENT. STATEMENTS OR THEORIES ADVOCATEDOR IMPLIED ARE THOSE OF THE SOURCE AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE POSITION OR OPINION OF THE FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DU VISION. PREPARED BY: TRANSLATION DIVISION FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIVISION WP.AFB. OHIO. FTD-HT-.23^27-n Date 9 Nov 19J2, 4/ y.-w,..-..,.,..-..«..^.,.»*.-. ^mmjfa^-.-^...

5 till * ^m^kw^j^^^wj-vwysxp-r*-!?* *s«t^^tisrnr^«t, --"i'wi-»^*-. J-«^^. -.. r *y^» f^. T^T*?^ir*^Y»TWe^' >^:'*-*w7w*jiqrcir*,^^ toat^aiia^^i^.^.^.-.^giif,^^f^n^^w.a^-ji^^.,,,..^ ^ ^Mrfrt^^,^..,. All figures, graphs, tables, equations, etc, merged into this translation were extracted fron the best quality copy available. FTD-HT

$^'^ l)w*w» Mf ^^!3^*W^ "^r y^bx*" ^*?^^** ^wpw*tp>r, W' \ s!ww5sir^?p^^ «*" iuamm WtJfaJ^UU^M«lAiAJitfagito^,^., n nf- iff jfibirt"*-- '»«- - ---" ' mmmkm^ U. S.$ I, i 0 «R a Y, y K x H K K, k /I Ji n A L, 1 M M M M M, ra H N H M N, n 0 o 0 0 0, o n n n n P, P Block Italic Transliteration P P P P R, r C e C e S, s T T T m T, t y y y y U, u 0 * * # F, f X x X X

I, i 0 «R a Y, y K x H K K, k /I Ji n A L, 1 M M M M M, ra H N H M N, n 0 o 0 0 0, o n n n n P, P Block Italic Transliteration P P P P R, r C e C e S, s T T T m T, t y y y y U, u 0 * * # F, f X x X X

6 ^'^ l)w*w» Mf ^^!3^*W^ "^r y^bx*" ^*?^^** ^wpw*tp>r, W' \ s!ww5sir^?p^^ «*" iuamm WtJfaJ^UU^M«lAiAJitfagito^,^., n nf- iff jfibirt"*-- '»« " ' mmmkm^ U. S. BOARD ON GEOGRAPHIC NAMES TRANSLITERATION SYSTEM Block Italic Transliteration A a A a A, a B 6 B 5 B, b B i B t V, v r r r i a, g fl B a d D, d E B Ye, ye; E, e* W * m MC Zh, zh 3 s 3 1 Z, i H M H u I, i 0 «R a Y, y K x H K K, k /I Ji n A L, 1 M M M M M, ra H N H M N, n 0 o 0 0 0, o n n n n P, P Block Italic Transliteration P P P P R, r C e C e S, s T T T m T, t y y y y U, u 0 * * # F, f X x X X Kh, kh U u u H Ts, ts M H H V Ch, ch U ui w HI Sh, sh UI ui m «r Shch, shch 1» % t» ti fai u u u Y, y b h b» i 9 9 i E, e 10» K>» Yu, yu fl * M * Ya, ya * initially, after vowels, and after i, bj e elsewhere. When written as e" in Russian, transliterate äs ye" or e\ The use of diacritical marks is preferred, but such marks may be omitted when expediency dictates. FTD-HT icy

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CATALYTIC COMBUSTION AGENT Fe 2 0 3 V. S. Hikiforov, N.

7 Wffw;iy,,wmiKllKH.yi»iK^w»f 'fwwwy ^w^^ctw^wb^^^^w»»ljgt8y) i,wp» J^g^TO^^t^^flMiWjMIWH UMWIfSl- faia - im ** a>afl *f^^ - - -'^mmmtr-' -- -^^^^^fiimimmm-- THE EFFECT OF ALUMINUM ADDITIVES ON THE OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CATALYTIC COMBUSTION AGENT Fe V. S. Hikiforov, N. N. Bakhman Moscow It is known, that the operational effectiveness of catalytic additives on the combustion rate u of mixed systems depends on a number of parameters. In works [1, 2] the dependence of the operational efie^tlveness of ferric oxide on the relationship a between an organic combustible and an oxidizing agent, the size of the oxidizing agent particles, pressure, and Initial temperature was studied. In this work we study the effect of aluminum additives of diverse dispersity on the operational effectiveness of the catalytic agent (155 Fe^O-,). Experiments were carried out with mixtures of ammonium perchlorate (A.PC) and potassium perchlorate (PPC) with polystyrene (PS) and pclymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The effective particle 1 'The effective size was calculated with respect to the magnitude of the specific surface, measured employing a PSKh-^ instrument. PTD-HT

The mix cure was calculated in such a way, that the relationship between the oxidizing agent and the combustible did not vary upon the introduction of the aluminum.

8 WRI'W J.l*U"%JJ*«>»W.A'-'lll!4.l. l lh'wg "wmrwmnwwi '»"?< ^wtwrtap^gp "PPPHBi size d was APC ~9, PPC -10, PS -5, PMMA -3, Fe o 0 3»1.8 um. Two dispersities of aluminum were employed - fine, PAK-4 grade (d - 3 ym, the particles were in the form of flakes) and relatively coarse (d - 20 ym, the particles were in the form of spheres). The mix cure was calculated in such a way, that the relationship between the oxidizing agent and the combustible did not vary upon the introduction of the aluminum. The components were mixed on tracing paper with a rubber plug, wrapped ir the tracing paper for over a period of an hour. Charges were pressed from the prepared mixture in small brass vessels (the internal diameter was 8 mm, the charge neight h was 8-12 mm). The charges were burnt in a constant-pressure bomb in nitrogen. The combustion time was measured employing a piezoelectric quarcz crystal pressure sensor. The average combustion rate was calculated. The operational effectiveness of the catalytic agent was character- ised by the magnitude Z = u/u Q, where u and u Q were the combustion rates of the composition with and without the catalytic agent. Figure la, shows the dependence of the operational effectiveness of 1% Pe 2 0. on the per cent of finely dispersed aluminum additive for compositions of APC + PS when a» 0.15; 0.5, and 2.1 and at a pressure of p = ko at. Points on the y-axis, which correspond to compositions without aluminum (Z Q ), lie at different height, since the operational effectiveness of the catalytic agent depends greatly on a [1]. II x'o evident from Fig. la, that the introduction of finely dispersed aluminum leads to a reduction in the effectiveness of the catalytic agent both for mixtures with a surplus of oxidizing agent (a 2.1), and also for mixtures with a large surplus of organic combustible (a = 0.15). It is necessary to emphasize, that for these mixtures the effect of the catalytic agent on the initial (without aluminum) composition is great (Z Q = ).??D-H!-2?~6?7-7^ ^^^ rtt-t *-«*" " - -- >» <-- -- ' v «arimaibmmmaaaia

9 PBPP^pS^^'V'»wnw«P^,^v^' n 1^»'''' ''*V'^nm****r ***^~r**^*<v***iqygjj(^fr<<! ^r^-r,*^^,,.j«.^.,^m.,, l,^, l :,. aaaamiaaitatüiia^»»**-.*.-^**<«*>:-?-~ J*-**»....- *,.*^ m**m*~..~i<.*.^-*... N l> ««10 '0 <S 20 2$ Al, 56 Al, * Flg. 1. The operational effectiveness of 1% Fe-CU on the combustion of mixtures of APC + PS + Al depending on the per e'en* of aluminum with different a(p - 40 at): a) d A ym (1 - a = 0.15; 2 - a «2.1; 3 - a - 0.5); b) d A1-20 urn (1 - a m 2.1; 2-a«l;3-a- 0.5). On the other hand, for mixtures with a small surplus of organic combustible, when a binary mixture, oxidizing agent + + organic combustible* has its maximum combustion rate and accordingly, its minimum magnitude Z Q, additions of finely dispersed aluminum increase the effectiveness of the catalytic agent. With a rather large percent of aluminum (18-23%) for all mixtures the effectiveness of the catalytic agent is approximately identical and moreover is not too small (Z = ), in spite of the fact, that the combustion rate of such mixtures is great (for a mixture of APC + PS, a 2.1, with 23$ Al and at a pressure of 40 at u Q mm/s). For APC + PMMA compositions the very same results were obtained as for APC + PS compositions. For compositions of APC + PMMA, a - 0.6l and 2.18, for which Z Q is great ( ), aluminum additives reduce the operational effective- ness of the catalytic agent; on the other hand, with a 1, when Z Q is small (-1.2), aluminum additives do not affect the operational effect of Fe-,0.,. FTD-HT

^WSPPPPWBW S SW^"'^*W n^i^mnu,. ^ Tt^ -^r r t*rrv*mit'i-i>!mm'm^ Figure lb, shows the results of experiments for compositions of APC + PS with the addition of coarsely dispersed aluminum.

8), additions of coarsely dispersed aluminum, as well as additions of finely dispersed aluminum con- siderably reduce the magnitude of Z.

10 ^WSPPPPWBW S SW^"'^*W n^i^mnu,. ^ Tt^ -^r r t*rrv*mit'i-i>!mm'm^ Figure lb, shows the results of experiments for compositions of APC + PS with the addition of coarsely dispersed aluminum. From a comparison of Fig. la, and lb it follows, that with a 2.1, when Z Q is great (-1.8), additions of coarsely dispersed aluminum, as well as additions of finely dispersed aluminum con- siderably reduce the magnitude of Z. For compositions, not too far from stoichiometric (a * 1 and 0.5), when Z Q - 1, additions of coarsely dispersed aluminum increase Z (but more weakly than additions of finely dispersed aluminum; moreover, the increase in Z begins at a higher per cent of aluminum). Let us now trace the variation in the absolute combustion rates of catalyzed and uncatalyzed compositions In proportion to thf introduction of additions of aluminum. Curves, showing the effect of aluminum content on combustion rate, upon the introduction of the finely dispersed metal in the majority of cases have an indentical form, independent of the composition of tne mixture, the presence of a catalytic agent, pressure (Fig. 2). With small per cents of aluminum (*55S) the cjmbustion rate does not increase, and in certait cases even drops. With a further increase in aluminum content the c nbustion rate begins to increase rapidly (especially steeply in he case of mixtures with an excess of oxidizing agent, Fig. 3a). This dependence has another character upon the introduction of coarse aluminum (Fig. 3b). The combustion rate of mixtures of APC + PS, a * 0.5 and 1.0, mcnotonically decreases in proportion to the increase in the per cent of coarse aluminum (up to 25$). When a 2.1 additions of coarse aluminum, although they also increase combustion rate, but more weakly than additions of fine aluminum. Let us now dwell on the effect of the nature of the oxiiizing agent. We showed earlier, that Fe? ü_, being a rather effective ^W.,.-*..^.JA^I^. r..-^ jäjjjl lattmi

of 20-25% the value of Z catalytic agent for mixtures based on APC, practically does not affect the combustion rate of mixtures based on PPC [3].

11 ,- IQ Al, % Fig. 2. The dependence of the combustion rate of a mixture of APC + + P3 + PAK-A (a = 2.1) on the per aent of aluminum: 1, 2 - p = 100 at; 3, 1 - p 10 at, 1, 3 - with 1% FöjÖj» 2, ^ - with the catalytic agent. of 20-25% the value of Z catalytic agent for mixtures based on APC, practically does not affect the combustion rate of mixtures based on PPC [3]. Experiments carried out in the course of the present investigation show, that Fe,,ü-, is also ineffective in compositions with the addition of fine aluminum (Fig. 4 for a composition of PPC + PS, a * 2). However, fine aluminum increases the combustion rate of the composition. If fine aluminum is introduced into a composition of PPC + PS Cot s 2), the combustion rate is decreased. In this case Fe? 0^ becomes effective in the sense, that for a catalyzed composition the combustion rate is reduced (in proportion to the Increase in the coarse aluminum content) more weakly than for an uncatalyzed composition (Fig. 1). With a content of cor se aluminum becomes equal to FTD-HT Ü 10 < W IS 20? «? Al, / Al, % Fig. 3. The dependence of the combustion rate of mixtures of APC + PS + Al on the per cent of aluminum at different t(p = 40 at): a) d A1-3 um (1 - o 0.5; 2 - a ; 3 - a = 0.15; b) d A1-20 urn (I - a * 0.5; 2-o-l, 3 - a - 2.1).

$^w^«*tcw^*?*«?<r«rr J-\*r?»> sr* ~,*5<»-* ; ;Js^«-!wvfffr^-*^i^^^.'^^wwjK; T-^WW^I^W.» ^ «sp^svs'w-. & i«j^.y 5 fo» «^ jk«^nnnnv^e^c!«fr«ji,, '.giiw,i^ injfvj^.q.^w*«p*a5rj 20 25 Al, 5S Fig. 4.$ .) on the per cent of aluminum (p = 40 at): 1 - da1 = 3 um (A - with 1% Pe203; A without catalytic agent); 2, 3 - da1-20 urn (2 - with 155 B'e203; 3 without catalytic agent).

.) on the per cent of aluminum (p = 40 at): 1 - da1 = 3 um (A - with 1% Pe203; A without catalytic agent); 2, 3 - da1-20 urn (2 - with 155 B'e203; 3 without catalytic agent).

12 ^w^«*tcw^*?*«?<r«rr J-\*r?»> sr* ~,*5<»-* ; ;Js^«-!wvfffr^-*^i^^^.'^^wwjK; T-^WW^I^W.» ^ «sp^svs'w-. & i«j^.y 5 fo» «^ jk«^nnnnv^e^c!«fr«ji,, '.giiw,i^ injfvj^.q.^w*«p*a5rj Al, 5S Fig. 4. Dependence of the combustion rate of a PPC + + PC + Al mixture (0. ~?.) on the per cent of aluminum (p = 40 at): 1 - da1 = 3 um (A - with 1% Pe203; A without catalytic agent); 2, 3 - da1-20 urn (2 - with 155 B'e203; 3 without catalytic agent). Let us now examine the physical sense of the results obtained. The conclusion was drawn in work [1], that catalytic agent effectiveness Z drcps with an increase in combusticn temperature (T ). We saw, however, that for a number of mixtures the additions of fine aluminum (which increase uq and, undoubtedly, increase Tr) not only do not reduce, but even increase Z. In other words, it is not possible -JO explain the variation in the magnitude of Z upon the introduction of aluminum by the variation in T. It is possible to assume, that with a large per cent ot aluminum, when the heat release due to the combustion of aluminum particles begins to play a driving role, the effect of the catalytic agent is connected with the acceleration of the ignition and the combustion of aluminum particles. The catalytic agent can FT D-HT * MUMtoL,..iA...«ufcJ,«-mj««fflfr r, ü.n T 1,-1 -.,.^HJ^taa^-^,**.,L,-..

charge. With an increase in the size of the aluminum particles the rate of heat release due to combustion sharply drops.

13 «- -»- F t~. * * - -. vr v,, MM jin^mmiraümiii-üimimiiiir m i <~~^ vary the composition of the gaseous combustion products of an oxidizing agent - organic combustible mixture, and also vary the degree of agglomeration of metal particles on the surface of a burning charge. With an increase in the size of the aluminum particles the rate of heat release due to combustion sharply drops. Moreover, for a number of mixtures coarse aluminum behaves like an inert additive. However, in this case also, the catalytic agent can play an appreciable role, by varying the relationship between the expenditures of heat for heating the aluminum particles and the heat release due to their combustion. CONCLUSIONS 1. The effect of aluminum additives on the operational effec-. tlveness of the catalytic agent (1%?e? 0^) during the combustion of ammonium and potassium mixtures with polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate was investigated. 2. For mixtures with a surplus of oxidizing agent or with a great excess of combustible the catalytic agent acts strongly on the initial (without aluminum) mixture, but aluminum additives reduce its effectiveness. On the other hand, for mixtures, net too far from stcichiometric, the catalytic agent acts weakly on the initial mixture, but aluminum additives increase its effec- tiveness. BIBLIOGRAPHY I. D C Hi!Kfft'T"2.!!. ii. L).'. x : :.-. n. B.*UOT:H<>.IOC.-I: «CKIIOI kctesa na ropciii''- K".:.:c.;ci;->'.c..; ::%,'. ; <A '!'..:. ftm». i! I:;: ',:U.I:, 1 '..'*, 5,.'.'.> 2, ctp. ''"' '2. ii. C, H it i, «ijjop ii.!i. i> a x :.i J II. lum'n:«:/:: >.,! OK ukiicii,i 3a na ropenile Will : :» :.; r.i.\». f> '".: i!'-<\ ' '»MM lifr.mif;,'.) tu» u.{». itii/j H mpubp (Teil!, M.:! i : ) 'V.!!.,,:. i--\, - '.". J. b SI, A :t 5! > u B.'.!!.!!. i>-i x.v..: Ü, Ü. C. 11 si i; n < > e, r> o i>. A. E. Oorc.1t 3anr, K). C. Kii'Jiia. U.r:::, >: : M.twu A'..;ci.i iin csopcvii. rcr-^mi cmcccfl c p'-iipfiiu Mil in [» :i,j'.i:.i'-r»i. iim. n > : >...' - :ii-t ii \;r:. c vi',(i.t"tii u, I'.'»,, If,,V..", <-p. bt,»i FTD-HT »

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