The aim of this course: The aim of the presentations:
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1 1. BASIC TERMS The aim of this course: a) To give information of polymer properties important for those dealing with polymer processing in textiles and nanofiber area. b) To prepare students for negotiations with polymer suppliers, producers and scientists. The aim of the presentations: To comment and explain, not to repeat what is written in books
2 Literature Carraher: Giant molecules Ebewele: Polymer science and technology Peacock, Calhoun: Polymer chemistry. Properties and applications Caraher: Polymer chemistry Elias: Macromolecules 1, Structure and properties Elias: Macromolecules 2, Synthesis Elias: Macromolecules 4, Appliation of polymers Šňupárek: Makromolekulární chemie. Úvod do chemie a technologie polymerů
3 Model of atom Dimensions: nm (nucleus times smaller) Protons (w=1, charge +1), neutrons (w=1, charge 0), electrons (w= , charge -1) Atomic number, atomic weight, isotopes
4 Atoms of lithium, carbon and fluor, rule of eight Li F C
5 Electronegativities of atoms
6 Ionic and covalent bonds In this example, the sodium atom is donating its 1 valence electron to the chlorine atom. This creates a sodium cation and a chlorine anion. Notice that the net charge of the resulting compound is 0. In this example, a phosphorous atom is sharing its 3 unpaired electrons with 3 chlorine atoms. In the end product, all four of these atoms have 8 valence electrons and satisfy the octet rule.
7
8 Nonpolar, polar and ionic bond Dipol, dipolmoment
9 Double bond Examples: But these two bonds differ from each other considerably
10 Double bond - properties π bond has lower enegy than ϭ bond π - bod is highly reactive No rotation along π bond (cis and trans isomerism) Cis-isomer Trans-isomer (non-zero dipole, b.p C) (zero-dipole, b. p C) Easy rotation along σ ond in vicinity of a π bond (flexibility of macromolecule rubbers)
11 Examples of polar bonds
12 Examples of polar bonds and molecules l-c-cl, -C-F, -C-COOH, -CHO, -C-COOR, -C-CONH-, H2O, NH3, CO2, -C-NCO, -C-CONH2,
13 Intermolecular bonds Dipol-dipol interactions, ca. 10 kj/mol Hydrogen bonds, ca kj/mol I I Ca. 1 kj/mol Dispersion bonds (Dissociation energy of covalent bond. Ca. 400 kj/mol)
14 The role of intermolecular forces in polymers -Weak when compared with covalent bonds but many along a long chain (see table on the next page) -Gas state does not exist in polymers -Lenth nm (compared with length of covalent bond nm) -Strong dependence of bond energy on distance of centers: E = K. R(-6) (influence of irregularities and copolymerization)
15 Typical poperties of linear hydrocarbons Number of Boiling temp. Name Physical state C-atoms (C) at room temp. 1 4 < 30 Gas Gas Gasoline Liquid Kerosene Liquid Light gas oil Liquid Heavy gas oil Viscous liquid Decompose Wax Waxy Decompose Decompose Polyethylene Solid (bottles) >5000 Decompose Polyethylene Solid (fibres)
16 Concentrations of solutions and blends Molarity (mol/l) Definition of mol (gram molecule): Mass quantity whose weight in grams is numerically equal to the molecular weight of the substance. Note: One mol contains ca * 10(23) molecules (Avogadro) Volume of one mol of a gas is ca L Molality: Moles of solute per 1 Kg of solvent Mole fraction and mole percentage Mass fraction and mass percentage Volume fraction and volume percentage Mass of solute per volume of solvent (g/l)
17 Organic chemistry Chemistry of carbon compounds ALKLANES ALKENES DIENES CYCLOALKANES AROMATIC HYDROCARBIONS HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
18 Some families of organic compounds Alkylhalogenides Amines Alcoholes Ethers Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic acids Isocyanaes Esters Amides Nitriles
19 Reactions - examples Addition
20 Reactions examples Esterification nucleofilic addition-elimination
21 Reactions examples Nucleofilic addition isocyanate group
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