Flanders and ISOLDE/CERN Nuclear structure research and applications with Radioactive Ion Beams

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1 Flanders and ISOLDE/CERN Nuclear structure research and applications with Radioactive Ion Beams Prof. dr. Gerda Neyens, KU Leuven ISOLDE Physics Group Leader and Collaboration Spokesperson EP-Department, CERN

2 The ISOLDE Facility at CERN The ISOLDE users community anno 2018 A glance on BELGIUM-led research at ISOLDE Outlook to the future: Myrrha and Minerva 2

3 ISOLDE CERN s Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) Facility 1.4 GeV protons, 2 ma from PS Booster

4 History of ISOLDE First facility to produce re-accelerated RIB s of a wide range of elements (method pioneered at CRC of Louvain-la-Neuve in 1989 by the first IUAP Collaboration between LLN ULB KU Leuven) : using a NC LINAC (REX-ISOLDE) 2015: extension with a SC LINAC (HIE-ISOLDE) 2018: maximum energy reached (~ 9.4 MeV/u) First Isotope Separator On-Line DEvice worldwide (started operation in 1967) ISOLDE in 1967 Moved into a new building in 1992 HIE-ISOLDE accelerator in 2018

5 Number of protons Z roduction Radioactive Isotope Production: Modern-day alchemy High energy (1.4 GeV) protons impact onto a thick target, e.g. 238 U The protons split up the heavy nucleus by different reactions: Fission Fragmentation Spallation beam Spallation µa operation ster until son Proton beam hits the target 238 U etal, liquid oxides and s up to U Fission Fragmentation Number of neutrons N

6 What is produced at ISOLDE? Number of protons Z ~6000 isotopes predicted by theory (mostly towards more neutron-rich) ~3200 isotopes already discovered (gray area) ~1300 isotopes/isomers are produced by ISOLDE of 73 different elements ready to be studied! Isotopes used for fundamental and applied research: Nuclear physics Nuclear astrophysics Solid state physics Bio-physics / medical physics Fundamental Interactions and symmetries Number of neutrons N ISOLDE can produce isotopes that live between 10 ms and years Production rates range from < a few per hour to >10 9 a second

7 The ISOLDE facility Since 2001: re-acceleration of radioactive beams REX accelerator ( ): up to 2.8 MeV/u HIE-ISOLDE accelerator (>2015): light/heavy beams up to 10.5/7.5 MeV/u HIE-ISOLDE SC LINAC REX-ISOLDE NC LINAC WISARD VITO HRS RILIS GPS Scattering Chamber ISS MINIBALL NICOLE IDS ISOLTRAP CRIS Beam production devices Low energy experiments (40-60 kev) High energy experiments (re-accelerated RIB s) COLLAPS Travelling setups Solid State Physics

8 The ISOLDE users community European countries 1131 scientists Pre REX/HIE-ISOLDE: ~ 500 Now 1314 scientists from 43 countries and more than 200 institutions 16 non-european countries 183 scientists ~ 50 experiments/year ~ 20 PhD s per year ~ 80 publications/year of which many Letters Belgian users group = 58 (5 th largest group) 16 Member States (6%) 8

9 The Belgian ISOLDE Users From 3 institutions, with following PI s: KU Leuven (52) (Mark Huyse), Piet Van Duppen, Riccardo Raabe, Thomas Cocolios, Gerda Neyens, Nathal Severijns, Lino Pereira, André Vantomme SCK-CEN (3) L. Popescu ULB (3) M. Gaudefroid (theory support) KU Leuven groups are participating in 65% of all proposed experiments! KU Leuven groups are PI of 23% of all proposed experiments! Conclusion: a huge return on investment in terms of PhD and master students training! (3 PhD/year, 3-4 Masters/year) 9

10 Introduction Laser Spectroscopy Decay & Reactions WISArD SSP MEDICIS Belgian-led experiments at CERN (all from IKS-KU Leuven) Riccardo Raabe KU Leuven TWEPP 2018 Antwerp, 17/09/2018 Largest range of radioactive ion beams available worldwide MEDICIS HIE-ISOLDE WISArD RILIS 1.4 GeV protons from PS Booster ISS SPECMAT MINIBALL IDS CRIS COLLAPS SSP

11 Introduction Laser Spectroscopy Decay & Reactions WISArD SSP MEDICIS Laser spectroscopy Riccardo Raabe KU Leuven TWEPP 2018 Antwerp, 17/09/2018 Using the interaction between lasers and exotic isotopes to study their structure: pin down their size, their shape and their quantum states. in the Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS) combined with radioactive decay detection (IDS) MEDICIS in two collinear laser spectroscopy beam lines where lasers and exotic ion beams are overlapped for high-resolution studies (CRIS and COLLAPS) HIE-ISOLDE WISArD RILIS 1.4 GeV protons from PS Booster ISS SPECMAT MINIBALL Piet Van Duppen IDS CRIS Gerda Neyens COLLAPS SSP

12 Introduction Laser Spectroscopy Decay & Reactions WISArD SSP MEDICIS The shape of Hg isotopes B. Marsh, S. Sels, et al., Nature Physics (2018) Riccardo Raabe KU Leuven TWEPP 2018 Antwerp, 17/09/2018 Shape staggering in Hg isotopes unexplained for more than 40 years! ISOLDE experiment 1971 (4 years after start-up): Strong increase in charge radius when removing 2 neutrons (from 187 Hg to 185 Hg) Phys. Lett. B 38 (1971) J. Bonn et al. ISOLDE experiment 1977: Systematic study of charge radii from 204Hg down to 181Hg Shape staggering between odd and even Hg isotopes Phys. Rev. Lett 39 (1977) T. Kuhl et al. Change in (mean square) charge radius of Hg isotopes ISOLDE experiment 2015: What happens with the shape when removing more neutrons? What is causing this abrupt shape changes?

13 Introduction Laser Spectroscopy Decay & Reactions WISArD SSP MEDICIS The shape of Hg isotopes B. Marsh, S. Sels, et al., Nature Physics (2018) Riccardo Raabe KU Leuven TWEPP 2018 Antwerp, 17/09/2018 Shape staggering unexplained for more than 40 years! Combining new production methods, and 3 experimental set-ups and state-of-the-art theory microscopic origin of shape staggering understood!

14 Introduction Laser Spectroscopy Decay & Reactions WISArD SSP MEDICIS Decay and reactions Riccardo Raabe KU Leuven TWEPP 2018 Antwerp, 17/09/2018 Measure transition probabilities and radioactive decay properties to unravel structure of exotic nuclei Piet Van Duppen Mark Huyse Decay experiments with low-energy beams: Using the ISOLDE Decay Station WISArD MEDICIS 1.4 GeV protons from PS Booster Riccardo Raabe IDS CRIS COLLAPS SSP

15 Introduction Laser Spectroscopy Decay & Reactions WISArD SSP MEDICIS Decay and reactions Riccardo Raabe KU Leuven TWEPP 2018 Antwerp, 17/09/2018 Measure transition probabilities and radioactive decay properties to unravel structure of exotic nuclei Mark Huyse MEDICIS Riccardo Raabe ISS SPECMAT Piet Van Duppen MINIBALL HIE-ISOLDE WISArD Experiments with re-accelerated beams: REX/HIE Isolde accelerators Dedicated detection systems SSP CRIS COLLAPS 1.4 GeV protons from PS Booster

16 Introduction Laser Spectroscopy Decay & Reactions WISArD SSP MEDICIS Miniball and T-REX detectors Probes Coulomb excitation reactions Transfer reactions Piet Van Duppen, Mark Huyse, Riccardo Raabe and the Miniball Collaboration Miniball 50 channels HPGe array for γ-rays N. Warr et al, EPJA 49 (2013) HPGe 6-fold segmented ε 1.3 MeV Riccardo Raabe KU Leuven TWEPP 2018 Antwerp, 17/09/2018 T-ReX 400 channels Si array for charged particles V. Bildstein et al, EPJA 48 (2012) 85 Resolution 1-6 deg ΔE-E for PID ε 60%

17 Riccardo Raabe KU Leuven TWEPP 2018 Antwerp, 17/09/2018 Introduction Laser Spectroscopy Decay & Reactions WISArD SSP MEDICIS ISS and SpecMAT at HIE-ISOLDE 2017: ISOLDE Solenoidal Spectrometer at HIE-ISOLDE Particle identification through Time of Flight P Butler, S Freeman, R Page, Riccardo Raabe Liverpool, Manchester, Daresbury, Leuven First experiment October 2018 using the Si-array from Argonne National Lab! Two types of inner detectors are under construction in Europe

18 Riccardo Raabe KU Leuven TWEPP 2018 Antwerp, 17/09/2018 Introduction Laser Spectroscopy Decay & Reactions WISArD SSP MEDICIS SpecMAT: a new inner detector for ISS Spectroscopy in a Magnetic Active Target Active target: TPC where the detection gas is also the target Challenges: dynamic range, data throughput Scintillation crystals (CeBr 3 ) Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) Compact design channels: GET electronics Riccardo Raabe O. Poleshchuck, PhD student KU Leuven

19 Introduction Laser Spectroscopy Decay & Reactions WISArD SSP MEDICIS WISArD Looking for Physics Beyond the Standard Model in radioactive decay Nathal Severijns MEDICIS HIE-ISOLDE WITCH WISArD 1.4 GeV protons from PS Booster Weak-Interaction Studies with 32 Ar Decay ISS SPECMAT MINIBALL IDS Search for scalar type SSP weak interactions in the β-delayed proton decay of 32 Ar CRIS COLLAPS Successful proof-of-principle experiment November 2018! Riccardo Raabe KU Leuven TWEPP 2018 Antwerp, 17/09/2018

20 Introduction Laser Spectroscopy Decay & Reactions WISArD SSP MEDICIS Solid-state physics at ISOLDE Riccardo Raabe KU Leuven TWEPP 2018 Antwerp, 17/09/2018 Using radioactive probes to look into the interior of materials, to unravel their magnetic, electrical and structural properties Technique: Emission channeling Lino Pereira MEDICIS HIE-ISOLDE WISArD André Vantomme 1.4 GeV protons from PS Booster ISS MINIBALL SPECMAT Example: GaN IDS CRIS COLLAPS Very attractive material for applications in visible light emitters SSP

21 Introduction Laser Spectroscopy Decay & Reactions WISArD SSP MEDICIS CERN MEDICIS Riccardo Raabe KU Leuven TWEPP 2018 Antwerp, 17/09/2018 Production of new radioisotopes for better diagnostics and therapy in medicine (theranostics) MEDICIS Thomas Cocolios HIE-ISOLDE WISArD 1.4 GeV protons from PS Booster ISS SPECMAT MINIBALL IDS CRIS COLLAPS SSP

22 Riccardo Raabe KU Leuven TWEPP 2018 Antwerp, 17/09/2018 Introduction Laser Spectroscopy Decay & Reactions WISArD SSP MEDICIS CERN MEDICIS a spin-off from ISOLDE Medical Isotopes Collected at ISOLDE >80% of protons fly through ISOLDE target Put another target behind Move it to an off-line mass separator for the collection of radioisotopes for medical research (with robots) Example: Theranostics with 4 Tb isotopes (Z=65) Free radioisotopes for medical research in partnership with HUG (Geneva), CHUV (Lausanne), but also UZ Leuven, UZ Brussel, UZ Gent and SCK-CEN (via T. Cocolios) Mass Separator from KU Leuven to CERN in 2015 α-therapy PET SPECT β -Auger therapy C. Müller et al., J. Nucl. Med. 53 (2012) 1951 KUKA robotic arm to move Target from irradiation to collection point

23 Introduction Laser Spectroscopy Decay & Reactions WISArD SSP MEDICIS Summary Riccardo Raabe KU Leuven TWEPP 2018 Antwerp, 17/09/2018 Six groups using the Radioactive Ion Beams at ISOLDE Nuclear structure, through - Laser spectroscopy - Decay spectroscopy - Nuclear reactions Fundamental interactions Solid-state physics Research on novel radioisotopes for medicine

24 IKS-KU CERN 2001: start of post-accelerated beams (reactions) 2002: start of WITCH experiment (BSM Physics) 2004: Expansion of laser spectroscopy activities 2005: start on-line Emission Channeling

25 Outlook to the future 25

26 Key technical objective of the MYRRHA-project: an Accelerator Driven Nuclear Reactor MYRRHA An Accelerator Driven System Demonstrate the ADS concept at pre-industrial scale Can operate in critical and sub-critical modes Demonstrate nuclear fuel transmutation Fast neutron source a multipurpose and flexible irradiation facility Target main reaction spallation output n/s material LBE (coolant) Accelerator particles protons beam energy 600 MeV beam current 2.4 to 4 ma Reactor power 65 to 100 MW th k eff 0,95 spectrum fast For comparison: CERN PS-Booster protons 1400 MeV, 2 ma coolant LBE 26 Copyright 2018 SCK CEN

27 MYRRHA s phased implementation strategy Phase MeV accelerator + a Proton Target Facility (PTF) = MINERVA project Benefits of phased approach: Reducing technical risk Spreading investment cost First R&D facility available end of 2026 LEBT 0.03 MeV 1.5 MeV 5.9 MeV RFQ RT-CH sec on SC-CH sec on 17 MeV MEBT 70 kw dump # MeV Spoke linac MHz 48 cav., l=73 m RT-CH cavity SC-CH cavity #2 power coupler LEBT 4-rod RFQ thermal mockup SC-CH cavity spoke cryomodule single spoke cavity Source:SCK CEN MYRRHA Project Team cold tuning system 27 Copyright 2018 SCK CEN

28 MINERVA: a 100 MeV, 2 ma proton accelerator + the Proton Target Facility Study Acceleration reliability (using two ion sources) Perform ISOL-type experiments requiring long and stable beam conditions with selected of isotopes R&D on Fusion Material Phase MeV accelerator Phase 3 a subcritical Nuclear Reactor for ADS 28 Copyright 2018 SCK CEN

29 MYRRHA application portfolio SNF*/ Waste Fission GEN IV Multipurpose hybrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications Fusion Fundamental research Radio-isotopes Support to SMR LFR *SNF = Spent Nuclear Fuel Source: SCK CEN MYRRHA Project Team, MYRRHA Business Plan 29 Copyright 2018 SCK CEN

30 Belgium is giving a strong message on its ambition to maintain a high level of expertise in nuclear know-how and offers MYRRHA for international collaboration With the positive full phase 1 decision on September 7, 2018, we will break ground in 2021 This will further enhance the already ongoing collaborations between SCK-CEN and CERN! 30 Copyright 2018 SCK CEN

31 Thanks for you attention

32 IKS-KU CERN Start of post-accelerated beams (reactions) Start of WITCH experiment (BSM Physics) Expansion of laser spectroscopy activities Start on-line Emission Channeling 32