Principle of Resonance Ionization
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1 Content Lecture 3 Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (RIS) Principle RILIS : Application as a Highly Selective Laser Ion Source In-Source Spectroscopy Collinear Resonance Ionization (CRIS) Gas-Cell Spectroscopy (here: Superheavy Spectroscopy)
2 Energie Principle of Resonance Ionization non-resonant ionization ionization via auto-ionizing states field-ionization of Rydberg states ~6 ev (5-9 ev) ionization potential nd excited state 1 st excited State E 1 0 ev ground state E 0 91
3 Proton Number Resonance Ionization for Selective Isotope Production Protonenzahl isotones isotopes isobars Neutronenzahl Number Si 14 Al 13 Mg 1 Na 11 Ne 10 F 9 Ti Sc 1 Ca 0 K 19 Ar 18 Cl 17 S 16 P 15 Ni 8 Co 7 Fe 6 N 5 Cr 4 V broadband pulsed lasers elemental selectivity high efficiency Mass Separation 9
4 Setup of the ISOLDE RILIS RILIS Dye Laser System Edgewave Dye SHG l meter 10 khz Master clock Dye 1 Narrowband Dye THG Delay generator Lumera Blaze GPS/HRS Photonics 1 Photonics RILIS Ti:Sa Laser System Ti:Sa SHG/THG/FHG Grating Ti:Sa Narrowband Ti:Sa Faraday cup pa meter l meter Target & Ion Source LabVIEW based DAQ
5 Hot-Cavity RILIS Slide: Bruce Marsh
6 RILIS Elements
7 RILIS statistics for 015 on-line operation 17 elements 3 RILIS runs 116 operating days Ag, Al, Au, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Cu, Dy, Ga, Hg, In, Mg, Mn, Po, Tl, Zn 550 hours (not including setup time of >1000 person-hours) > 75 % of ISOLDE Physics Statistics B. Marsh, K. Johnston
8 Strength of the RIS technique Sensitivity: Current record ~0.01 ions/s
9 In-Source Spectroscopy of Polonium CERN-KULeuven-Paisley-Gatchina-Mainz- Oulu-Orsay-Brussels collaboration T.E. Cocolios et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, (011) 99
10 Volume and deformation-induced r Increasing Volume Deformation Homogenously charged sphere with sharp edge at r = R 0 = r 0 A 1/3 r r Sph Sph 3 5 R r Sph A 3 3 A A r 0 5 r 0 A A T.E. Cocolios et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, (011)
11 Volume and deformation-induced r Increasing Volume Deformation Homogenously charged sphere with sharp edge at r = R 0 = r 0 A 1/3 r r Sph Sph 3 5 R r Sph A 3 3 A A r 0 5 r 0 A A R 0 R' 0 Def ( r ') Sph ( r ) 1 Y 0 r Def r AA' Sph 5 4 r Sph AA' Deformation T.E. Cocolios et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, (011)
12 In-Source Spectroscopy of Polonium CERN-KULeuven-Paisley-Gatchina-Mainz- Oulu-Orsay-Brussels collaboration T.E. Cocolios et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, (011) 10
13 1977: Odd-Even Staggering in Hg
14 In-Source Spectroscopy of Mercury Isotopes
15 In-Source Spectroscopy: Increasing Selectivity & MR-TOF
16 Resonance Spectra of Mercury Isotopes Slide: Bruce Marsh
17 Charge Radii of Mercury Isotopes
18 Combining Collinear Spectroscopy and Resonance Ionization: CRIS IP Ex 1064 nm Bunched radioactive ion beam from ISOLDE Laser light Neutralization of ion bunch GS 4.7 nm Resonance ionization of atom Count ions MCP Silicon detectors Use of ISCOOL for bunched beam to reduce duty-cycle losses associated with using pulsed / chopped cw lasers UHV region to minimize non-resonant collisional ionization to minimize background Measure radioactive decay Collinear geometry reduces thermal Doppler broadening to below natural linewidth of the hyperfine transition (GHz to MHz) Slide by K. Lynch
19 The Technique CRIS Website:
20 Slide: Bruce Marsh Ion Detection - Gaining Additional Information Collinear resonance ionization spectroscopy Laser-assisted nuclear decay spectroscopy MCP Count ions Sensitivity of technique comes from: Detection of resonant ions Efficient laser ionization Almost background free detection Silicon detectors Implantation of the resonant ions in a carbon foil allows their radioactive decay to be measured Provides additional information on the isotope (or isomer) under investigation
21 Reaching High-Rsolution R. P. de Groote et al., PRL 115, (015)
22 High-Resolution CRIS Initial Fr experiment used RILIS narrow-band Ti:Sa laser for the 4 nm resonant step Linewidth of 1.5 GHz achieved Enough to resolve lower-state splitting only Extraction of magnetic dipole moments New laser system produced frequency-doubled light from COLLAPS chopped Mattisse Ti:Sa CW laser 0 MHz 1.5 GHz IP 1064 nm Ex 4.7 nm P 3/ GS S 1/ The 4 nm CW laser light from the Matisse Ti:Sa laser was chopped into pulses of 100 ns The 1064 nm ionization step was delayed by 100 ns after start of the 4 nm excitation step Linewidths down to 0 MHz were achieved Upper-state splitting could now be resolved Extraction of quadrupole moments 4.7 nm 100 ns pulse 1064 nm 100 ns later Slide by K. Lynch
23 Quadrupole moment of 19 Fr extracted Qs = -1.1() eb Linewidth of 0(1) MHz R.P. de Groote et al., Phys. Rev. Lett (015) Hyperfine parameters of 3 (+), 7 (+) and 10 (- ) states of 06 Fr measured Laser-assisted nuclear decay spectroscopy performed on each state Branching ratios of 06 Fr and 0 At K.M. Lynch et al., Phys. Rev. C, Submitted (015) Hyperfine structure of 14 Fr Shortest-lived isotope (t 1/ = 5 ms) measured with laser spectroscopy online Possible due to 00 Hz repetition rate pulsed laser G.J. Farooq-Smith et al., In preparation (016) Slide by K. Lynch
24 Laser Spectroscopy of the Heaviest Elements Slides provided by Mustapha Laatiaoui (now KU Leuven)
25 Motivation - Atomic Physics: Study relativistic effects and how they influence the electronic structure Nobelium Atom Slide: M. Laatiaoui
26 Motivation - Atomic Physics: Study relativistic effects and how they influence the electronic structure Provide a benchmark for atomic theories - Nuclear Physics (via hyperfine structure studies): E f ( A, B, I, J ) HFS Study nuclear spin coupling Extraction of nuclear moments Be (0) V A ; B eqs IJ z - Nuclear Physics (via isotope shift measurements): Nobelium Atom Extraction of changes in the mean square charge radii r AA ' 1 AA' A A' M AA' F Slide: M. Laatiaoui
27 Step Resonance Ionization l l 1 onization potential Rydberg states Excited state l (a) (b) l 1 Ground state Scenario (a) about orders of magnitude less efficient compared with (b) Nobelium Atom Slide: M. Laatiaoui
![Predicted ground-state transition in nobelium l l 1 Model calculations: Atomic ground state: [Rn]5f 14 7s 1 S 0 1, (MCDF): S.Fritzsche, Eur. Phys. J. D 33 (005) 15 3 (IHFSCC): A.Borschevsky et al.](/docs-images/85/92719771/images/28-3.jpg ", Phys. Rev. A 75 (007) 04514 4 (RCC): V.A.Dzuba et al., Phys. Rev. A 90 (014) 01504 5 (MCDF): Y.Liu et al., Phys. Rev. A 76 (007) 06503 Nobelium Atom 6 (MCDF): P.Indelicato et al., Eur. Phys. J.")
28 Predicted ground-state transition in nobelium l l 1 Model calculations: Atomic ground state: [Rn]5f 14 7s 1 S 0 1, (MCDF): S.Fritzsche, Eur. Phys. J. D 33 (005) 15 3 (IHFSCC): A.Borschevsky et al., Phys. Rev. A 75 (007) (RCC): V.A.Dzuba et al., Phys. Rev. A 90 (014) (MCDF): Y.Liu et al., Phys. Rev. A 76 (007) Nobelium Atom 6 (MCDF): P.Indelicato et al., Eur. Phys. J. D 45 (007) (extrapolation): J.Sugar, J. Chem. Phys. 60 (1974) 4103 Slide: M. Laatiaoui
29 Nobelium & Lawrencium isotopes Isotope I P T 1/ (s) Nuclear reaction Max. production on target (1/s) 51 No Pb( 48 Ca,3n) 51 No No Pb( 48 Ca,n) 5 No No (9/ - ) Pb( 48 Ca,n) 53 No No Pb( 48 Ca,n) 54 No No (1/ + ) Pb( 48 Ca,1n) 55 No No (1/ + ) Bi( 48 Ca,n) 55 Lr EC Alpha energy (MeV) 55 Lr (1/ - ) Bi( 48 Ca,n) 55 Lr Slide: M. Laatiaoui
30 Setup Slide: M. Laatiaoui
31 Radiation Detected Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (RADRIS) l 1 l Beam on: 1- Stopping of fusion products - Accumulation on filament Beam off: 3- Evaporation 4- Two-step resonance ionization 5- Accumulation on detector Cycle independent: 6- Radioactive decay detection 100 mbar Argon Slide: M. Laatiaoui
32 Laser Systems OPO ~ 90 GHz Dye ~ 6 GHz E 1st Step /pulse > 150 µj E nd Step /pulse > µj M.Laatiaoui et al., Hyperfine Interact. 7 (014) 69 Slide: M. Laatiaoui
33 The Ground-State Transition Strong atomic transition from 1 S 0 ground state to 1 P 1 excited state observed. Saturation of signal already at energies on the order of a few µj/pulse 1 (cm -1 ) A ki (s -1 ) x10 8 Experiment [1] 9, (7) stat 4. (.6) stat IHFSCC [] 30,100(800) 5.0 MCDF [3] 30,650(800).7 [1] M. Laatiaoui et al., Nature 538 (016) 495 [] A. Borschevsky et al., Phys. Rev. A 75 (007) [3] P. Indelicato et al., Eur. Phys. J. D 45, (007) 155 Slide: M. Laatiaoui
34 RADRIS Efficiency: - Hyperfine spectroscopy on 53 No - Laser spectroscopy on 5 No (s= 500 nb, T 1/ =.4s): Less than 1 atom/s delivered to the cell Overall efficiency: 3.3±1.0 % RADRIS applicability: T 1/ -range ~ s 53 No 54 No 5 No Slide: M. Laatiaoui
35 Ionization Potential of No
36 Outlook Operating Collinear Laser Spectroscopy Setups ISOLDE (COLLAPS & MSU (BECOLA) Under Development: Collinear Laser ANL: 8 B and CARIBU Absolute Nuclear Charge Radii from He-like and Li-like systems Collinear Laser Spectroscopy and polarized ALTO Collinear Laser RIKEN Collinear Laser FAIR Resonance Ionization Gas-Jet Spectroscopy (Leuven, GSI) RILIS & In-Source ISOLDE TRIUMF Upcoming: GANIL, RIKEN, GANIL
37 Remember Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (RIS) is an extremely sensitive tool to study short-lived isotopes RIS can be applied in hot cavities, gas cells, gas jets and on a fast atomic beam in collinear geometry Laser Ion Sources like the RILIS provide high efficiencies and clean beams Resolution and selectivity can be chosen by the linewidth of the lasers Nuclear deformation has a strong impact on the isotope shift The development of more and more sensitive and accurate techniques is still continuing and new techniques will become available in the future
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