(2) 1s 2... (1) Identify the block in the Periodic Table to which magnesium belongs.... (1)
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1 Q1. (a) State the meaning of the term first ionisation energy of an atom (b) Complete the electron arrangement for the Mg 2+ ion. 1s 2... Identify the block in the Periodic Table to which magnesium belongs.... (d) Write an equation to illustrate the process occurring when the second ionisation energy of magnesium is measured.... (e) The Ne atom and the Mg 2+ ion have the same number of electrons. Give two reasons why the first ionisation energy of neon is lower than the third ionisation energy of magnesium. Reason 1... Reason 2... (f) There is a general trend in the first ionisation energies of the Period 3 elements, Na Ar (i) State and explain this general trend. Trend... Explanation... Explain why the first ionisation energy of sulphur is lower than would be predicted from the general trend. (5) (Total 12 marks) Page 1 of 9
2 Q2. A sample of element Q was extracted from a meteorite. The table below shows the relative abundance of each isotope in a mass spectrum of this sample of Q. m/z Relative abundance (%) (a) (b) Define the term relative atomic mass of an element. Use the data above to calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of Q. Give your answer to one decimal place. Suggest the identity of Q. In order to obtain a mass spectrum of Q, a gaseous sample is first ionised. Describe how ionisation is achieved in a mass spectrometer. Give three reasons why ionisation is necessary. (5) (Total 10 marks) Q3. A sample of iron from a meteorite was found to contain the isotopes 54 Fe, 56 Fe and 57 Fe. (a) The relative abundances of these isotopes can be determined using a mass spectrometer. In the mass spectrometer, the sample is first vaporised and then ionised. (i) State what is meant by the term isotopes. Explain how, in a mass spectrometer, ions are detected and how their abundance is measured. How ions are detected... How abundance is measured... (5) (b) (i) Define the term relative atomic mass of an element. Page 2 of 9
3 The relative abundances of the isotopes in this sample of iron were found to be as follows. m/z Relative abundance (%) Use the data above to calculate the relative atomic mass of iron in this sample. Give your answer to one decimal place. (4) (i) Give the electron arrangement of an Fe 2+ ion. State why iron is placed in the d block of the Periodic Table. (iii) State the difference, if any, in the chemical properties of isotopes of the same element. Explain your answer. Difference... Explanation... (4) (Total 13 marks) Q4. (a) Define the terms (i) mass number of an atom, relative molecular mass. Page 3 of 9
4 (b) (i) Complete the electron arrangement for a copper atom. 1s 2... Identify the block in the Periodic Table to which copper belongs. (iii) Deduce the number of neutrons in one atom of 65 Cu A sample of copper contains the two isotopes 63 Cu and 65 Cu only. It has a relative atomic mass, A r, less than 64. The mass spectrum of this sample shows major peaks with m/z values of 63 and 65, respectively. (i) Explain why the A r of this sample is less than 64. Explain how Cu atoms are converted into Cu + ions in a mass spectrometer. (iii) In addition to the major peaks at m/z = 63 and 65, much smaller peaks at m/z = 31.5 and 32.5 are also present in the mass spectrum. Identify the ion responsible for the peak at m/z = 31.5 in the mass spectrum. Explain why your chosen ion has this m/z value and suggest one reason why this peak is very small. Identity of the ion... Explanation for m/z value... Reason why this peak is very small... (6) (Total 12 marks) Q5. (a) Complete the following table. Relative mass Relative charge Proton Electron Page 4 of 9
5 (b) An atom of element Q contains the same number of neutrons as are found in an atom of 27 A1. An atom of Q also contains 14 protons. (i) Give the number of protons in an atom of 27 A1. Deduce the symbol, including mass number and atomic number, for this atom of element Q. Define the term relative atomic mass of an element (d) The table below gives the relative abundance of each isotope in a mass spectrum of a sample of magnesium. m/z Relative abundance (%) Use the data above to calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of magnesium. Give your answer to one decimal place (e) State how the relative molecular mass of a covalent compound is obtained from its mass spectrum (Total 10 marks) Page 5 of 9
6 Q6. The values of the first ionisation energies of neon, sodium and magnesium are 2080, 494 and 736 kj mol 1, respectively. (a) Explain the meaning of the term first ionisation of an atom (b) Write an equation to illustrate the process occurring when the second ionisation energy of magnesium is measured Explain why the value of the first ionisation energy of magnesium is higher than that of sodium (d) Explain why the value of the first ionisation energy of neon is higher than that of sodium (Total 8 marks) Q7. Lithium hydride, LiH, is an ionic compound containing the hydride ion, H The reaction between LiH and aluminium chloride, AlCl 3, produces the ionic compound LiAlH 4 (a) Balance the equation below which represents the reaction between LiH and AlCl 3 LiH + AlCl 3 LiAlH 4 + LiCl (b) Give the electronic configuration of the hydride ion, H... Page 6 of 9
7 Predict the shape of the ion. Explain why it has this shape. Shape... Explanation (d) A bond in can be represented by H Al Name this type of bond and explain how it is formed. Type of bond... Explanation (Total 8 marks) Q8. (a) One isotope of sodium has a relative mass of 23. (i) Define, in terms of the fundamental particles present, the meaning of the term isotopes. Explain why isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties. (iii) Calculate the mass, in grams, of a single atom of this isotope of sodium. (The Avogadro constant, L, is mol 1 ) (5) (b) Give the electronic configuration, showing all sub-levels, for a sodium atom.... Page 7 of 9
8 Explain why chromium is placed in the d block in the Periodic Table (d) An atom has half as many protons as an atom of 28 Si and also has six fewer neutrons than an atom of 28 Si. Give the symbol, including the mass number and the atomic number, of this atom.... (Total 9 marks) Page 8 of 9
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