June 13, /06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 1

Transcription

1 June 13, /06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 1

2 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science I Division of Environmental Material Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science The first semester of Fiscal :30 12:00, Thursday at Lecture Room D103 Bunsho Ohtani Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo , Japan (dial-in)/ (facsimile) ohtani@cat.hokudai.ac.jp /06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 2

3 objectives/goal/keywords objectives Understanding of scientific methods based on the studies on chemicals and environments. No transmission of knowledge in chemistry or environmental science is expected. goal To find a way of thinking and to understand fundamental scientific methods for better interpretation of chemistry and environment keywords Environment and chemicals, Scientific methods, Fundamentals for chemical research topics fuel cell: mass communication and scientific articles/microwave oven/identification of chemical substances/dioxin/climbing Mount Everest/A map of European countries: taking laboratory notebooks/triple crown in science/jamming up in buses: originality in science/diet control products and methods: ethics/recycle 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 3

4 format Answer several questions in each classes. Any answers are evaluated if meaningful. Answers in null correspond just your absence. <30%> A quiz, leading to and encouraging understanding chemistry and/or science, has to be submitted in the end of this course. <50%> Students have to submit "a question" with each nickname to Professor Ohtani and impression/comments after each class and vote for "question and answer". <20%> 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 4

5 schedule (1) April 11 introduction with introduction (2) April 18 mole and Avogadro's constant (3) April 25 necessary and sufficient conditions/mt. Everest (4) May 2 microwave oven/internet (5) May 9 originality in science/fake May 16 (no class) (6) May 23 experimental notebook (7) May 30 blood type/chi-square (chi-squared) test (8) June 6 cell (9) June 13 triple crown in science (10) June 20 recycle June 27 (no class) (11) July 4 ecology/xxx'ed (12) July 11 green-house effect/recognition (13) July 18 (presentation of quiz [1]) (14) July 25 (presentation of quiz [2]) (15) August 1 (no class) 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 5

6 the best question and answer Q Which is the best question? Answer the nickname. Q Which is the best answer? Answer the nickname. 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 6

7 last time topic = grasping in chemistry What is a cell (denchi)? Interpret in a sense of chemistry. (1) storing electrical energy as chemicals and converting them into electrical energy (2) converting certain energy into electrical energy Think the hidden concept(s)! 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 7

8 today's topic = what is the goal of scientists triple crown 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 8

9 "triple crown" in baseball In Major League Baseball, a player earns the Triple Crown when he leads a league in three specific statistical categories. For batters, a player must lead the league in home runs, runs batted in (RBI), and batting average; pitchers must lead the league in wins, strikeouts, and earned run average (ERA) Lou Gehrig Ted Williams Japanese 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 9

10 a triple crown holder in major baseball in 2011 Miguel Cabrera (Detroit Tigers) since 1965 home runs: 44 runs batted in: 139 batting average: /06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 10

11 treble in football: triple crown in soccer The term treble or Treble is used in association football to refer to a team winning three trophies in a single season. Honours usually considered to constitute a treble are the top-tier domestic league competition, domestic cup competitions, and continental tournaments. Trophies which consist of a single match or two-leg competition (e.g. the FA Community Shield and UEFA Super Cup) are generally not counted as part of a treble. International trebles (but not in a single season) France won the 1998 FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Euro 2000, and the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup Brazil won the 2002 FIFA World Cup, the 2004 Copa América, and the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 11

12 "triple crown" in science Q What are "triple crown" in science? 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 12

13 "triple crown" in science Q Q What is triple crown in science? "Name" is recorded in an award, e.g. Nobel Prize name of reaction or principle unit name of societies or journals adjective Who is/are "triple crown" in science? 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 13

14 "triple crown" in science Q Q What is triple crown in science? "Name" is recorded in an award, e.g. Nobel Prize name of reaction or principle unit name of societies or journals adjective Who is/are "triple crown" in science? Maria Skłodowska-Curie ( ), Albert Einstein ( ), Michel Faraday ( ), Isaac Newton ( ), Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck ( ) 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 14

15 "triple crown" in science Q Q What is triple crown in science? "Name" is recorded in an award, e.g. Nobel Prize name of reaction or principle unit name of societies or journals adjective Who is quintuple crown in science? 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 15

16 "triple crown" in science Q Q What is triple crown in science? "Name" is recorded in an award, e.g. Nobel Prize 1932 in Chemistry name of reaction or principle... isotherm/...-blodgett film unit Langmuir, a unit of "exposure" name of societies or journals Langmuir adjective Langmuirian Who is quintuple crown in science? Irving Langmuir ( ) 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 16

17 The Solvay Conferences on Physics The 5th conference "Radiation theory and quantum" was organized by Solvay and Nernst, who was a supervisor of Langmuir. Langmuir and Lewis proposed "Octet Model" of chemical bonds. 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 17

18 The Solvay Conferences on Physics Langmuir Pranck Curie Lorentz Einstein Langevin Debye Knudsen Bragg Dilac Schraedinger Compton de Broglie Pauli Born Heisenberg Bohr The 5th conference "Radiation theory and quantum" was organized by Solvay and Nernst, who was a supervisor of Langmuir. Langmuir and Lewis proposed "Octet Model" of chemical bonds. 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 18

19 Lewis-Langmuir theory assuming "octet" and put electrons at the corners bonds are made to fill up the corners single bond: ridge sharing/double bond: face sharing 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 19

20 Lewis-Langmuir theory Hydrogen cannot fill up all the corners impossible to show triple bonds showing electrons by dots and arrange 8 dots around an atom 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 20

21 a scientific journal, Langmuir published by the American Chemical Society in the field of surface, interface and colloids (physical chemistry) Langmuir ranks #2 in citations out of 121 journals in the category of Physical Chemistry with 84,792 total citations. The journal received an ISI Impact Factor of 3.898, and published 2,000 articles in 2009*. 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 21

22 Langmuir-Blodgett films developing molecules having hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts hydrophilic part facing to water/interaction among hydrophobic parts 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 22

23 going out of a light bulb General Electric (GE), founded by Thomas Edison, developed and manufactured light bulbs with tungsten filaments. Tungsten is less volatile due to its high melting point (3407 deg C) and shows high electric resistivity; a good material for filaments. "Impurity" in a bulb leads to going out. Q Why light bulbs with a tungsten filament goes out? What is the impurity? 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 23

24 going out of a light bulb General Electric (GE), founded by Thomas Edison, developed and manufactured light bulbs with tungsten filaments. Tungsten is less volatile due to its high melting point (3407 deg C) and shows high electric resistivity. "Impurity" in a bulb leads to going out A filament becoming thin due to "Langmuir cycle" 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 24

25 Langmuir cycle Water, impurity, is adsorbed on tungsten surface and leads to formation of tungsten oxide (low melting point) and hydrogen. Volatilization of tungsten oxide to be deposited on an inner glass face. Reaction of tungsten oxide with hydrogen produces water leaving tungsten on the glass surface. W H 2 O H 2 WO 3 WO 3 W 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 25

26 contribution of Langmuir research work in GE He found that adsorption of water should be avoided and that filling up inert gas, e.g., argon is effective. considered correlations between pressure of gas and amount of adsorption, leading to "Langmuir isotherm" Langmuir's theory on adsorption applicable to almost all adsorptions, especially those occurring in liquid phase can be derived theoretically often combined with kinetic equation for catalytic (photocatalytic) reactions 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 26

27 three assumptions for derivation of Langmuir eq. All the adsorption sites are same in quality, i.e., strength of capturing an adsorbate is constant Only one adsorbate is adsorbed by one site. There is no interaction between sites, i.e., adsorption not influenced by adsorption of neighboring sites des. des. O ads. V O O ads. V V 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 27

28 Q: Derive the Langmuir isotherm. Same rate of adsorption and desorption at equilibrium rate of adsorption: r a = k a [v]c rate of desorption: r d = k d [o] k a [v]c = k d [o] k a C [v]/([v]+[o]) = k d [o]/([v]+[o]) k a C (1 - ) = k d KC (1 - ) = =KC/(1 + KC ) vacant site: [v], occupied site: [o], coverage = [o]/([v] + [o]), concentration at equilibrium: C, rate constants: k a and k d, adsorption equilibrium constant: K = k a /k d 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 28

29 Langmuir isotherm There are two limits: linear part and saturated part. amount of adsorption [S] ads approaching to the limit, s = s = skc 1+ KC proportional to concentration equilibrium concentration 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 29

30 today's topic = what is the goal of scientists triple crown (1) simple and easily understandable (2) open for everybody XXX'ed!!! 2013/06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 30

31 comments on this lecture and question Please send in Japanese or English within 48 hours to: subject: me xxxxxxxx(your id number) body: full name nickname comments on today's lecture question(s): at least one me /06/13 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 31