Supplementary Information for

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1 Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Environmental Science: Nano. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 215 Supplementary Information for Toxicity of 12 metal-based nanoparticles to algae, bacteria and a protozoa Villem Aruoja* 1, Suman Pokhrel 2, Mariliis Sihtmäe 1, Monika Mortimer 1, Lutz Mädler 2, Anne Kahru 1 1 Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and. Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, Tallinn 12618, Estonia 2 Foundation Institute of Materials Science IWT, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany Villem Aruoja Tel./Fax: , villem.aruoja@kbfi.ee Number of papers Figure S1 Number of toxicology papers on algae for different metal-containing nanoparticles in the Web of Science as of Jan. 21, 215; TOPIC: (toxic* AND alga* AND nano*and keywords shown in the figure), Total of 369 papers were retrieved, 22 concerned substances in this paper and were plotted in the graph.

2 Figure S2 Kinetics of luminescence of Vibrio fischeri exposed to different concentrations (,36-91 mg/l) of CuO and ZnO NPs suspensions measured in microplate format of Flash Assay. 2% NaCl served as a negative control and 3,5-dichlorophenol (3,5-DCP) as a positive control. Concentrations of metal based NPs are nominal. RLU relative light units.

3 Table S1 Composition of the algal test medium (OECD 21). No Component Concentration, mg/l 1 NH 4 Cl 15 2 MgCl 2 *6H 2 O 12 3 CaCl 2 *2H2O 18 4 MgSO 4 *7H 2 O 15 5 KH 2 PO NaHCO Na 2 EDTA*2H FeCl 3 *6H 2 O.8 9 H 3 BO MnCl 2 *4H 2 O ZnCl CoCl 2 *6H 2 O Na 2 MoO 4 *2H 2 O.7 14 CuCl 2 *2H 2 O.1 Table S2 Specific surface area, primary particle sizes (d BET, d XRD and d TEM ) of the nanoparticle library prepared for the experiments. See also Figure S2. Sample Specific surface BET size (d BET ) Crystallite size (d XRD ) nm TEM size (d TEM ) ZnO CuO Al 2 O SiO TiO *A-14.5, R = Sb 2 O Mn 3 O Fe 3 O *M = 8.2, H = MgO Co 3 O WO Pd *The formation of the double phase present in the nanoparticle were also analyzed using Rietveld fittings where A and R, denote anatase and rutile TiO 2 and M and H denote magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles.

4 Figure S3 The FSP synthesized particles are ultrafine, spherical and highly crystalline. Upper panel: low resolution TEM images of ZnO, Fe 3 O 4, MgO and TiO 2 ; middle panel: selected area diffraction patterns of ZnO, Fe3O4, MgO and TiO2; lower panel: low resolution TEM images of WO 3, Sb 2 O 3, CuO, and Co 3 O 4. Figure S4 Rietveld refinement of the XRD patterns of TiO 2, quantitative anatase and rutile content.

5 Figure S5 XRD patterns and structure refinement of Mn 3 O 4, Fe 3 O 4 and Co 3 O 4 spinel mixed oxides

6 A B Figure S6.The stock suspensions (2 mg/l) of metal containing NPs were vortexed and sonicated for 4 minutes (4W, Branson probe sonicator, USA), diluted 1:1 with DI water or 2% algal medium and stored for 7 days (A: DI water) or for 1 day (B: algal medium).

7 Figure S7. Stability of metal containing nanoparticle suspensions. The stock suspensions (2 mg/l) of metal containing NPs were vortexed and sonicated for 4 minutes (4W, Branson probe sonicator, USA) then further diluted 1:1 with DI water (blue lines) or 2% algal medium (purple lines)and analyzed immediately with UV-Vis spectrophotometry (in case of Co 3 O 4, CuO, Fe 3 O 4, Mn 3 O 4, Sb 2 O 3, ZnO, TiO 2, WO 3, and metallic Pd) using 1cm path quartz cuvette (Multiskan Spectrum, Thermo Electron Corp., Finland) or light scattering/count rate (in case of Al 2 O 3, MgO, SiO 2 ) (Malvern Zetasizer Nano-ZS, Malvern Instruments, UK).

8 2 Algal medium (OECD 21) 2 MgO DI water z-average CuO R² =,7769 z-average Mn3O zeta potential, absolute value Figure S8 Relationship between particle hydrodynamic size (z-average) and absolute zeta potential in the algal growth medium and deionized water zeta potential, absolute value 2 Algal medium (OECD 21) 2 MgO DI water hydrodynamic size (nm) CuO R² =, zeta potential, absolute value hydrodynamic size (nm) Mn3O4 Figure S9 Relationship between sedimentation % and absolute zeta potential at 2 minutes after suspension in the algal growth medium and deionized water zeta potential, absolute value

9 Table S3. Toxicities of nanoparticle (NP) suspensions and the respective soluble salts to algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, protozoa Tetrahymena thermophila and bacteria Vibrio fischeri. NP NP suspensions Soluble salts P. subcapitata T. thermophila V. fischeri P. subcapitata T. thermophila V. fischeri 72h EC 5 a 95% confidence limits 24h EC 5 a 95% confidence limits 3min EC 5 a 95% confidence limits Metal salt 72h EC 5 b 95% confidence limits 24h EC 5 b 95% confidence limits 3min EC 5 b 95% confidence limits ZnO ZnSO 4 x7h 2 O Pd > PdCl NT -.23 c.2 CuO CuSO Co 3 O >1 - >1 - CoCl 2 x6h 2 O.1.1 NT - NT - TiO >1 - TiOSO 4 xh 2 SO 4 xh NT - 4. d.62 NT - Mn 3 O >1 - >1 - MnCl 2 x4h 2 O NT - NT - Fe 3 O >1 - FeSO 4 x7h 2 O NT - Al 2 O >1 - >1 - AlCl 3 x4h 2 O NT - NT - SiO >1 - >1 - Na 2 SiO 3 NT - NT - NT - WO > Na 2 WO 4 x2h 2 O >1 - >1 - >1 - Sb 2 O 3 >1 - > SbCl 3 NT e f.97 MgO >1 - >1 - >1 - MgCl2 NT - >1 - >1 - NT not tested; a The presented toxicity values are based on nominal exposure concentrations, mg compound/l. b The presented toxicity values are based on nominal exposure concentrations, mg metal/l. c Acidic ph of the PdCl 2 solution at 125 and 1.9 mg metal/l in the test was 4.2 and 6.2, respectively. d Acidic ph of the TiOSO 4 xh 2 SO 4 xh solution at 1 mg metal/l was <4.5. e Acidic ph of the SbCl 3 solution at 1 mg metal/l in the test was <4.5. f Acidic ph of the SbCl 3 solution at 125 and 1.9 mg metal/l in the test was 2.9 and 6., respectively.

10 A B C D Figure S1. Nanoparticle agglomerates entrap algae. Nanoparticles in the algal medium without algal cells (A) and agglomerates that entrapped algal cells visible with a naked eye (B), in phase contrast microscope (C) and fluorescence microscope (D).

11 Algal medium, light Conc. NPs WO 3 Co 3 O 4 ZnO TiO 2 Pd CuO SiO 2 Fe 3 O 4 Al 2 O 3 Mn 3 O 4 3,5- DCP Figure S11 Colony-forming ability of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata after 24 h exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) in algal medium (OECD 21) under illumination at 25 C. After the 24 h exposure, 5 µl of cells was transferred onto toxicant-free agarized algal growth medium. The growth of the alage was evaluated visually after incubation of the agar plates for 7-1 days at 25 C under illumination. The concentrations of the NPs are given as mg compound/l.

12 Inhibition % 12 ZnO ,,5 1, CuO , 1, 2, TiO , 5, 1, Fe 3 O , 5, 1, SiO , 5, 1, -4 Inhibition % 12 Co 3 O , 2, 4, -4 Concentration 12 Mn 3 O , 4, 8, -4 Concentration 12 Pd , 2,5 5, -4 Concentration 12 Al 2 O , 5, 1, -4 Concentration 12 WO , 5, 1, -4 Concentration Figure S12 Growth inhibtion of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata by supernatants of nanoparticle suspensions

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