Nanoparticle Synthesis and Delivery by an Aerosol Route for Watermelon Plant Foliar Uptake

Transcription

1 Nanoparticle Synthesis and Delivery by an Aerosol Route for Watermelon Plant Foliar Uptake Wei-Ning Wang 1, Jagadish C. Tarafdar 2, and Pratim Biswas 1 * 1. Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA 2. Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur , India * pbiswas@wustl.edu Journal of Nanoparticle Research Table of Contents Figure S1. A representative photo of experimental setup. Figure S2. Procedure of plant harvest and elemental analysis. Figure S3. Particle size distribution analysis of primary nanoparticles. Figure S4. XRD patterns of nanoparticles. Figure S5. Online measurements of background (pure water) and Mg(NO 3 ) 2 aerosols. Figure S6. TEM images of aerosol NPs after spray from 100 ppm NP suspensions. Figure S7. TEM images of aerosol NPs (MgO) inside the leaf after application of NPs for three days using an unstained sample. Table S1. Online particle size measurements of aerosols by SMPS. Table S2. Elemental analysis results of Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticle suspensions by ICP-MS. 1

2 Figure S1. A representative photo of experimental setup. The SMPS system consisted of a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and a condensation particle counter (CPC). Detailed information can be found in Experimental Section in the manuscript. 2

3 Figure S2. Procedure of plant harvest and elemental analysis. 3

4 Figure S3. Particle size distribution analysis of primary nanoparticles (a) Fe 2 O 3, (b) TiO 2, (c) MgO, and (d) ZnO. The information can also be found in Table 2. The above particle size distribution was obtained by randomly analyzing 300 nanoparticles from their corresponding TEM images. Average particle sizes and standard deviations were obtained using the following equations. (1) ( ) (2) where d pg and σ g mean geometric mean diameter and geometric standard deviation, d pi and N are individual particle size and total particle number. 4

5 Figure S4. XRD patterns of nanoparticles. d c indicates crystal size. The crystal diameters of the nanoparticles were calculated based on the Scherrer s equation: where d c is the crystal size (nm), K the spherical factor (0.9 for a perfect sphere), λ the X- ray wavelength (nm), β the width of diffraction line measured at half its maximum intensity (rad), and θ the angle of diffraction (rad). (3) 5

6 Figure S5. Online measurements of background (pure water) and Mg(NO 3 ) 2 aerosols generated from 250 ppm Mg(NO 3 ) 2 aqueous solution. The figure shows the particle size distributions of aerosols generated from DI water and 250 ppm Mg(NO 3 ) 2 aqueous solution. Compared with Mg(NO 3 ) 2, DI water showed very small particle size distribution and extremely low number concentration, implying negligible effect on the aerosol size measurements. 6

7 Figure S6. TEM images of aerosol nanoparticles after spray from 100 ppm NP suspensions. (a) TiO 2, (b) MgO, and (c) ZnO. 7

8 Figure S7. TEM images of aerosol NPs (MgO) inside the leaf after application of NPs for three days using an unstained sample. The right image is the enlarged view of the NPs as indicated in the left image (inside the white cube), which is very similar to those collected on TEM grid (see Fig. S6b). 8

9 Table S1. Online particle size measurements of aerosols by SMPS. Samples Mg(NO 3 ) 2 Fe 2 O 3 Concentration (ppm) Geometric mean diameter (nm) Geometric standard deviation (-) Total number concentration (#/cm 3 ) Table S2. Elemental analysis results of Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticle suspensions by ICP-MS* Methods Amount recovered (mg) Amount in leaf (mg) Amount in shoot (mg) Amount in root (mg) Aerosol 10 ppm (10.89%) 100 ppm (23.83%) 1000 ppm (64.81%) Solution 10 ppm (23.25%) 100 ppm (55.05%) 1000 ppm (69.70%) 0.87 (43.07%) 1.49 (53.79%) 0.64 (27.47%) 1.64 (60.52%) 1.06 (36.93%) 0.72 (27.27%) 0.93 (46.04%) 0.62 (22.38%) 0.18 (7.72%) 0.44 (16.23%) 0.23 (8.02%) 0.08 (3.03%) * Control value is deducted from all the cases. Data presented above represent the Fe amounts. 9