ELEMENTS & MATTER. September 7, 2016
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1 ELEMENTS & MATTER September 7, 2016
2 Review Problems: 9/7/ Fill in the following information: Atomic Symbol Atomic Number Proton Neutron Electron Mass Num. Atomic Mass Ca Identify which family the following elements belong in: Chlorine Xenon Curium Barium
3 How can we communicate the location of an element on the periodic table?
4 The Location of Electrons Problem of defining nature of electrons in atoms solved by W. Heisenberg. Cannot simultaneously define the position and momentum (= m v) of an electron. We define e- energy exactly but accept limitation that we do not know exact position.
5 The Arrangement of Electrons Electrons in atoms are arranged as LEVELS SUBLEVELS ORBITALS
6 Energy Levels Each energy level has a number called the PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER, n Currently n can be 1 thru 7, because there are 7 periods on the periodic table
7 Types of Orbitals The most probable area to find these electrons takes on a shape So far, we have 4 shapes. They are named s, p, d, and f. No more than 2 e- assigned to an orbital
8 S-Orbital
9 P-Orbitals
10 D-Orbitals
11 F-Orbitals
12 Periodic Patterns s s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s f (n-2) 6 7 d (n-1) 3d 4d 5d 6d 4f 5f p 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p 1s
13 Electron Configuration A list of all the electrons in an atom (or ion) 2 electrons per orbital, maximum We need electron configurations so that we can determine the number of electrons in the outermost energy level. These are called valence electrons. The number of valence electrons determines how many and what this atom (or ion) can bond to in order to make a molecule
14 Maximum # of Electrons Maximum Number In Each Sublevel Maximum Number of Electrons In Each Sublevel Maximum Number Sublevel Number of Orbitals of Electrons s 1 2 p 3 6 d 5 10 f 7 14
15 Format for electron configuration 1s 1 row # group # shell # # valence e- possibilities are 1-7 possibilities are: 7 rows subshell s: 1 or 2 possibilities are p: 1-6 s, p, d, or f d: subshells f: 1-14 Total e- should equal Atomic #
16 Periodic Patterns s s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s f (n-2) 6 7 d (n-1) 3d 4d 5d 6d 4f 5f p 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p 1s
17 Example Problems Write the electron configuration for the following elements Li N Ne K Zn Pb U
18 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION September 8, 2016
19 Review Problems: 9/8/ How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does 59 Co 2+ have? 2. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does 80 Br 2- have? 3. What is the electron configuration for: a. Vanadium (V) b. Tungsten (W)
20 Shorthand Configuration A way of abbreviating long electron configurations Since we are only concerned about the outermost electrons, we can skip to places we know are completely full (noble gases), and then finish the configuration
21 Shorthand Configuration Step 1: Find the closest noble gas to the atom (or ion), WITHOUT GOING OVER the number of electrons in the atom (or ion). Write the noble gas in brackets [ ]. Step 2: Find where to resume by finding the next energy level. Step 3: Resume the configuration until it s finished.
22 Shorthand Configuration [Ne] 3s 1 A B C D neon's electron configuration (1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 ) third energy level one electron in the s orbital orbital shape Na = [1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 ] 3s 1 electron configuration
23 Shorthand Configuration Write the following in shorthand configuration: Ne K Zn Pb U
24 What about ions? Electrons are lost or gained like they always are with ions negative ions have gained electrons, positive ions have lost electrons The electrons that are lost or gained should be added/removed from the highest energy level
25 Common Charges
26 Electron Configuration for Ions Write the following in shorthand configuration: K + Zn 2+ O 2- Cl -
27 Electron Configuration for Excited State Electrons can become excited and increase their energy level within the atom To signify an atom is in the excited state at least one electron must be removed from the last energy level and moved to one higher in energy
28 Writing the excited electron configuration Step 1: Write the total electron configuration for the atom Step 2: Move one electron from the valence shell to one higher in energy Example: Ca
29 Orbital Diagram Graphical representation of an electron configuration One arrow represents one electron Shows spin and which orbital within a sublevel
30 Notation Orbital Diagram 8 O O 8e - 1s 2s 2p Electron Configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4
31 The End of Class (remaining handout from yesterday à #11-20) 1. Write the electron configuration, short-hand electron configuration, and orbital diagram for the following elements: Silicon Iron Bromine Ion Strontium Ion 2. Identify the element that has the following electron configuration: a. 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 5 b. [Ra] 7s 2 5f 8 c. [Kr] 5s 2 4d 10 5p 5 d. 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 1
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