Potential Allelopathy of Pine Leaf (Pinus Spp.) As Bioherbicide On Pigweed (Portulaca Oleracea)

Transcription

1 IOSR Journal Of Environmental Siene, Toxiology An Foo Tehnology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-issn: ,p- ISSN: Volume 7, Issue 1 (Nov. - De. 2013), PP Potential Allelopathy of Pine Leaf (Pinus Spp.) As Bioherbiie On Pigwee (Portulaa Oleraea) Lutfy Ditya Cahyanti 1, Titin Sumarni 2 Eko Wiaryanto 2 1 (Plant Siene, Post Grauate Brawijaya University, Inonesia) 2 (Department of Agronomy, Brawijaya University, Inonesia) Abstrat: The aims of this experiment was to stuy the effet of pine leaf as allelophaty on growth of pigwee. The experiment was onute at sreen house Department of Biology Faulty of Mathematis an Siene, Brawijaya University. The researh arrange by Ranomize Simple Blok Design, with three repliation, onsiste of eleven levels, i.e : A 0 : Control, A 1 : Extrat of leaf Pinus merkusii 400 ppm, A 2 : Extrat of leaf Pinus merkusii 800 ppm, A 3 : Extrat of leaf Pinus merkusii ppm, A 4 : Extrat of leaf Pinus merkusii ppm, A 5 : Extrat of leaf Pinus merkusii ppm, A 6 : Extrat of leaf Pinus longaeva 400 ppm, A 7 : Extrat of leaf Pinus longaeva 800 ppm, A 8 : Extrat of leaf Pinus longaeva ppm, A 9 : Extrat of leaf Pinus longaeva ppm, A 10 : Extrat of leaf Pinus longaeva ppm. The results showe signifiant reution by extrat of leaf Pinus merkusii an Pinus longaeva 2000 ppm in plant height, leaf number, leaf area an ry weight of pigwee on observation 63 DAP. Extrat of leaf Pinus merkusii an Pinus longaeva 2000 ppm affete plant height of pigwee 48% an 49% an affete leaf area 49% an 67% ompare to ontrol. Extrat of leaf Pinus merkusii an Pinus longaeva 2000 ppm reue ry weight of pigwee 38 % an 37% ompare to ontrol. Keywors: Allelophaty, Bioherbiie, Pinus merkusii, Pinus longaeva an Portulaa oleraea I. INTRODUCTION Pigwee is the potential ompetitor for rops. Pigwee is highly iffiult to be ontrolle ue to it is onsiere effiient in using soures to survive an grow rapily as well. Suh pigwee is ompetitive beause it oul aapt to any onition. It oul grow uner iverse onition of soil in all levels of nutrients, types of soil, altitues, an in all levels of soil ph, as well as temperature of the environment. Allelophaty is an alternative to ontrol pigwee as bioherbiie. Allelophaty of higher rops an be use to reue the pigwee growth or pests. Metho in using allelophaty as pigwee ontroller is relatively an effiiently safe way beause it is a natural prout that an be eompose easily. Moreover, this allelophaty an be kept longer uner varie onition an easily applile. Pine is one of perennial plants, whih is potential as bioherbiie beause of the ontent of allelophaty. Some researh foun that there is no herbs grow aroun the pine trees, however, it is assume that mulh of the pine leaf on the soil has release allelophaty. Pine has resin hannel that proues a seonary metolite, whih having allelophaty harateristi. The allelophaty belongs to terpenoi ompouns, monoterpen α-pinene an β- pinene. Suh ompouns are toxi for both insets an plants. The pine leaf ontains allelophaty ompouns, whih is potential as seletive bioherbiie so that it an be exploite eonomially. In general, suh ompouns possibly meet the riteria as bioherbiie eonomially an an be applie tehnially. (Senjaya an Surakusumah, 2007). II. HEADINGS The experiment was arrange base on Ranomize Simple Blok Design, with three repliations, A 0 : Control (without extrat of pine leaf), A 1 : Extrat of leaf Pinus merkusii 400 ppm, A 2 : Extrat of leaf Pinus merkusii 800 ppm, A 3 : Extrat of leaf Pinus merkusii ppm, A 4 : Extrat of leaf Pinus merkusii ppm, A 5 : Extrat of leaf Pinus merkusii ppm, A 6 : Extrat of leaf Pinus longaeva 400 ppm, A 7 : Extrat of leaf Pinus longaeva 800 ppm, A 8 : Extrat of leaf Pinus longaeva ppm, A 9 : Extrat of leaf Pinus longaeva ppm, A 10 : Extrat of leaf Pinus longaeva ppm. The materials inlue the sees of pigwee, leaves of Pinus merkusii an Pinus longaeva. The instruments inlue analyti sales, Oven, Leaf Area Meter, amera. The materials are sees of pigwees, soil, polybags Experiment: a. Preparing the Meium Meium of 2 kg soil were fille into polybags of 15 m in iameter. b. Planting the Sees of Pigwee The sees sprea an then spae an finally 1 rop was remaine in 7 DAP.. Appliation of the Allelophaty 48 Page

2 Potential Allelopathy Of Pine Leaf (Pinus Spp.) As Bioherbiie On Pigwee (Portulaa Oleraea) The extrat was given by pouring 100 ml/polybag into the planting meium at the age of 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 an 56 DAP (ays after planting) Observation a. The Growth of Pigwee The observation was onute both estrutively an non-estrutively, by taking sample of the rop for eah treatment of the pigwee. Observation was taken when the age of pigwee reahe 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56 an 63 DAP. Components of the observe growth by non-estrutive way inlue: 1. Height of the pigwee 2. Numbers of leaf Components of the observe growth by estrutive way inlue: 1. Leaf area of the pigwee 2. Total ry weight of the pigwee III. INDENTATIONS AND EQUATIONS 1. Height of the Pigwee Result for the analysis of variane showe that treatment by the appliation of both extrats of leaf in ifferent onentration have insignifiant effet on height of the pigwee within 21 an 28 DAP, but have signifiant effet on height within 35, 42, 49, 56 an 63 DAP. The height has been inreasing in eah interval of observation for eah treatment. Mean of height for eah age is presente in Tle 1. Appliation of the leaf extrat ppm oul reue the height at the age of 35 DAP, 53%, in omparison with the ontrol (no treatment), meanwhile the appliation of leaf extrat ppm oul reue the height 57% in omparison with the ontrol. At the age of 42 DAP, treatment on P. merkusii uner onentration of ppm oul reue the height 53%, while for ppm oul reue the height 59% in omparison with the ontrol. Tle 1 shows that at the age of 49 DAP, the height uner ontrol treatment has signifiant ifferene in omparison with treatment by extrat of leaf ppm, whih reue 43%, while the extrat of leaf ppm oul reue 46%. At the age of 56 DAP, the height of pigwee uner ontrol treatment has signifiant ifferene in omparison with the treatment of ppm an ppm, whih oul reue 61% an 50%, respetively. Whereas, the height of pigwee uner ontrol treatment at the age of 63 DAP has signifiant ifferene in omparison with the treatment of leaf extrat P. merkusii ppm an ppm, whih oul reue 48% an 49%. Observation on height of the pigwee at the age of 56 DAP showe that the treatment of ppm has signifiant ifferene in omparison with the ontrol treatment, but insignifiant ifferene with the treatment of leaf extrat 400, 800 an ppm. At the age of 63 DAP, the treatment of P. merkusii an uner onentration of ppm showe signifiant ifferene in omparison with the ontrol. Tle 1 shows that at the age of 35, 42, 49, 54 an 63 DAP, the treatment of leaf extrat an 400 ppm o not affet the height in omparison with the ontrol. Result of the observation showe that the height at the age of 35 DAP to 63 DAP uner treatment of leaf extrat 400 ppm has insignifiant ifferene with the treatment of 800, an ppm, while the height uner treatment of 400 ppm has insignifiant ifferene with 800, an ppm, respetively. 2. Numbers of Leaf Result for the analysis of variane showe that treatment using both extrats of leaf with ifferent onentration have insignifiant effet on numbers of leaf at the age of 21, 28 an 35 DAP, but have signifiant effet at the age of 42, 49, 56 an 63 DAP. Numbers of leaf have inrease for eah interval of observation for eah treatment. Mean for numbers of leaf at all ages is presente in Tle 2. At the age of 42 DAP, numbers of leaf uner treatment of leaf extrat ppm, P. longaeva 1.200, an ppm ha signifiant ifferene in omparison with the ontrol. Tle 2 shows that at the age of 49, 54, an 63 DAP, treatments using extrat of leaf ppm, ppm, an ppm oul signifiantly reue numbers of leaf in omparison with the ontrol for out 30%, 37%, an 48%, respetively. Numbers of leaf for the ontrol at the age of 49, 54 an 63 DAP have signifiant ifferene in omparison with treatment using 1.200, 1.600, an ppm that oul reue 30%, 36% an 56%, respetively, an observation at the age of 49, 54 an 63 DAP, numbers of leaf for the ontrol have insignifiant ifferene in omparison with numbers of leaf uner the treatment of 400 an 800 ppm, as well as 400 an 800 ppm. 49 Page

3 Potential Allelopathy Of Pine Leaf (Pinus Spp.) As Bioherbiie On Pigwee (Portulaa Oleraea) Numbers of leaf at the age of 56 DAP uner the treatment of an ppm have signifiant ifferene in omparison with the ontrol, an at the age of 63 DAP, treatment using P. merkusii ppm oul reue numbers of leaf in omparison with the ontrol. However, treatment using P. longaeva 800 ppm has signifiant ifferene in omparison with the ontrol. 3. Leaf Area Result for the analysis of variane showe that treatment using both extrats with ifferent onentration ha signifiant effet on leaf area at the age of 28, 35, 42, 49, 56 an 63 DAP. Leaf area has inrease in eah interval of observation on eah treatment. Mean of leaf area for iverse age is presente in Tle 3. Data for result of the observation at the age of 28, 35 an 42 DAP, showe that leaf area uner the treatment of an 400 ppm ha insignifiant ifferene with the ontrol, but uner P. merkusii 800, 1.200, 1.600, an ppm, as well as 1.200, an ppm ha signifiant ifferene in omparison with the ontrol. At the age of 49 DAP, for ontrol treatment, leaf area ha insignifiant ifferene with the treatment of 400 ppm, but it showe signifiant ifferene uner the treatment of 800, 1.200, 1.600, an ppm. For the ontrol, leaf area showe signifiant ifferene as using 400, 800, 1.200, an ppm. In Tle 3, observation at the age of 56 DAP, shows that leaf area uner ontrol treatment has insignifiant ifferene as treatment using extrats of leaf 800 ppm an 400 ppm. Data of observation showe that for ontrol treatment, leaf area has signifiant ifferene with treatment using P. merkusii 400, 1.200, an ppm, as well as with treatment using 800, 1.200, an ppm. While for ontrol treatment on observation in 63 DAP, leaf area has insignifiant ifferene as using 400, 800, an ppm, as well as when using 400, 800 an ppm. For ontrol treatment at the age of 63 DAP, leaf area showe signifiant ifferene in omparison with treatment using an ppm, as well as when using an ppm, however, the appliation of an ppm eah oul reue leaf area 43% an 52%, respetively, in omparison with the ontrol. 4. Dry Weight Result for the analysis of variane showe that treatment using both extrats with iverse onentration has signifiant effet on ry weight of pigwee at the age of 35, 42, 49, 56 an 63 DAP. Dry weight of pigwee has inrease in eah interval of observation for eah treatment. Mean for ry weight of pigwee at iverse age is presente in Tle 4. Tle 4 shows that ry weight, in ontrol treatment, has signifiant ifferene in omparison with using ppm an ppm at the age of 35, 42, an 49 DAP, but has insignifiant ifferene with 400, 800 an ppm, an insignifiant ifferene with 400 an 800 ppm. Data of observation showe that at the age of 56 DAP, ry weight for the ontrol has insignifiant ifferene as treatment using 400, 800, 1.200, an 400, 800 an ppm. Dry weight for the ontrol has signifiant ifferene in omparison with treatment using an ppm as well as an ppm. Dry weight for ontrol treatment, at the age of 63 DAP has insignifiant ifferene with treatment using 400 an 800 ppm, as well as 400 an 800 ppm. using ppm reues ry weight 33%, while ppm reues 36% in omparison with the ontrol. Base on ata of observation, it showe that treatment using allelopathy of both leaf extrats with iverse types an onentration affete on the growth of pigwee. Parameter of the growth inlue height of pigwee, numbers of leaf, leaf area, an ry weight, whih have reue along with higher onentration of allelopathy extrat of pine leaf. The growth of pigwee in ontrol treatment, without applying leaf extrat of pine, is well-growth in omparison with the treatment of allelophaty extrat of pine leaf, ue to suh allelopathy affets the growth of pigwee through metolism ativity, whih inlue ell ivision an extension, regulating the growth by isturbing the growth regulator, taking the nutrients, photosynthesis, respiratory, stomatal opening, protein synthesis, aumulating arbon an pigment synthesis, permeility of membrane, an hanging the funtion of speifi enzyme (Einhellig, 1995). In general, the higher the onentration of both extrats, they oul affet the growth of pigwee. However, uner speifi onentration, the allelopathy ompouns oul inhibit an reue the yiel in physiologial proess of the plant. Suh inhibition ours uring the formation of nuleati ai an ATP. The reue ATP oul reue for almost the entire ell metolism proess, therefore synthesis of other substanes, whih are require by the plants, will reue as well (Rie, 1984; Salisbury an Ross, 1992). 50 Page

4 Potential Allelopathy Of Pine Leaf (Pinus Spp.) As Bioherbiie On Pigwee (Portulaa Oleraea) Allelopathy of both extrats affet leaf area of pigwee. Leaf area affets the photosyntheti rate ue to leaf is the main organ where photosynthesis ours, therefore narrow leaf area will proue lower photosynthate. Photosynthesis is a life yle of a plant, a biohemial proess to proue the use energy, in whih arbon ioxie an water will be turne into organi ompouns that ontain arbon an energy, whih is intermeiate by light. Photosynthesis is one of arbon assimilation beause uring this proess, arbon is release from CO 2 an boun into sugar as energy saver moleule. Gluose is use to form other organi ompouns as ellulose an usle as fuel. This proess persists through ellular respiration. In respiration, sugar (gluose) an other ompouns will reat to oxygen to proue arbon ioxie, water, an hemial energy. Plants apture light using hlorophyll pigment, whih provie green olor to the plants. Chlorophyll is in organelle, whih so-alle hloroplast where photosynthesis ours, partiularly in stroma part. Even all parts of the plants are green ue to the hloroplast ontent, but most of the energy are proue in leaf, besies that allelopathy oul reue stomatal onutane an turgor stress in leaf, simultaneously. Stomata an hlorophyll are omponents of biology, whih etermine the initial inthesis of the organi ompouns for physiologial proess uring life yle of plant, therefore, when isturbane ours, it will affet both growth an evelopment of the plant. Effetiveness in using allelopathy of both extrats an be seen from ry weight of the pigwee, whih is effetive when ry weight is lower that onneting to higher onentration of allelopathy. Dry weight of pigwee is affete by allelopathy extrats of pine leaf. In general, allelopathy affets the plant growth, in whih the proess is initiate in plasm membrane as the strutural amages, moify the membrane hannel, or loss of ATP-ase enzyme funtion, therefore it will affe the sorption an onentration of ion an water, an then will affet the stomatal opening an photosyntheti proess (Einhellig, 1995). The next inhibition ours uring the proess of protein synthesis, pigment an other arbon ompouns, as well as ativity of some phytohormone. A part or the entire inhibition will isturb ell ivision an enlargement, whih will inhibit the growth an evelopment of the targete plant. It has been foun out that pine has resin hannel, whih proues seonary metolite that having allelopathy feature. The allelopathy in suh resin belongs to terpenoi ompouns, monoterpen α-pinene an β- pinene. The pinene ompouns affet the metolism proess of plants, whih auses ell funtion isturbane. Mehanism of suh pinene ompouns ours in organelle, whih is so-alle ytohrome, ytohrome P 450, an ooperate with ytohrome b5 that ajaent to ytohrome P 450. This ytohrome lies ajaent to luminal surfae of ell wall an ytoplasm surfae. The pinene ompouns, whih enter to ell will be oxiize an will affet ell metolism (Marisa, 1990), therefore it will affet the growth of pigwee. The first paragraph uner eah heaing or subheaing shoul be flush left, an subsequent paragraphs shoul have a five-spae inentation. A olon is inserte before an equation is presente, but there is no puntuation following the equation. All equations are numbere an referre to in the text solely by a number enlose in a roun braket (i.e., (3) reas as "equation 3"). Ensure that any misellaneous numbering system you use in your paper annot be onfuse with a referene [4] or an equation (3) esignation. (10) IV. FIGURES AND TABLES Tle 1. Mean for Height of Pigwee after the of Two Extrats of Pine Leaf with Different Conentration Mean of height (m) at iverse age (DAP) Control 27, 6,3 10,7 18,6 b 22,0 3 34,3 40,2 400 ppm 5,3 10,0 13,6 16,9 23,3 b 26,3 b 34,0 b 800 ppm 5,5 8,7 10,5 a 13,1 21,3 25,8 b 29, ppm 5,0 7,1 11,6 a 12,9 19,8 22,7 24, ppm 5,8 7,6 9,6 a 12,8 18,1 23,6 23, ppm 5,4 7,8 8,9 a 10,4 15,8 13,7 a 21,1 a 400 ppm 5,0 9,2 13,7 15,1 b 22,1 23,3 34,5 b 800 ppm 5,7 9,0 10,6 a 14,2 19,6 22,4 30, ppm 5,0 9,4 11,0 a 12,6 18,0 19,3 29, ppm 4,6 8,2 8,8 a 11,7 17,3 21,7 22, ppm 4,4 6,2 8,1 a 9,1 a 15,4 a 17,3 20,9 a Numbers, whih are aompanie by the same letter in the same olumn show insignifiant ifferene base on Dunan test 5%; DAP = ays after planting; is = insignifiant 51 Page

5 Potential Allelopathy Of Pine Leaf (Pinus Spp.) As Bioherbiie On Pigwee (Portulaa Oleraea) Tle 2. Mean for Numbers of Leaf after the of Two Extrats of Pine Leaf with Different Conentration Mean for numbers of leaf (blae) at iverse age (DAP) Control 5,3 11,7 18,0 24,7 34,0 42,3 50,0 400 ppm 4,3 8,3 11,0 21,3 28,0 b 37,7 b 43,3 b 800 ppm 4,3 8,3 10,0 19,3 b 27,7 31,0 36, ppm 4,3 6,3 9,7 17,3 22,0 27,7 33, ppm 4,3 7,0 9,0 15,7 19,3 26,7 26,7 a ppm 4,3 6,7 9,3 13,0 18,7 a 21,3 a 26,3 a 400 ppm 4,7 9,0 12,7 20,7 28,3 b 33,0 39,3 800 ppm 4,7 8,0 11,0 18,0 24,3 30,0 33, ppm 4,0 7,0 9,7 17,3 22,3 28,3 30, ppm 4,0 6,3 9,3 16,0 21,3 27,7 31, ppm 4,0 5,3 7,7 11,0 a 19,0 a 22,7 a 25,7 a Numbers, whih are aompanie by the same letter in the same olumn show insignifiant ifferene base on Dunan test 5%; DAP = ays after planting; = insignifiant Tle 3. Mean for Leaf Area after the of Two Extrats of Pine Leaf with Different Conentration Mean of leaf area (m²) at iverse age (DAP) Control 5,4 6,9 9,3 14,8 18,0 21,2 400 ppm 4,0 5,7 b 7,2 11,3 b 13,1 b 18,0 b 800 ppm 3,6 4,9 6,8 9,7 12,0 17,3 b ppm 3,5 4,7 6,2 9,1 9,9 14, ppm 2,9 a 4,5 6,1 8,6 8,6 12, ppm 3,3 3,6 a 4,9 a 7,9 7,6 10,9 400 ppm 4,0 5,6 b 7,3 b 9,1 13,8 b 19,8 800 ppm 4,7 b 4,6 6,3 9,0 11,1 15, ppm 3,0 a 4,3 6,1 8,4 10,8 12, ppm 2,9 a 4,0 6,0 6,8 7,3 10, ppm 2,8 a 3,7 a 4,9 a 5,5 a 5,9 a 7,1 a Numbers, whih are aompanie by the same letter in the same olumn show insignifiant ifferene base on Dunan test 5%; DAP = ays after planting; is = insignifiant Tle 4. Mean for Dry Weight after the of Two Extrats of Pine Leaf with Different Conentration Mean of ry weight (g) at iverse age (DAP) Control 0,076 b 0,126 0,280 0,350 0, ppm b 0,076 b 0,100 b 0,220 0,326 b 0, ppm b 0,070 b 0,090 0,223 0,312 b 0, ppm b 0,050 0,060 0,217 0,287 0, ppm 0,046 0,056 0,170 0,257 0, Page

6 Potential Allelopathy Of Pine Leaf (Pinus Spp.) As Bioherbiie On Pigwee (Portulaa Oleraea) ppm 0,020 a 0,046 a 0,147 a 0,223 a 0,237 a 400 ppm 0,046 0,083 0,250 0,317 b 0,323 b 800 ppm b 0,063 b 0,093 0,237 0,310 b 0, ppm b 0,066 b 0,070 0,233 0,267 0, ppm 0,046 0,070 0,203 0,260 0, ppm 0,013 a 0,043 a 0,177 0,233 a 0,240 Numbers, whih are aompanie by the same letter in the same olumn show insignifiant ifferene base on Dunan test 5%; DAP = ays after planting; is = insignifiant V. CONCLUSION The allelopathy extrats of leaf Pinus merkusii an Pinus longaeva have affete height of plant, numbers of leaf, leaf area, ry weight, an numbers of well-opene stomata an hlorophyll ontent of the pigwee. At the age of 63 DAP, the allelopathy extrat of leaf 2000 ppm an 2000 ppm, whih reue the height 48% an 49%, respetively. The allelopathy extrat of leaf 2000 ppm oul reue leaf area for out 49%, an 2000 ppm oul reue leaf area for out 67 % at the age of 63 DAP. REFERENCES [1] Einhellig, FA. Allelopathy: Current status an future goals. Amerian Chemial Soiety. Washington D.C, [2] Marisa, H. The Effet of Pine Leaf Extrat (Pinus merkusii) on Vegetative Growth an Germination of Soybean (Glyine max (L.) Merr.). Thesis of Postgrauate of Biology. The Tehnology Institute of Banung. Banung,1990. [3] Rie E. Biologial Control of Wees an Plant Diseases: Avanes in Applie Allelopathy. Univ Oklahoma Press, Norman, USA, 1995 [4] Salisbury, F. B. & Ross, C. W Plant Physiology. Warsworth Publishing Company. California. p. 23 [5] Senjaya an Surakusumah. Potential of Pine Leaf Extrat (Pinus merkusii) as Bioherbiie to Inhibit the Germination of Ehinohloa olonum L. an Amaranthus viriis. Parrenial (4), 2007, Page