EXTENSION EVALUATION MODEL OF LAND DESTRUCTION DEGREE IN MINING AREA AND ITS APPLICATION

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1 EXTENSION EVALUATION MODEL OF LAND DESTRUCTION DEGREE IN MINING AREA AND ITS APPLICATION Hongbo Jin 1, 2, Yuanfang Huang 1,*, Shiwen Zhang 1, Guan Gong 1, 3 1 Key laboratory of plant-soil interations, MOE; Key laboratory of soil and water, MOA; College of Resoures and Environment, China Agriulture University, Beijing, P. R. China Liaoning Tehnial University, Fuxin, Liaoning provine, P. R. China Henan Tehnial University, Jiaozuo, Henan provine, P. R. China 454 * Corresponding author, Address: College of Resoure and Environment, China Agriulture University, Beijing, P. R. China 1193, Tel: , Abstrat: Keywords: Taking Renjiazhuang oal mine as the objet of study, this paper arries on evaluation to destrution degree in this area by using extension theory and establishing evaluation extension model of land destrution in mining area. Results show that severe destrution area of ollapse land in Renjiazhuang oal mine is hm 2, moderate destrution area is hm 2, light destrution area is hm 2, spoiled land belongs to light destrution and its area is 7.9 hm 2. Our study provides evidene for making ountermeasures in destrution land relamation in mining areas, hoosing relamation tehnology and arrying on suitability evaluation, et. It is proved that the extension theory is feasible in evaluation of land destrution in mining areas. extension theory, mining area, destrution, extension model, evaluation 1. INTRODUCTION Coal mining an ause the surfae subsidene, land erosion, seondary salinization, swamping, land desertifiation, derease of rop yield, additional slope, raks, et. Land relamation in mining areas may alleviate Please use the following format when iting this hapter: Jin, H., Huang, Y., Zhang, S. and Gong, G., 29, in IFIP International Federation for Information Proessing, Volume 293, Computer and Computing Tehnologies in Agriulture II, Volume 1, eds. D. Li, Z. Chunjiang, (Boston: Springer), pp

2 234 Hongbo Jin, Yuanfang Huang, Shiwen Zhang, Guan Gong human-land onflit and improve the eologial environments of mining area and the surrounding areas. While the land destrution evaluation may provide essential basis for formulating ountermeasures of destrution land relamation, hoosing relamation raft and arrying on the suitability evaluation, it is essentially a evaluation on variation degree of mining area land quality aused by exploitation, revealed the utilization sope and apaity of land (Fabin Li et al., 26). The defets of traditional evaluation methods are obvious. For example, they an t eliminate the ontraditory or overlapping relationship when seleting indexes. In addition, most of them are based on points, whih influene the auray and objetivity of evaluation (Tao Guan et al., 25). However, the superiority of extension evaluation method is obvious beause it is the rule and method that studies the extension possibility of things with the formalized model, often used in dealing with ontraditory problems (Wen Cai et al., 2), Meanwhile, it is based on interval, so its result draws loser to the reality. Many studies have applied this theory in many domains evaluation studies, inluding rok mass side slope stability judgment(zhiqiang Kang et al., 27), the deision-making evaluation toland development and reorganization projet (Tao Guan et al., 25), quantifiation evaluation to building damage (Limin Liu et al., 24), lassified reognition of harmful insets in stored grain (Jinli Yuan et al., 24), rank evaluation to water quality (Yong Ye et al., 27), et. While in the aspet of destrution land evaluation in mining area, this theory's appliation is still a blank. The objetive of this study is to apply the extension theory in land destrution evaluation in mining areas, establish the extension model and index system of land destrution evaluation in mining areas and arry on example analysis. 2. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EXTENSION EVALUTION METHOD Extension theory was put forward by Cai et al. (1983) through ombining the matter-element theory with extension set. The researh objets of extension are the ontraditory problems in the objetive world Researh ontents are the rules and methods of dealing with ontraditory problems. A ombination of extention theory with other domains theories aused orresponding new knowledge and formed the appliation of extension. Based on extension theory, some extension methods have been developed suh as matter-element extension method, matter-element shifting method and priority evaluation method. The ombination of these methods with those in other domains formed orresponding extension engineering method,

3 Extension Evaluation Model of Land Destrution Degree in Mining Area and its Appliation 235 whih has been applied in eonomy, management, deision-making and proess ontrol (Wen Cai et al., 1998, 1999). 2.1 Matter-element Matter-element is a triple omposed of thing, harateristi and harateristi value of the thing. Its expression is R = (thing, harateristi,value)= ( N,, V ). The 2-element group omposed of and V is alled harateristi element and its expression is M = (, V ). The thing is the name of thing in matter-element theory and its expression is I ( N ), The harateristi is the thing s harateristi of nature, funtion, ondition, et., and its expression is V () or V = ( a, b). 2.2 Theory of extension set The main ontent of extension set is to quantitatively desribe thing s variability by establishing orrelation funtion. Its basi pattern is defining the distane of point to interval firstly and then establishing orrelation funtion and desribing thing s variability by alulating. The following relationship an be got by supposing x is any point in real domain (-,+ X = a, b is the real interval in this domain: ) and ( ) ρ a+ b 1 ρ( x, X) = x ( b a) (1) 2 2 ( x, X ) is the distane of x to X.The distane of x to two intervals b, d is expressed by D ( x, X, X ). The equation of X = ( a, ) and X = ( ) D( x, X, X ) is written as ρ( x, X ) ρ( x, X ) x X D( x, X, X ) = (2) 1 x X By supposing X = ( a, b), X = (, d) and X X, the orrelation funtion between them an be expressed by K ( x, X ). The expression of K ( x, X ) is ρ( x, X ) K( x, X ) = (3) D( x, X, X )

4 236 Hongbo Jin, Yuanfang Huang, Shiwen Zhang, Guan Gong 2.3 Establishment of extension model First, the value sope of eah evaluation fator is determined. Next, orrelation funtion is established to evaluate eah index. Then they are ombined to the weight of eah fator of evaluation index set and finally used to determine the rank. The basi steps are as follows (see the details in the establishment of extension evaluation model of land destrution in mining areas): 1establishing matter-element model of segment field and lassi field of system; 2establishing orrelation funtion and alulate orrelation degree; 3 establishing the model of matter-element to be evaluated; 4 Determining the weight of eah evaluation index; 5 Determining the orrelation degree of the thing to be evaluated; 6 Determining the rank of the thing to be evaluated. 3. ESTABLISHMENT OF EXTENSION EVALUATION MODEL OF LAND DESTRUCTION IN MINING AREAS Aording to the basi priniples of extension evaluation method, the extension evaluation model of land destrution in mining areas an be established by following steps. 1Establishing matter-element model of segment field and lassi field of system P 1 v p1 P 1 < a p1, bp 1 > 2 v p2 2 < a p2, bp2 > R = = = p ( P,, v) (4) L L L L n v pn n < a pn, bpn > The above is matter-element model of segment field of system, P in this formula is all the ranks of land destrution in mining areas, v pi is all the values sope of orresponding index < pi pi a, b > of P. R oj = ( N oj N, C o, Vo ) = oj 1 2 L n voj1 p v oj 2 = L vojn 1 2 L n < a < a < a i, that is the segment field oj1 oj2 ojn, b, b L, b oj1 oj 2 ojn > > > The above is matter-element model of lassi field of system, rank riteria of land destrution in mining areas ( = 1,2, 3 (5) N oj is the j represent light,

5 Extension Evaluation Model of Land Destrution Degree in Mining Area and its Appliation 237 moderate and severe destrution respetively), voji is all the values sope of orresponding index i, namely the lassi field a, b >. < oji oji 2Establishing orrelation funtion and alulating orrelation degree The orrelation degree is the measurement of relevane between things and between fators. Its expression is as follows: ρ( vi, voji ) K ji = voji (6) ρ( vi, voji ) K ji = ρ( vi, v pi ) ρ( vi, voji ) 3Establishing the model of matter-element for evaluation The evaluation data information obtained by detetion, olletion and analysis are represented by the matter-element R o. x i represents the onrete numerial values orresponding to the evaluation index of the unit to be evaluated, P represents evaluation objet. P 1 x1 2 x2 R = o (7) L L n xn 4Determining the weight of eah evaluation index This study uses the set-valued statistis method to determine the weight of eah evaluation index. This method an reflet the objetive reality reasonably and give proper onsideration on both the fuzziness and subjetive judgment fator in the evaluation. It operates quite simply and is easy to spread. Balahandra et al. (1995) put forward the priniples of this method. 5Determining the orrelation degree of eah destrution rank of mining area land for evaluation. Aording to the weight determined by step 4, after alulating orrelation degree, its expression is as follows: n K ( p ) = w K ( x ) (8) j o i = 1 i j i This formula represents destrution rank of mining area land to be evaluated and its degree. 6Determining the destrution rank of mining area land If K = max K p, the destrution rank of the unit to be evaluated j j belongs to j. ( 1,2,3) j ( )

6 238 Hongbo Jin, Yuanfang Huang, Shiwen Zhang, Guan Gong 4. APPLICATION EXAMPLE Taken Renjiazhuang oal mine as an example, destrution degree evaluation to mining area land is introdued based on extension theory. Renjiazhuang oal mine is a new mine without prodution yet. In-situ investigation and the verifiation of Ningxia Hui autonomous region and the loal land resoures management setion shows no destrution land suh as rak and ollapse aused by oal mine prodution at present. 4.1 Constrution of index system and evaluation riteria The mining proess auses the destrution of land resoures. Destrution type is different, therefore, evaluation index is also different. For example, the main type of destrution land is ollapse and spoiled land. For ollapse land, there will be some hanges with the exploration of mine field marosopially, e.g., ollapse, rak and water aumulation, et; The soil properties will also hange mirosopially, e.g., soil nutrient. Correspondingly, For spoiled land, there will also be ertain hange. To evaluate the degree of land destrution aurately, we should hoose indexes that an reflet destrution degree of mining area land diretly or indiretly reasonably. Table 1. Evaluation indexes of land destrution in mining areas and riteria evaluation Destrution evaluation evaluation rank type fator fator I II III ollapse land pressure oupied land surfae deformation surfae rak soil properties ollapse depth >5m 5~2m >2m ollapse area <1m 2 1~1m 2 >1m 2 side slope degree of ollapse <25 25 ~35 >35 rak width 1m 1~3m 3m rak spael >5m 3~5m <3m soil erodibility <1% 1%~3% >3% soil salinization none salinization saline soil deline of soil fertility <15% 15%~4% >4% hydrologial status of water none seasonal long-term ondition aumulation stability stability stable omparatively stable unstable surfae spoiled area <1m 2 1~5m 2 >5m 2 hange side slope degree <25 25 ~35 >35 inrease of gravel <1% 1%~3% >3% ontent properties f deline of organi <15% 15%~65% >65% pressure ontent oupied land pollution of toxi light moderate severe element 4~6.5 ph 6.5~7.5 <4,> ~8.5 stability stability stable omparatively stable unstable Considering Renjiazhuang oal mine s atual situation and ombining to general requirements of hoosing indexes, we hoose orresponding indexes

7 Extension Evaluation Model of Land Destrution Degree in Mining Area and its Appliation 239 (Table 1).Aording to < Land Management Law of the People's Republi of China > in 24 and < Land Relamation Regulations of the State Counil > in 1998, Evaluation rank of mine land s destrution degree is devided into 3- level riterion: level I (light destrution); level II (moderate destrution); level III (severe destrution). 4.2 Division of evaluation unit The evaluation unit is the speial objet whose natural attribute and soioeonomi attribute of land is basially onsistent. It is the land unit that has speial harateristis and the basi area used in harting. Its basi requirements of division is: (1)the properties in the unit are relatively homogeneous or lose; (2)there are differenes between units, it reflets the differenes of land in ertain time and spae objetively; (3)the units should have ertain omparability. The land resoures in mining area have the partiularity, its evaluation area is relatively small and the soil type and the land utilization type are relatively onsistent. So the division of evaluation unit of destrution land in mining area is mainly based on destrution type. At the same time, we should give proper onsideration to the basi onsisteny of land harateristis and utilization diretion of relamation and improvement ways in the same evaluation unit type. Beause the area of spoiled land is small and its properties are relatively simplisti, we take its whole as an evaluation unit. We use overlap method to divide the evaluation unit in ollapse land. Here is the detail: take land utilization map of the mining area as base map, aording to the destrution predition of mining area, draw the distribution map of dominant fators (ollapse depth, surfae rak e.g.) that reflet the destrution degree, at last, by overlapping forms small polygons and by merging forms evaluation unit (see fig. 1). Fig.1. Evaluation unit map of destrution land in Renjiazhuang mining area

8 24 Hongbo Jin, Yuanfang Huang, Shiwen Zhang, Guan Gong 4.3 Determine the segment field and lassi field of evaluation indexes The determination of upper limit and lower limit of segment field should depend on experts experienes, that is experts give the maximum values and minimum values of eah indexes. Beause the field of eah index is not all the same, Smaller the values of some evaluation indexes are, higher their destrution ranks are (rak interval), Bigger the values of some evaluation indexes are, higher their destrution ranks are, we deal with eah index with normalization and non-dimension (Qiuji Chen et al., 26). Thus, aording to table 1, we an determine the segment field and lassi field of evaluation indexes as in table 2. Table 2. Classi field and segment field of evaluation indexes Destrution Type Collapse Land Pressure Oupied Land Evaluation Fator surfae deformation surfae rak Evaluation Fator Classi Field I II III Segment Field ollapse depth ~.14.14~.42.57~1 ~1 ollapse area ~.5.5~.5.5~1 ~1 side slope degree of ollapse ~.36.36~.5.5~1 ~1 rak width ~.2.2~.6.6~1 ~1 rak spael.3~.5.5~.7.7~1.3~1 soil erodibility ~.17.17~.5.5~1 ~1 soil soil salinization.1~.3.3~.7.7~1.1~1 properties deline of soil fertility ~.17.17~.44.44~1 ~1 hydrologial status of water ondition aumulation.1~.3.3~.7.7~1.1~1 stability stability.1~.3.3~.7.7~1.1~1 surfae hange spoiled area ~.1.1~.1.1~1 ~1 side slope degree ~.33.33~.47.47~1 ~1 inrease of gravel ontent ~.17.17~.5.5~1 ~1 deline of organi ontent ~.16.16~.68.68~1 ~1 properties f pollution of pressure toxi element oupied land ph.1~.3.3~.7.7~1.1~1.25~.35.46~.53.35~.6 (aid ondition).53~.61 (alkalinity ondition).6~1 (aid ondition).61~1 (alkalinity ondition).25~1.46~1 stability stability.1~.3.3~.7.7~1.1~1

9 Extension Evaluation Model of Land Destrution Degree in Mining Area and its Appliation Data proessing The data in the example are the various indexes predition values of eah evaluation unit, inluding the values of ollapse land and spoiled land. The details are as in table 3 and table 4. Beause of the length limit, only the values of some units are listed. Table 3. Predition values of indexes in ollapse land of some evaluation units evaluation unit x 1(m) x 2(m 2 ) x 3( ) x 4(m) x 5(m) x 6 (%) x 7 x8(%) x 9 x 1 Area(hm 2 ) none 66.6 seasonal unstable none 1.8 seasonal stable none 11.7 seasonal stable Note: x1:ollapse depth,x2:ollapse area,x3:side slope degree of ollapse,x4:rak width,x5: rak spae,x6:soil erodibility,x7:soil salinization,x8:deline of soil fertility,x9:status of water aumulation,x1:stability. Table 4. Predition values of indexes in spoiled land evaluation x 1 x 2 area unit m 2 x 3 x 4(%) x 5 x 6 x 7 hm light 4.8 stable 7.9 Note: x 1 :spoiled area,x 2 :side slope degree,x 3 :inrease of gravel ontent,x 4 : deline of organi ontent,x 5 ::pollution of toxi element,x 6 :ph,x 7 :stability. By proessing the data in table 3 and table 4 with normalization and nondimension, we get the data shown in table 5 and table 6. Table 5. Predition values of indexes in ollapse land of some evaluation units evaluation unit x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x Note: the meaning of the symbols in the table is the same with in table 3 Table 6. Predition values of indexes in spoiled land evaluation unit x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x Note: the meaning of the symbols in the table is the same with in table Establishment of matter-element to be evaluated model The data of an evaluation unit in a ertain ollapse land were got. Collapse depth is 11.5m, ollapse area is 16m 2, side slope degree of ollapse is

10 242 Hongbo Jin, Yuanfang Huang, Shiwen Zhang, Guan Gong 53.2, rak width is 39.5m, rak spae is 43m, soil erodibility is 41.4%, there is no salinization in soil, deline of soil fertility is 66.6%, and seasonal water aumulation is unstable. We get the matter-element model of the unit to be evaluated with normalization and non-dimension as follow. R o P = The same as above,we get the matter-element models of the other 14 units of ollapse land and spoiled land to be evaluated. Beause of the limit of spae, we leave them out. 4.6 Evaluation proess 1Aording to formula(5), we an get the values of orrelation funtion shown in table 7 and table 8. The tables just show the results of a ertain ollapse land and spoiled land. We leave out the values of other units beause of spae. Table 7. Correlation funtion values of indexes ranks in ollapse land Value of orrelation funtion x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 1 K K K Note: the meaning of the symbols in the table is the same with in table 3 Table 8. Correlation funtion values of indexes ranks in spoiled land Value of orrelation funtion x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 K K K Note: the meaning of the symbols in the table is the same with in table 4 2Determine the weight of eah evaluation index

11 Extension Evaluation Model of Land Destrution Degree in Mining Area and its Appliation 243 We use the set-valued statistis method to get the weight of eah evaluation index as follows. W ollapse ={.18,.17,.11,.9,.7,.3,.3,.3,.14,.15} W pressure ={.3,.26,.1,.6,.19,.13,.23} 3 Determination of the orrelation degree of evaluation unit and judgment of destrution rank Taking a ertain evaluation unit of ollapse land as an example, aording to formula (7), we an get the orrelation degree about 3 levels light destrution, moderate destrution and severe destrution. They respetively are and K j = max K j ( p ) =-.11, so the rank of this j ( 1,2,3) evaluation unit belongs to severe destrution. Likewise, we an determine the destrution rank of spoiled land and other evaluation units of ollapse land. Aording to the above proess, it an be predited that in Renjiazhuang oal mine the mining will ause light destrution area hm 2, moderate destrution area hm 2 and severe destrution area hm 2. Spoiled land belongs to light destrution and its area is 7.9hm 2. The distribution of destrution rank in this mining area is showed in fig. 2. This evaluation result may provide favourable evidene for formulating ountermeasure of destrution land relamation, hoosing relamation raft and arrying on the suitability evaluation. Fig.2. predited map of land destrution situation of Renjiazhuang oal mine

12 244 Hongbo Jin, Yuanfang Huang, Shiwen Zhang, Guan Gong ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors aknowledge the finanial support provided by the National Natural Siene Foundation of China (No ), The 863 Program (28AA1Z216), Beijing Natural Siene Foundation (67217), the National Key Tehnologies R&D Program (26BDA1A1), and by the Program for New Century Exellent Talents in University (NCET-6-17). REFERENCES Balahandra R, Brok Hoff K. Are R&D projet termination fators universal?, Res Tehnial Management, 1995, (8):31-36 Fabin Li,Hehao Li,Jiayun Zhou. Study on evaluation method of destrution degree of land in mining areas, Mining Tehnology, 26,6 (2):25-28 Jinli Yuan,Haiyan Ji,Zhitao Guo. Classifiation and reognition of stored-grain pests by using extension engineering method, Agriultural Engineering Journal, 24,2(5): Limin Liu,Hanlong Liu, Chuanjie Lian. Matter-element model for buildings damage grade evaluation and its appliation aused by mining subsidene, Coal Journal, 24,29(1):17-21 Qiuji Chen,Changhua Liu,Hongquan Xie. Appliation of extension method to land relamation in mining area, Journal of Liaoning Tehnial University, 26, 25(2):34-37 Tao Guan,Wanjun Yu,Yongyang Shen. Deision-making of land development and onsolidation projet based on extension evaluation method, Agriultural Engineering Journal, 25, 21(3):71-74 Wen Cai,Chunyan Yang,Weihu Lin. Extension engineering method, Siene Publishing House,2:27-29 Wen Cai. Extenis Review, Systems Engineering Throry & Pratie, 1998,18(1): Wen Cai. Extension Theory and Its Appliation, Chinese Siene Bulletin, 1999,44(17): Yong Ye,Baoming Chi,Fengzhi Shi. Appliation of matter-element extension for groundwater environment quality evaluation, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 27,4(2):52-54 Zhiqiang Kang,Hui Zhou,Xiating Feng. Evaluation of high rok slope quality based on theory of extenis, Northeast University Journal, 27,28(12):