CHAPTER - VIII EPIDERMIS
|
|
- Linette Harmon
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CHAPTER - VIII EPIDERMIS 114
2 8.1. INTRODUCTION Plant epidermis is broadly recognized into 3 components viz. 1) The epidermal cell complex 2) Stomatal complex 3) Trichome complex. Although we have considerable knowledge with reference to the above information in general ( Prabhakar et. al., 1975, 1979, 1980, 1984; Van cottehem, 1970; Upholf, 1962; Dilcher, 1974; Prabhakar and Leelavathi, 1989). But very meager information is available with reference to the individual families of different angiospersms (Solereder, 1908; Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950). Hence the present study has been taken up which gives a detailed investigation on structure, nature distribution and taxonomic significance of foliar epidermal cell complex, stomatal complex and trichome complex of important taxa from the identified plants 8.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The following methods were adopted in order to investigate some medicinally important plants used by Gondu tribal people. The five (5) plants are selected for their leaf epidermal studies from 45 plants investigated were collected personally by the author. Fixation of the Material: Mature plant parts (leaves) were fixed in the Carney s fixative consisting of alcohol and glacial acetic acid 3:1 (Johanson, 1940). After two days the fixative was replaced by 70% alcohol for preservation of the material. Details of micro-techniques employed and their importance in the present study are as follows: I) Micropreparations: This consists of (1) entire mounts as well as (2) sections of concerned plant parts. a) Epidermal peelings: The bulk of the data on epidermis presented in this work is chiefly based upon these micro-preparations of either surfaces of the leaf. The 115
3 preparations are of particular significance in obtaining a comprehensive picture of the surface view of the leaf epidermis. Several techniques were employed in the preparation of the epidermal peels. In the case of larger leaves which easily yield peels, the later come off by mere scraping with a blade or by inserting a sharp needle below the epidermis and pulling it out. In the case of material too hard to yield peels several techniques were attempted such as double treatment method (Leelavathi, 1976) and TAT method which gave satisfactory results. The peels were prepared from base to apex, midvein to margins and laminal area of the leaf. b) Isolated Trichomes: In plant parts which are highly tomentose, it is rather difficult to follow the morphology of the individual trichomes. Study of isolated trichomes is essential as this facilitates in examining them from varied directions. Trichomes were isolated by scraping the plant part with a scalpel or blade or by crushing the young apices as such or after treating them with dilute hydro-chloric acid. The varied types of micropreparations described were stained with aniline blue and Toludine blue and mounted in glycerine. Afterwards they were dried on slide warmer or in a desiccators, the cover glass was ringed with Canada balsam or D. P. X. mountant. II) Sections: These are essential besides the whole mounts, in order to examine the position of guard cells and ledges, shape and position of the foot of trichomes. Preparations of both hand and microtome sections were used depending upon the requirements. a) Hand sections: This method has been found highly desirable wherever the trichomes are quite robust, long and sclerified. The sections thus obtained were stained with aniline blue in lactophenol and prepared into slides as described above. 116
4 b) Microtome sections: These are required in studying particularly to examine the guard cells and ledges, shape and positions of the foot of trichomes. Permanent Canada balsam mounts were prepared following the usual paraffin method (Johanson, 1940). Several stain combinations were used viz., Ehrlich s hematoxylin or crystal violet with basic fuchsin as counter stain were useful. III) Micrometry: Epidermal cell frequency (E. C. F), stomatal frequency (S.F), Stomatal Index (S.I) were calculated at 5 places on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces. For calculating the epidermal cell frequency, the epidermal cells as well as stomatal subsidiaries were counted together. Costal cells were excluded for the purpose of calculating E. C. F. of the peels. The values are averages derived usually from ten readings. Stomatal indices (S.I) at individual five location on each plant were calculated following the Salisbury (1927) as given below: Stomatal Index: No. of Stomata X 100 No. of stomata + No. of epidermal cells TERMINOLOGY Plant epidermis is distinguished into three components 1. Epidermal cells 2. Stomata and 3. Trichomes (Esau, 1972). Later Rajgopal (1973), in view of their heterogeneous characters, showed the necessity of designating them as (i) Epidermal cell complex, (ii) Stomatal complex and (iii) Trichome complex which is adopted here. The definitions of the different technical terms 117
5 presently used in describing the characters of these complexes and other characters are as follows: i) EPIDERMAL CELL COMPLEX Respresents the epidermal elements other than those of trichome and stomatal complexes (Prabhakar, 1978). It is distinguished into the following three elements. Epidermal cells: Cells lying all over the lamina excluding those distinguished as Costal cells (Leelavathi, et al., 1976). Costal cells: Epidermal cells present on veins, which are usually distinct from other laminar epidermal cells (Leelavathi, et al., 1981b). Dermotype: Entries complement of epidermal characters of a plant (Prat, 1948) Side(s): Anticlinal walls of cell elements of the epidermis. They may be straight, curved, curved to wavy, wavy to sinuate and sinuses U or V shaped (Prabhakar et al. 1983) Shape: Shapes of the epidermal cells are recognized into the following: Polygonal: Cells having more than four sides: they could be isodiametric, anisodiametric and linear (cells in which the longest diameter is more than about twice the smallest diameter) (Prabhakar et al., 1983) Rectangular: Cells rectangular in shape (Prabhakar et al., 1983) Squarish: Four sided, more or less square in shape (Prabhakar et al., 1983) Trapezoidal: Cells trapezium-like, with two sides being parallel (Prabhakar et al., 1983) 118
6 Triangular: Cells with three sides, they may be linear acute obtuse shape (Prabhakar et al., 1983). Surface: Surface of cell wall is often characterized by several kinds of markings which may be seen in any epidermal cell. In the present study, the following terms have been used in their description. Smooth: Surface without any markings (Prabhakar et al., 1983: Tuberculate: With elevations slightly longer than broad and with round apex (Prabhakar et al., 1983: Pustulate: With elevations broader than long and obtuse apex. Orientaion: Denotes the direction in which the epidermal cell elements occur with reference to the axis of the plant part to which they belong: they may be parallels. Oblique or variously oriented (Prabhakar et al., 1983) Arrangement: Represents the organization of the epidermal cell elements to one another and with reference to the axis of the concerned plant part. They may be arranged irregularly, in vertical or transverse rows (Prabhakar et al., 1983) Perfect costal cell distribution: Characterised by costal cell expression over the entire venation system (including those forming the alveoli (Leelavathi et al., 1981 b) Imperfect costal cell distribution: Charaterised by total lack of costal cells, or expresssion of it only on midvein and lateral vein or only lateral veins (Leelavathi et al., 1981 b) Lamina: Leaf-blade excluding the petiole Adaxial: Adaxial surface of leaf-lamina Abaxial: Abaxial surface of leaf-lamina 119
7 (ii) STOMATAL COMPLEX Represents stomatal pore, guard cells and subsidiaries. Stoma: Apparatus consisting of a pair of guard cells enclosing a stomatal pore (De Bary, 1884) Subsidiaries cells: Cells surrounding a stoma in one or more cycles subsidiaries of the cycle abutting the stoma may be distinct from the adjacent epidermal cells, but of the other cycles (if present) distinct (Ramayya and Rajagopal, 1980) Cycles: Denote rings of subsidiaries: the ring of subsidiaries abutting the guard cells, called as the abutting cycle (Rajagopal, 1973) Monocyclic: Stoma surrounded by only one cycle of subsidiaries (Rajagopal, 1973). Subsidiaries regarding their spatial relationship with the subsidiaries of the other stomata are distinguished into the following three types (Rajagopal, 1973) a-type: When a subsidiary does not abute either a subsidiaries of another stomata f-type: When a subsidiary does not abut either a subsidiary of guard cell of another stomata Anisotricytic: Stoma with three distinct or indistinct subsidiaries forming conjoint walls and of which one distinctly larger and variable in position. (Leelavathi, 1976) Isotricytic: Stoma with three distinct or indistinct subsidiaries forming conjoint walls, nearly of equal size and variable in positon. Diacytic: Stoma with two distinct, or indistinct subsidiaries at poles, with conjoint walls at right angle to guard cells. 120
8 Tetracytic: Stoma with four distinct or indistinct subsidiaries, two polar, two lateral forming conjoint walls. Hypostomatic: Stomata are confined to only abaxial surface of the leaf (Esau, 1972) Amphistomatic: Stomata are borne on both the surfaces of leaf (Esau, 1972) (iii) TRICHOME COMPLEX Represents epidermal out growths. Foot: Part of the trichome lying in the epidermis (Ramayya, 1962 a) Trichome subsidiaries: The rosette of epidermal cells which surrounded the foot of the trichome. They may be distinct or indistinct. Body: Part of the trichome lying above the foot: when the body is differentiated, it is recognized into the following: a) Stalk: Proximal part of the body appearing distinct from the head portion (Ramayya, 1962 a) b) Head: Distal part of the body appearing distinct from the stalk (Ramayya, 1962 a) Trichiferous: Surface characterized by the presence of trichomes Amphitrichiferous: Trichomes confined to both surfaces. 121
9 8.3. OBSERVATINS AND DISCUSSIONS EPIDERMAL CELL COMPLEX Introduction The epidermal cell complex forms the bulk of the epidermis, which is further distinguished into (1) epidermal cells, (2) Costal cells (3) Special epidermal cells. Epidermal cells are those which are confined to the inter costal areas and costal cells are those overlying the veins and are structurally distinct from the other epidermal cells while the special epidermal cells which are intermixed with costal cells or epidermal cells and are often distinctive due to their conspicuous shape, size and contents like varied types of crystals, mucilage, tannins etc., These cells are usually considered as idioblastic cells. A. Epidermal Cells Shape of Epidermal cells: The shape of epidermal cells of the presently studied taxa are different in different taxas. In Datura metal, they are rectangular non-linear on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces, polygonal anisodiametric linear on both the surfaces in Celestrus emarginata, while in Euphorbia hirta, the shape of the cells are squarish on adaxial surface but rectangular non-linear on abaxial surface, polygonal isodiametric on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces in Zizyphus jujube and in Holoptelea integrifolia the shape of the epidermal cells are polygonal anisodiametric non-linear on adaxial surface and rectangular linear on adaxial surfaces. The outer wall is flat in all the studied taxa on both the surfaces (Table- 3) (Plate-1, a-f) (Plate-2,g- j). Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm of the epidermal cells on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces is mostly dense in all the studied taxa of Datura metal, Celestrus emarginata and Zizyphus 122
10 jujube except in Holoptelea integrifolia, the cytoplasm is scanty and translucent in Euphorbia hirta (Table - 4) (Plate-1, a-f) (Plate-2,g- j). Surface : The surface of the epidermal cells on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces is smooth in all the studied taxa of Datura metal, Celestrus emarginata, Zizyphus jujube and Holoptelea integrifolia except in Euphorbia hirta, the surface is granulate in nature (Table - 4). Anticlinal Walls: Anticlinal walls of foliar epidermal cells are mostly straight in all the studied taxa of Celestrus emarginata, Zizyphus jujube and Holoptelea integrifolia on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces but with some exceptions that in Datura metal the anticlinal walls are curved on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces. In Euphorbia hirta the walls are sinuate on both the surfaces (Table - 5) (Plate-1, a-f) (Plate-2,g- j). Arrangement and Orientation: The cells of leaf epidermis are irregularly arrange and variously oriented on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces in all the studied taxa of Datura metal, Celestrus emarginata, Euphorbia hirta, Holoptelea integrifolia and Zizyphus jujube (Table - 5). Epidermal Frequency: The frequency of epidermal cells differ on both the surfaces and also within the same surface and at various locations of the same leaf i.e., at leaf base, Midrib, Apex, Lamina and Leaf Margin. In Datura metal, on adaxial surface the maximum epidermal frequency is observed at leaf base as cm -2 and minimum is observed at leaf lamina as cm -2, on abaxial surface it is maximum at leaf midrib as cm - 2 and minimum at leaf margin as cm -2. Whereas in Celestrus emarginata, on adaxial surface the maximum epidermal frequency is observed at leaf base as cm -2 and minimum is observed at leaf lamina as cm -2, on abaxial surface it is maximum at leaf base as cm -2 and minimum at leaf midrib as cm -2. In Euphorbia hirta, 123
11 on adaxial surface the maximum epidermal frequency is observed at leaf midrib as cm -2 and minimum is observed at leaf apex as cm -2, on abaxial surface it is maximum at leaf margin as cm -2 and minimum at leaf lamina as cm -2. While in Zizyphus jujube on adaxial surface it is maximum at leaf base as cm -2 and minimum at leaf apex as cm -2, on abaxial surface it is maximum at leaf midrib as cm -2 and minimum at leaf apex as cm -2. Similarly in Holoptelea integrifolia, the epidermal frequency is maximum at leaf margin as cm -2 and minimum at leaf base as cm -2, on abaxial surface it is maximum at leaf margin as cm -2 and minimum at leaf base as cm -2 (Table - 6). Epideramal Index: Epidermal index is defined as the number of epidermal cells present in unit area to the number of epidermal cells. In Datura metal, the epidermal index on adaxial surface is maximum at leaf apex as cells per unit area and minimum at leaf lamina as cells per unit area, on abaxial surface it is maximum at leaf midrib as cells per unit area and minimum at leaf margin as cells per unit area. While in Celestrus emarginata, on adaxial surface it is maximum at leaf base as cells per unit area and minimum at leaf lamina as cells per unit area, on abaxial surface it is maximum at leaf lamina as cells per unit area and minimum at leaf midrib as cells per unit area. In Euphorbia hirta on adaxial surface it is maximum at leaf lamina as cells per unit area and minimum at leaf midrib as 79.04, on abaxial surface it is maximum at leaf base as cells per unit area and minimum at leaf margin as cells per unit area. Whereas in Zizyphus jujube, on adaxial surface it is maximum at leaf midrib as cells per unit area and minimum at leaf base as cells per unit area, on abaxial surface it is maximum at leaf midrib as cells per unit area and minimum at leaf margin as cells per unit area. Similarly in Holoptelea integrifolia the epidermal index on adaxial surface is maximum at all the 5 locations of the leaf as 100 cells per unit area, on abaxial surface it is 124
12 maximum at leaf midrib as cells per unit area and minimum at leaf margin as cells per unit area (Table - 7). B. Costal Cells Costal cells: Costal cells are absent in all the studied taxa of Datura metal, Celestrus emarginata, Holoptelea integrifolia and Zizyphus jujube except in Euphorbia hirta, they are present only on abaxial side of the leaf and maximum are observed at leaf lamina region STOMATAL CELL COMPLEX Introduction The stomata has been considered as an important plant structure physiologically (Haberlandt 1914; Meidner and Mansfield, 1968) taxonomically (Mecalfe and Chalk, 1950; Stace, 1965.a,b; Van Cottem, 1970). The present investigation includes a detailed study of stomatal structure on leaves in the studied species. While the details of observations are presented as below: Stomatal types : Stomata were reported to be Anisocytic in Datura metal, Celestrus emarginata, and Anomocytic in Zizyphus jujube, Diacytic in Euphorbia hirta and Holoptelea integrifolia. Dominant stomatal types : Occurrence of more than one type of Stomata on the surface of the plant organ or on different organs in a species was first recognized by Briosi in The taxonomic significance of the stomatal variation was first brought into light by Shah et al, (1974). The dominant stomatal type is observed as anisocytic on the both the surfaces of the leaf in all the studied 5 taxa. 125
13 Shape of the guard cells: On the basis of shape and pair of guard cells they are distinguished into elliptic, circular widely or narrowly elliptic, three or four cornered, rectangular or dumbell shaped (Stace 1965a, Meidner and Mansfield, 1968: Esau, 1972: Fahn, 1974: Rajagopal and Ramayya, 1977) and stomatal pore is usually parallel to the guard cells but rarely transverse to the guard cells. In the present studied taxa, the shape of guard cells were observed to be with some difference in species as in Datura metal, the shape is circular widely elliptic on adaxial surface but it is circular narrowly elliptic on abaxial surface. Whereas in Celestrus emarginata, on both the surfaces, it is circular, narrowly elliptic in nature. In contrast to this in Euphorbia hirta and Ziziphus jujube, it is circular widely elliptic on both the surfaces but in Ziziphus jujube, the stomata are absent on adaxial surface. But it is quietly opposite in Holoptelea integrifolea, the shape of the guard cells is circular narrowly elliptic on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. And the stomatal pore is parallel to the guard cells in all the above studied taxa (Table -8) (Plate 3, a - f) (Plate 4, g - j). Position of the guard cells: Guard cells in relation to adjacent epidermal cells, could be either sunken, elevated or flushed with epidermal cells (Solereder, 1908: Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950: Easu, 1972) In the present studied taxa, the position of the guard cells are sunken in all the taxa of Datura metal, Celestrus emarginata, Euphorbia hirta and Holoptelea integrifolea but in Ziziphus jujube it is elevated (concave)to the adjacent epidermal cells. 126
14 Subsidiary cells: Cells surrounding the guard cells which are distinct or indistinct, are designated as subsidiary cells (Leelavathi, 1976; Prabhakar, 1978; Ramayya and Rajgopal, 1980; Vijay kumar, 1983). Depending on one or more cycles of subsidiaries are distinguished into monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic types (Pant and Banerji, 1965 c: Payne, 1970), intermediate conditions (1½, 2 ½ cyclic) between the above principal types are also recognized (Pant and Banerji, 1965 c: Leelavathi, 1976). The present studied taxa it is mostly monocyclic nature of subsidiary cells as seen in Datura metal, Euphorbia hirta and Holoptelea integrifolea on both the surfaces. Whereas in Celestrus emarginata and Ziziphus jujube it is tricyclic in nature on both the surfaces. Spatial relationship of stomata: Based on the association of the subsidiaries with the stomata, Rajagopal (1973) recognized the following three types of subsidiaries 1. Abutting type (a-type): When a subsidiary of stomata abute one or more subsidiaries of another stoma. 2. Common type (c-type): When a subsidiary abutes guard cells of two or more stomata. 3. Free type (f-type): When a subsidiary of stoma does not abute either a subsidiary or guard cell of another stoma. However in the presently studied taxa, the subsidiaries are mostly abutting type (a- type) as in Datura metal, Euphorbia hirta and Holoptelea integrifolea on both the surfaces. But it is free type (f-type) in Celestrus emarginata and Ziziphus jujube on both the surfaces. 127
15 Anticlinal walls of subsidiaries: Anticlinal walls of the subsidiaries are similar to the epidermal cells being straight on both the surfaces in all the studied taxa of Datura metal, Celestrus emarginata, Euphorbia hirta, Ziziphus jujube and Holoptelea integrifolea Distribution of stomata: Distribution of stomata in the leaves shows considerable variation (De Bary, 1984; Solereder, 1908; Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950). On the basis of presence of stomata, leaves are distinguished into four types viz., 1. Amphistomatic (present on both the sides of leaf). 2. Hypostomatic (present only on abaxial surface). 3. Epistomatic (present only on adaxial surface) (Florin, 1933; Esau, 1972) and 4. Astomatic (Rajagopal, 1973) stomata absent on both surfaces eg: Algae, further sub-categorized ampistomatic condition into the epiamphistomatic having greater percentage of stomata on the adaxial than on the abaxial; hypoamphistomatic with greater frequency of stomata on abaxial than on the adaxial. In the present study it is observed that the distribution of stomata is amphistomatic in Datura metal, Celestrus emarginata, Euphorbia hirta, Zizyphus jujube but it is epistomatic condition in Holoptelea integrifolea Orientation, Arrangement and Dispersion of stomata: Variation in orientation and arrangement of stomata in leaves are frequent and as such are of potential taxonomic tool (Rajagopal, 1973; Leelavathi et al., 1981). Stomata are variously oriented in leaves especially in those with reticulate venation, where as parallely oriented in the leaves with parallel venation (Esau, 1972; Fahn, 1967). 128
16 The stomata are variously oriented and are irregularly arranged in all of the studied species of Datura metal, Celestrus emarginata, Euphorbia hirta, Zizyphus jujube and Holoptelea integrifolia. Stomatal frequency and Stomatal index: Stomatal frequency is one of the most widely used characters in Pharmacognostic studies, but its significance in taxonomic studies has not yet been fully ascertained. According to (Stace, 1965.a,b), the distribution and frequency of stoma are of considerable taxonomic value. A large number of workers have used the stomatal frequency in-order to distinguish species with varying degree of success. However striking differences regarding the frequency of the stomata have been shown in number of plants grown in different environmental conditions (Salisbury, 1927) and in the leaves produced at different heights of the plant, in different sizes of the leaves from one surface to the other and also from one area of the surface of the leaf to the other As suggested by Salisbury (1927) the differences in the stomatal frequencies in a given taxon may be due to increase or decrease in the normal epidermal cell dimensions but the value of the stomatal index is independent of the size attained by the epidermal cells and hence is of more taxonomic value. follows: In the present studied taxa, stomatal frequency and stomatal index are observed as Stomatal frequency: The stomatal frequency is different in different species at each observed locations on the same leaf. It is defined as number of cells present in one Sq. centimeter (cm -2 ). The observations are as follows: In Datura metal, on adaxial surface the stomatal frequency is 129
17 maximum at leaf lamina as cm -2 and minimum at leaf apex as cm -2, on abaxial surface it is maximum at leaf margin as cm -2 and minimum at leaf base as cm -2. Whereas in Celestrus emarginata, on adaxial surface it is maximum at leaf apex as cm -2 and minimum at leaf base as cm -2, on abaxial surface it is maximum at leaf midrib as cm -2 and minimum at leaf lamina as cm -2. In Euphorbia hirta, on adaxial surface it is maximum at leaf mibrib as cm -2 and minimum at leaf apex as cm -2, on abaxial surface it is maximum at leaf margin as cm -2 and minimum at leaf apex and leaf midrib as cm -2. While in Zizyphus jujube, on adaxial surface it is maximum at leaf base as cm -2 and minimum at leaf apex and leaf midrib as cm -2 and on abaxial surface it is maximum at leaf margin as cm -2 and minimum at leaf apex and leaf midrib as cm -2. Similarly in Holoptelea integrifolia, on adaxial surface the stomata are absent but on abaxial surface the stomatal frequency is maximum at leaf midrib as cm -2 and minimum at leaf apex as cm- 2 (Table 9). Stomatal Index: Stomatal index is defined as the number of stomatal cells present in unit area to the number of epidermal cells. In Datura metal, on adaxial surface the stomatal index is maximum at leaf lamina s cells per unit area and minimum at leaf apex as cells per unit area, on abaxial surface it is maximum at leaf margin as cells per unit area and minimum at leaf midrib as cells per unit area. While in Celestrus emarginata, on adaxial surface it is maximum at leaf apex as cells per unit area and minimum at leaf base as cells per unit area, on abaxial surface it is maximum at leaf midrib as cells per unit area and minimum at leaf base as cells per unit area. In Euphorbia hirta, on adaxial surface it is maximum at leaf midrib as cells per unit area and minimum at leaf margin as cells per unit area, on abaxial surface it is maximum at leaf margin as 130
18 27.35 cells per unit area and minimum at leaf base as cells per unit area. Whereas in Zizyphus jujube, on adaxial surface it is maximum at leaf base as 6.52 cells per unit area and minimum at leaf midrib as 2.90 cells per unit area, on abaxial surface it is maximum at leaf margin as 7.73 cells per unit area and minimum at leaf midrib as 3.15 cells per unit area. Similarly in Holoptelea integrifolia on adaxial surface the stomata are absent but on abaxial surface the stomatal index is maximum at leaf base as 4.43 cells per unit area and minimum at leaf apex as 3.38 cells per unit area (Table 10) TRICHOME COMPLEX Introduction The use of epidermal appendages in taxonomy has been well recognized both in the extinct and extant plant material (Weiss, 1967; Solereder, 1908; Small, 1913; Netolitzky, 1932; Brown, 1938; Heintzelman and Howard, 1948). Presently a detailed investigation on structure, surface characters and the distribtuin of different types of trichomes in the 5 taxa have been investigated. The significance of the observations is discussed below: The following is the detailed description of trichomes presently recorded in the studied taxa along with their synonyms. Trichome distributinal patterns: Trichomes are said to be of universal occurrence in the angiopserms (Uphof, 1962) displaying great diversity not only in structure but also in distribution. Thus offering invaluable evidence for taxonomic purposes (Ramayya, 1962a;). Distribution of trichomes can be analyzed with reference to the presence or absence of the trichomes on a given surface of the organ as well as the area of occurrence on a given organ. 131
19 With reference to the first character lamellar organs have been categorized into the 4 following types by Vijay kumar (1983) viz: 1. Atrichiferous: leaves devoid of trichomes 2. Epitrichiferous: trichomes present only on the leaf adaxial 3. Hypotrichifereous: trichomes present only on the leaf abaxial 4. Amphitrichifereous: trichomes present on either surfaces of the leaf The distribution and type of the trichomes in the studied taxa are different in individual taxa as in Datura metal, the type of trichomes are uniseriate, multicellular and amphitricous. But they are completely absent in Celestrus emarginata. whereas in Euphorbia hirta, they are uniseriate, multicellular and epitrichous type. The trichomes are uniseriate, multicellular and hypotrichous in nature in Ziziphus jujube. While in Holoptelea integrifolia, they are uniseriate, unicellular and hypotrichous type. 132
20 C E E A C A a b C E C E A A c d E C E A A C e f Plate - 1 fig a is upper epidermis of Datura metal, fig b is lower epidermis of Datura metal fig c is upper epidermis of Celestrus emarginata, fig d is lower epidermis of Celestrus emarginata fig e is upper epidermis of Euphorbia hirta, fig f is lower epidermis of Euphorbia hirta E is epidermal cell shape, C is cytoplasm of the cell. A is anticlinal walls of epidermal cells 133
21 E A E A C C g h E A E A C C i j Plate - 2 fig g is upper epidermis of Zizyphus jujube, fig h is lower epidermis of Zizyphus jujube fig i is upper epidermis of Holoptelea integrifolia, fig j is lower epidermis of Holoptelea integrifolia E is epidermal cell shape, C is cytoplasm of the cell. A is anticlinal walls of epidermal cells 134
22 G S S G a b S S G G c d S S G G e f Plate - 3 fig a is upper epidermis of Datura metal, fig b is lower epidermis of Datura metal fig c is upper epidermis of Celestrus emarginata, fig d is lower epidermis of Celestrus emarginata fig e is upper epidermis of Euphorbia hirta, fig f is lower epidermis of Euphorbia hirta S is stomatal cell, G is shape of the guard cell 135
23 G S g h G G S S i j Plate - 4 fig g is upper epidermis of Zizyphus jujube, fig h is lower epidermis of Zizyphus jujube fig i is upper epidermis of Holoptelea integrifolia, fig j is lower epidermis of Holoptelea integrifolia S is stomatal cell, G is shape of the guard cell 136
24 TABLE -3 SHOWING THE SHAPE OF LEAF EPIDEMALS CELLS S.No. NAME OF THE PLANT SHAPE OF THE EPIDERMAL CELLS 1 Datura metal, Linn. Solanaceae 2 Celestrus emarginata, Grah./ Celestraceae 3 Euphorbia hirta, Linn./ Euphorbiaceae 4 Zizyphus jujube, Lamk./ Rhamnaceae 5 Holoptelea integrifolia, Planch/ Euphorbiaceae ADAXIAL SURFACE rectangular non-linear polygonal anisodiametric linear squarish polygonal isodiametric polygonal anisodiametric non-linear ABAXIAL SURFACE rectangular non-linear polygonal anisodiametric linear rectangular non-linear polygonal isodiametric rectangular linear 137
25 TABLE -4 SHOWING THE CHARACTERS OF CYTOPLASM AND SURFACE OF LEAF EPIDEMALS CELLS S.No. NAME OF THE PLANT CYTOPLASM CHARACTERS CELL SURFACE CHARACTERS ADAXIAL SURFACE ABAXIAL SURFACE ADAXIAL SURFACE ABAXIAL SURFACE 1 Datura metal, Linn. Solanaceae 2 Celestrus emarginata, Grah./ Celestraceae 3 Euphorbia hirta, Linn./ Euphorbiaceae 4 Zizyphus jujube, Lamk./ Rhamnaceae 5 Holoptelea integrifolia, Planch/ Euphorbiaceae Dense Dense Smooth Smooth Dense Dense Smooth Smooth Dcanty and translucent Dcanty and translucent Granulate Granulate Dense Dense Smooth Smooth Dense Dense Smooth Smooth 138
26 TABLE -5 SHOWING THE CHARACTERS OF ANTICLINAL WALLS, ARRANGEMENT AND ORIENTATION OF LEAF EPIDEMALS CELLS S.No. NAME OF THE PLANT ANTICLINAL WALL CHARACTERS ARRANGEMENT AND ORIENTATION ADAXIAL SURFACE ABAXIAL SURFACE ADAXIAL SURFACE ABAXIAL SURFACE 1 Datura metal, Linn. Solanaceae 2 Celestrus emarginata, Grah./ Celestraceae 3 Euphorbia hirta, Linn./ Euphorbiaceae 4 Zizyphus jujube, Lamk./ Rhamnaceae 5 Holoptelea integrifolia, Planch/ Euphorbiaceae Curved Curved Irregularly arrange and variously Straight Straight Irregularly arrange and variously Sinuate Sinuate Irregularly arrange and variously Straight Straight Irregularly arrange and variously Straight Straight Irregularly arrange and variously Irregularly arrange and variously Irregularly arrange and variously Irregularly arrange and variously Irregularly arrange and variously Irregularly arrange and variously 139
27 TABLE -6 SHOWING THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM EPIDERMAL CELL FREQUENCY ON ADAXIAL AND ABAXIAL SURFACES OF THE LEAF S.No. NAME OF THE PLANT EPIDEMAL FREQUENCY ADAXIAL SURFACE ABAXIAL SURFACE MAXIMUM MINIMUM MAXIMUM MINIMUM 1 Datura metal, Linn. Solanaceae 2 Celestrus emarginata, Grah./ Celestraceae 3 Euphorbia hirta, Linn./ Euphorbiaceae 4 Zizyphus jujube, Lamk./ Rhamnaceae 5 Holoptelea integrifolia, Planch/ Euphorbiaceae (LB) (LL) (LMR) (LM) (LB) (LL) (LB) (LMR) (LMR) (LA) (LM) (LL) (LB) (LA) (LMR) (LA) (LM) (LB) (LM) (LB) *location on leaf LA= Leaf apex, LB=Leaf base, LMR= Leaf midrib, LM= Leaf margin, LL= Leaf lamina 140
28 TABLE -7 SHOWING THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM EPIDERMAL INDEX ON ADAXIAL AND ABAXIAL SURFACES OF THE LEAF S.No. NAME OF THE PLANT EPIDERMAL INDEX ADAXIAL SURFACE ABAXIAL SURFACE MAX MIN MAX MIN 1 Datura metal, Linn (LA) (LL) (LMR) (LM) Solanaceae 2 Celestrus emarginata, (LB) (LL) (LL) (LMR) Grah./ Celestraceae 3 Euphorbia hirta, Linn./ (LL) (LMR) (LB) (LM) Euphorbiaceae 4 Zizyphus jujube, Lamk./ (LMR) (LB) (LMR) (LM) Rhamnaceae 5 Holoptelea integrifolia, Planch/ Euphorbiaceae 100 (on all locations) (LMR) (LM) *location on leaf LA= Leaf apex, LB=Leaf base, LMR= Leaf midrib, LM= Leaf margin, LL= Leaf lamina *location on leaf LA= Leaf apex, LB=Leaf base, LMR= Leaf midrib, LM= Leaf margin, LL= Leaf lamina 141
29 TABLE -8 SHOWING THE SHAPE OF THE GUARD CELLS OF THE STOMATA ON ADAXIAL AND ABAXIAL SURFACES OF THE LEAF EPIDERMIS S.No. NAME OF THE PLANT SHAPE OF THE GUARD CELLS ADAXIAL SURFACE ABAXIAL SURFACE 1 Datura metal, Linn. Solanaceae circular widely elliptic circular narrowly elliptic 2 Celestrus emarginata, Grah./ Celestraceae circular narrowly elliptic 3 Euphorbia hirta, Linn./ Euphorbiaceae circular widely elliptic 4 Zizyphus jujube, Lamk./ Rhamnaceae ABSENT circular widely elliptic 5 Holoptelea integrifolia, Planch/ Euphorbiaceae circular narrowly elliptic 142
30 TABLE -9 SHOWING THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM STOMATAL FREQUENCY ON ADAXIAL AND ABAXIAL SURFACES OF THE LEAF EPIDEMIS S.No. NAME OF THE PLANT STOMATAL FREQUENCY ADAXIAL SURFACE ABAXIAL SURFACE MAXIMUM MINIMUM MAXIMUM MINIMUM 1 Datura metal, Linn. Solanaceae 2 Celestrus emarginata, Grah./ Celestraceae 3 Euphorbia hirta, Linn./ Euphorbiaceae 4 Zizyphus jujube, Lamk./ Rhamnaceae 5 Holoptelea integrifolia, Planch/ Euphorbiaceae (LL) (LA) (LM) (LB) (LA) (LB) (LMR) (LL) (LMR) (LA) (LM) (LA,LMR) (LB) (LA,LMR) (LM) (LA,LMR) ABSENT (LMR) (LA) *location on leaf LA= Leaf apex, LB=Leaf base, LMR= Leaf midrib, LM= Leaf margin, LL= Leaf lamina 143
31 TABLE -10 SHOWING THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM STOMATAL INDEX ON ADAXIAL AND ABAXIAL SURFACES OF THE LEAF EPIDEMIS S.No. NAME OF THE PLANT STOMATAL INDEX ADAXIAL SURFACE ABAXIAL SURFACE MAX MIN MAX MIN 1 Datura metal, Linn (LL) (LA) (LM) (LMR) Solanaceae 2 Celestrus emarginata, (LA) (LB) (LMR) (LB) Grah./ Celestraceae 3 Euphorbia hirta, Linn./ (LMR) (LM) (LM) (LB) Euphorbiaceae 4 Zizyphus jujube, Lamk./ Rhamnaceae 6.52 (LB) 2.90 (LMR) 7.73 (LM) 3.15 (LMR) 5 Holoptelea integrifolia, Planch/ Euphorbiaceae ABSENT 4.43 (LB) 3.38 (LA) *location on leaf LA= Leaf apex, LB=Leaf base, LMR= Leaf midrib, LM= Leaf margin, LL= Leaf lamina 144
Morphological, Epidermal and Anatomical Properties of Datura Linn. Leaf in Sana'a City-Yemen and its Taxonomical Significance
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 2016, 6(4):69-80 ISSN : 2249-7412 CODEN (USA): AJPSKY Morphological, Epidermal and atomical Properties of
More informationANATOMY OF PLANTS Introduction: The study of gross internal structure of plant organs by the technique of section cutting is called plant anatomy.
ANATOMY OF PLANTS Introduction: The study of gross internal structure of plant organs by the technique of section cutting is called plant anatomy. (Pandey, 2002). Various plant organ viz. root, stem, leaves,
More informationFoliar epidermal investigations in some hitherto unstudied Convolvulaceae
Journal of Ecobiotechnology 2011, 3(9): 17-22 ISSN: 2077-0464 Available Online: http://journal-ecobiotechnology.com/ Foliar epidermal investigations in some hitherto unstudied Convolvulaceae S.K. Tayade
More informationQuestion 1: State the location and function of different types of meristem. Meristems are specialised regions of plant growth. The meristems mark the regions where active cell division and rapid division
More informationClass XI Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants Biology
Class XI Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants Biology Question 1: State the location and function of different types of meristem. Meristems are specialised regions of plant growth. The meristems mark
More informationDownloaded from
POINTS TO REMEMBER : 6. Anatomy of Flowering Plants Study of internal structure of plant is called anatomy. In plants cells are the basic unit. Cells organized into tissues and tissues organized into organs.
More informationFull Length Research Article. Science World Journal Vol 5 (No 1) ISSN
FOLIAR EPIDERMAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE GRASSES Cymbopogon citratus (STAPF.), Axonopus compressus (P. BEAUV.) AND Eragrostis tremula (S. W. BEAUV) IN EKPOMA, EDO STATE, NIGERIA. Full Length Research
More informationAnatomy of Flowering Plants. K C Meena PGT Biology
Anatomy of Flowering Plants K C Meena PGT Biology Tissues A group of similar cells performing same function. Types of plant tissues - Meristematic tissues and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues Have
More informationOn the ontogeny of stomata and glandular hairs in some Indian mangroves
Acta Bot. Croat. 61 (2), 199 205, 2002 CODEN: ABCRA 25 ISSN 0365 0588 On the ontogeny of stomata and glandular hairs in some Indian mangroves SAUREN DAS* Agricultural Science Unit, Indian Statistical Institute,
More informationEpidermal studies of three species of Vernonia Schreb. in Southern Nigeria
B I O D I V E R S IT A S ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 15, Number 2, October 2014 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 137-141 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d150204 Epidermal studies of three species of Vernonia Schreb. in Southern
More informationPolibotánica ISSN: Departamento de Botánica México
Polibotánica ISSN: 1405-2768 rfernan@ipn.mx Departamento de Botánica México Martínez Quesada, Eddy Taxonomic significance of foliar dermotypes and floral trichomes in some Cuban taxa of Indigofera L. (Fabaceae-Faboideae)
More informationA group of cells with common origin is called a tissue. The cells of a tissue usually perform a common function.
Anatomy of Flowering Plants Tissues A group of cells with common origin is called a tissue. The cells of a tissue usually perform a common function. Types of Tissue: There are two main types of plant tissues,
More informationEPIDERMAL STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF STOMATA IN EPHEDRA FOLIATA BOISS.
EPIDERMAL STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF STOMATA IN EPHEDRA FOLIATA BOISS. BY D. D. PANT AND BHARATI MEHRA Department of Botany, The University, Allahabad, India {Received z August 1963) SUMMARY The epidermal
More informationCLASSIFICATION OF STOMATAL TYPES. The dicotyledons stomata were firstly classified into 4. types by Yesque in the year The names for your types
28 CLASSIFICATION OF STOMATAL TYPES A. MORPHOLOGICAL OR TOPOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION: The dicotyledons stomata were firstly classified into 4 types by Yesque in the year 1889. The names for your types
More informationThe Petiolar Structure of Christella dentata (Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy (Thelypteridaceae, Pteridophyta)
Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 96-102. 2008. The Petiolar Structure of Christella dentata (Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy (Thelypteridaceae, Pteridophyta) KAMINI SRIVASTAVA, M.Sc, D.Phil Department of Botany,
More informationLeaf anatomy of Catharanthus roseus
Phyton (Austria) Vol. 17 Fasc. 1-4 151 158 18. 8. 1975 Leaf anatomy of Catharanthus roseus infected with mycoplasm By (Apocynaceae) J. A. INAMDAE, PV. C. PATEL, M. GANGADHARA and A. BALAKRISHNA *) With
More informationCHAPTER Introduction
27 CHAPTER 2 2.1 Introduction Pharmacognosy as a subject of pharmaceutical curriculum focused on those natural products employed in the allopathic system of medicine. Coincident with the increasing attractiveness
More informationSimple Leaf Compound Leaf
Leaves Outline Overview Leaf Arrangements and Types Internal Structures of Leaves Stomata Mesophyll and Veins Specialized Leaves Autumnal Changes in Color Abscission Relevance of Leaves Overview Some of
More informationLEAF MORPHOLOGICAL AND EPIDERMAL FEATURES AS AN AID TO THE TAXONOMY OF DIFFERENT MORPHOTYPES OF MUGA SILKWORM HOST PLANT Litsaea monopetala PERS.
Indian J.L.Sci.(1) : 67-7, 01 LEAF MORPHOLOGICAL AND EPIDERMAL FEATURES AS AN AID TO THE TAXONOMY OF DIFFERENT MORPHOTYPES OF MUGA SILKWORM HOST PLANT Litsaea monopetala PERS. a b1 c D. P. PALIWAL, A.
More informationANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS Finish Line & Beyond The Tissues The Tissue System Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants Secondary Growth THE TISSUES A tissue is a group of cells having a common
More informationGUACO FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS GUACO FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS
GUACO FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS GUACO FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS Mikania guaco ad praeparationes homoeopathicas DEFINITION Dried leaf of Mikania guaco H. et B. (Mikania amara Willd.). Content: minimum
More informationSchool of Plant Morphology, Meerut College, Meerut
Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Vol. 83 B, No. 2~ 1976, pp. 79-84 Structure and development of hairs in Tinantia fugax (Commelinaceae)* V. SINGH AND D. K. JAIN School of Plant Morphology, Meerut College, Meerut
More informationPHARMACOBOTANY LECTURE 4. PLANT TISSUES II.
PHARMACOBOTANY LECTURE 4. PLANT TISSUES II. DERMAL TISSUES OF THE PLANT epidermis: primary dermal tissue of the shoot rhizodermis: primary dermal tissue of the root function: protection, transpiration,
More informationAsian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research
ISSN: 2231-2560 Research Article Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research Pharmacognostical and Physico-chemical Standardization of Leaves of Sida acuta *Carol P. Macwan, A. J. Patel, M.
More informationDIVERSITY OF STOMATA AND TRICHOMES IN EUPHORBIA L. - I
Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 20(1): 27-38, 2013 (June) 2013 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists DIVERSITY OF STOMATA AND TRICHOMES IN EUPHORBIA L. - I N. SAROJINI DEVI, Y. PADMA, C.L. NARASIMHUDU
More informationThe analysis of morphological differentiation of the epidermis of selected species of the genus Epipactis Zinn, 1757 (Orchidaceae: Neottieae)*
Genus Supplement 14: 41-45 Wrocław, 15 XII 2007 The analysis of morphological differentiation of the epidermis of selected species of the genus Epipactis Zinn, 1757 (Orchidaceae: Neottieae)* Anna Jakubska
More informationStomatal studies of some selected medicinal plants of family solanaceae
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 5(18), pp. 4525-4529, 16 September, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/jmpr ISSN 1996-0875 2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper
More informationFARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF LEAF OF HYPTIS SUAVEOLENS L. S. JELANI AND M. PRABHAKAR. Department of Botany, Osmaniya University, Hyderabad , India.
Ancient Science of Life, Vol No. XI No.1 & 2, July & October 1991, FARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF LEAF OF HYPTIS SUAVEOLENS L. S. JELANI AND M. PRABHAKAR Department of Botany, Osmaniya University, Hyderabad 500
More informationPlant Structure. Lab Exercise 24. Objectives. Introduction
Lab Exercise Plant Structure Objectives - Be able to identify plant organs and give their functions. - Learn distinguishing characteristics between monocot and dicot plants. - Understand the anatomy of
More informationEPIDERMAL STRUCTURE AND STOMATAL ONTOGENY IN SOME CELASTRACEAE
EPIDERMAL STRUCTURE AND STOMATAL ONTOGENY IN SOME CELASTRACEAE BY DIVYA DARSHAN PANT AND PARVEEN F. KIDWAI Department of Botany, The University, Allahabad, India {Received 8 December 1965) SUMMARY Leaves
More informationCOMMUNICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES
COMMUNICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES Anatomical variations in stomatal attributes of selected species of family Asteraceae Muhammad Asif Tahir 1, Rizwan Sarwar 2, Sajid Safeer 2 *, Imran Hamza 1, and Muhammad
More informationCOMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF STEM AND LEAF OF RICOTIA L. GROWING IN TURKEY SELAMI SELVI * AND MEHMET YAVUZ PAKSOY 1
Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(1): 123-130, 2013 (June) COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF STEM AND LEAF OF RICOTIA L. GROWING IN TURKEY SELAMI SELVI * AND MEHMET YAVUZ PAKSOY 1 Balıkesir University, Altınoluk Vocational School,
More informationLeaf. It is composed of:
LEAF It is composed of: Leaf a leaf stalk called petiole; if it lacks leaf is sessile; the expanded part called lamina or blade; a strand of vascular tissue (veins) in the blade; a pair of leafy outgrowth
More informationBi 151 Plant Morpho-anatomy Lecture 6. Epidermis. Epidermis. Epidermis. Epidermis. Epidermis 9/14/2014
Bi 151 Plant Morpho-anatomy Lecture 6 and Periderm Jan Lorie M. Robil, M.Sc. covers the primary plant body derived from protoderm apical meristem of Syringa vulgaris Regular epidermal cells cuticle stomata
More informationComparative Micro-Morphology, Anatomy and Architecture of Leaf of Physalis
Comparative Micro-Morphology, Anatomy and Architecture of Leaf of Physalis Chockpisit Thepsithar and Aree Thongpukdee Abstract Two species of Physalis, P. angulata L. and P. peruviana L. were used as models
More informationCELL DIVISION IN THE FORMATION OF THE STOMATAL COMPLEX OF THE YOUNG LEAVES OF WHEAT
J. Cell Sci. I, 121-128 (1966) 121 Printed in Great Britain CELL DIVISION IN THE FORMATION OF THE STOMATAL COMPLEX OF THE YOUNG LEAVES OF WHEAT J. D. PICKETT-HEAPS AND D. H. NORTHCOTE Department of Biochemistry,
More informationLeaf Anatomy of Three Varians of Arundina graminifolia (D. Don.) Hochr
Jurnal Natur Indonesia 11(2), April 2009: 78-82 78 ISSN 1410-9379, Jurnal Natur Keputusan Indonesia Akreditasi 11(2): No 78-82 65a/DIKTI/Kep./2008 Sulistiarini, et al. Leaf Anatomy of Three Varians of
More informationThe averages of the dimensions of the cells of the upper surface were different between the two species as it reached
Surface Epidermis Study of Leaf, Stems and Crystals for Two Species of the Genus Tradescantia L. Dr. Israa Kareem Nassrullah 1, Marwan Nori Mohammed 2 Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure
More informationBring Your Text to Lab!!!
Bring Your Text to Lab!!! Vascular Plant Anatomy: Flowering Plants Objectives: 1. To observe what the basic structure of vascular plants is, and how and where this form originates. 2. To begin to understand
More informationISSN Print; ISSN Online 3/1 (2010) Leaf epidermal anatomy of the genus Silene (Caryophyllaceae) from Pakistan
www.biodicon.com Biological Diversity and Conservation ISSN 1308-5301 Print; ISSN 1308-8084 Online 3/1 (2010) 93-102 Leaf epidermal anatomy of the genus Silene (Caryophyllaceae) from Pakistan Sumaira SAHREEN
More informationUNIT 6 - STRUCTURES OF FLOWERING PLANTS & THEIR FUNCTIONS
6.1 Plant Tissues A tissue is a group of cells with common function, structures or both. In plants we can find 2 types of tissues: Meristem Permanent tissues Meristem is found in regions with continuous
More informationCHAPTER 6 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
84 BIOLOGY CHAPTER 6 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS 6.1 The Tissues 6.2 The Tissue System 6.3 Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants 6.4 Secondary Growth You can very easily see the structural
More informationPlants. Tissues, Organs, and Systems
Plants Tissues, Organs, and Systems Meristematic cells Specialized cells that are responsible for producing specialized cells, they produce three types of tissue in the body of a plant. Meristematic Cells
More informationExercise 12. Procedure. Aim: To study anatomy of stem and root of monocots and dicots.
Aim: To study anatomy of stem and root of monocots and dicots. Principle: The study of internal morphology, i.e., cells of various tissues in an organ of a living body is called Anatomy. Tissue, which
More informationPlants and animals both have a layer of tissue called the epidermal layer. This is the layer of cells on the outside of the organism.
Name Date Period Lab Number Counting Stomata Lab Introduction Plants and animals both have a layer of tissue called the epidermal layer. This is the layer of cells on the outside of the organism. Plants
More informationRecommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching this lesson:
Unit A: Basic Principles of Plant Science with a Focus on Field Crops Lesson 4: Understanding Leaf Anatomy and Morphology Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students
More informationCHAPTER 6 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
84 BIOLOGY CHAPTER 6 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS 6.1 The Tissues 6.2 The Tissue System 6.3 Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants 6.4 Secondary Growth You can very easily see the structural
More informationPlant Structure and Function Extension
Plant Structure and Function Extension NGSSS: SC.912.L.14.7 Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes. (AA) Part 1A: Leaves The leaf of a plant serves
More informationGerminating sunflowers, turgor and nutation. From:
Germinating sunflowers, turgor and nutation From: http://sunflower.bio.indiana.edu/~rhangart/plantmotion Nutation is Sunflower due to unequal Germination rates of growth in that continuous is dependent
More informationTHE TISSUES A tissue is a group of cells having a common origin and usually performing a common function. Tissues. Parenchyma
1 CHAPTER 6 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS Study of internal structure of plants is called anatomy. Plants have cells as the basic unit, cells are organised into tissues and in turn the tissues are organised
More informationLEAF EPIDERMAL ANATOMY OF SELECTED DZGZTARZA SPECIES, TRIBE PANICEAE, FAMILY POACEAE OF PAKISTAN
Pak. J. Bot., 257-273,2002. LEAF EPIDERMAL ANATOMY OF SELECTED DZGZTARZA SPECIES, TRIBE PANICEAE, FAMILY POACEAE OF PAKISTAN SYED SHAHINSHAH GILANI, MIR AJAB KHAN, ZABTA KHAN SHINWARI' AND ZUBAIDA Y OUSAF
More informationPlant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves
Plant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues and cells Plants, like animals, have organs composed of different tissues, which are composed of cells. Tissue is
More informationTARGET STUDY MATERIAL
TARGET STUDY MATERIAL Plus-1 Botany VOL I TARGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION Target Educational institution is the one and only Entrance coaching and CBSE 10 th coaching centre at Mukkam with advanced technologies
More informationJJBS Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences
JJBS Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences Volume 12, Number 1,March 2019 ISSN 1995-6673 Pages 67-75 The Importance of Foliar Anatomy in the Taxonomy of the Genus Alocasia (Schott) G. Don Oluwabunmi O.
More informationStructure, Delimitation, Nomenclature and Classification of Stomata
Acta Botanica Sinica 2004, 46 (2): 242 252 http://www.chineseplantscience.com Structure, Delimitation, Nomenclature and Classification of Stomata Malvey PRABHAKAR (Plant Anatomy and Taxonomy Laboratory,
More informationCOMPARATIVE STEM AND LEAF ANATOMY OF THE GENUS ODONTITES (SCROPHULARIACEAE) IN IRAN
COMPARATIVE STEM AND LEAF ANATOMY OF THE GENUS ODONTITES (SCROPHULARIACEAE) IN IRAN SH. Saeidi-Mehrvaz Saeidi-Mehrvarz, SH. 2004. 10 10: Comparative stem and leaf anatomy of the genus Odontites (Scrophulariaceae)
More informationVisit For All NCERT solutions, CBSE sample papers, Question papers, Notes for Class 6 to 12. Chapter-6 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
Chapter-6 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS POINTS TO REMEMBER Anatomy : Anatomy is the study of internal structure of organisms. Plant anatomy includes organisation and structure of tissues. Tissue : A group
More informationThe Shoot System of the Primary Plant Body
BIOL 221 Concepts of Botany Topic 03: The Shoot System of the Primary Plant Body A. Introduction The shoot consists of stems and leaves. It is quite modular in its construction. A shoot is made up of repeated
More informationUnit B: Plant Anatomy. Lesson 4: Understanding Leaf Anatomy and Morphology
Unit B: Plant Anatomy Lesson 4: Understanding Leaf Anatomy and Morphology 1 Vocabulary Compound leaf Cuticle Dichotomous venation Epidermis Guard cells Leaf blade Midrib Palisade mesophyll Parallel veins
More informationXI. LEAVES Bot 404 Fall 2004
XI. LEAVES Bot 404 Fall 2004 A. Leaf Morphology 1. Definitions -leaf = a determinate lateral appendage in the axil of which a branch (bud) is produced -node = place on the stem where a leaf is attached
More informationLeaf Anatomy of Some Members of Rhizophoracae (Mangroves) In Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Journal of the Andaman Science Association Vol. 20(2):178-185 (2015) ISSN 0970-4183, Printed in India Andaman Science Association, Port Blair (A & N Islands), India www.asapb.org Leaf Anatomy of Some Members
More informationBOTANY LAB #1 MITOSIS AND PLANT TISSUES
Mitosis and cytokinesis in plants BOTANY LAB #1 MITOSIS AND PLANT TISSUES In plants the formation of new cells takes place in specialized regions of meristematic tissue. Meristematic tissues contain immature,
More information. ISSN ans net. Epidermal Structures and Stomatal Ontogeny in Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae)
International Journal of Botany 11 (1): 1-9, 2015. ISSN 1811-9700 ans net 2015 Asian Network for Scientific Information Asian Network for Scientific Information RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS DOI: 10.3923/ijb.2015.1.9
More informationAnatomical study of four species of Heliotropium L. (Boraginaceae) from Saudi Arabia
African Journal of Plant Science Vol. 7(1), pp. 35-42, January 2013 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ajps DOI: 10.5897/AJPS12.136 ISSN 1996-0824 2013 Academic Journals Full Length Research
More informationMorpho-Anatomical Study of Seven Plants from the Sub Class (Asteridae)
AASCIT Journal of Biology 2018; 4(2): 40-46 http://www.aascit.org/journal/biology ISSN: 2381-1455 (Print); ISSN: 2381-1463 (Online) Morpho-Anatomical Study of Seven Plants from the Sub Class (Asteridae)
More informationPlant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves
Plant Anatomy: roots, stems and leaves The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues and cells Plants, like animals, have organs composed of different tissues, which are composed of cells. Tissue is
More informationA NOTE ON THE MEASUREMENT OF STOMATAL APERTURE
New Phytol. (1969) 68, 1047-1049. A NOTE ON THE MEASUREMENT OF STOMATAL APERTURE BY Y. LESHEM* AND R. THAINE The Grassland Research Institute, Hurley, Maidenhead, Berkshire {Received 18 March 1969) SUMMARY
More informationLeaf epidermal studies of some Solanum (Solanaceae) species in Nigeria
PHYTOLOGIA BALCANICA 23 (1): 55 63, Sofia, 2017 55 Leaf epidermal studies of some Solanum (Solanaceae) species in Nigeria Anifat O. Bello, Olaniran T. Oladipo & Sefiu A. Saheed Department of Botany, Obafemi
More informationA handful of primary features are useful for distinguishing water primrose (Ludwigia) from other plants. Understand what to look for, such as leaf
A handful of primary features are useful for distinguishing water primrose (Ludwigia) from other plants. Understand what to look for, such as leaf arrangement and number of petals. Pairing morphological
More informationChapter 3 Materials and methods
Chapter 3 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 M aterials The experimental plant species of the present investigation belong to the family Asclepiadaceae and are available in the North Eastern regions of India.
More informationIndian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research (IJPBR)
Indian J. Pharm. Biol. Res. 2016; 4(1):7-18 CODEN (USA): IJPB07 ISSN: 2320-9267 Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research (IJPBR) Original Research Article Microscopical evaluation of leaf
More informationPlant Anatomy and Tissue Structures
Plant Anatomy and Tissue Structures The Two Major Plant Systems Reproductive shoot (flower) Terminal bud Node Internode Angiosperm plants have threse major organs: Roots Stems Leaves & Flowers Terminal
More informationThe tissue which furnish the characters are especially the epidermis, the stomatal complex, the hypodermis, the crystal cells, the chlorenchymatous
GENERAL DISCUSSION Since a large number of morphological characters is known for Freycinetia and Pandanus species, it appears useful to consider their use in identifying species of Pandanaceae from Java.
More information(i) The respiratory openings found on stems of woody plants. (ii) An apparatus to compare the rate of transpiration in cut shoots.
SN Kansagra School Assignment-Transpiration Grade10 TRANSPIRATION :ASSIGNMENT Question.1. Name the following : (i) The respiratory openings found on stems of woody plants. (ii) An apparatus to compare
More informationResearch Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences Pharmacognostical studies on the leaves of Pisonia grandis R. Br S Jayakumari*, Malarkodi Velraj, A Vijayalakshmi, P Arthanarieswaran
More informationPetiole anatomy of some species of Asteraceae in southwest Nigeria
Vol. 7(12), pp. 608-612, December 2013 DOI: 10.5897/AJPS2013.1115 ISSN 1996-0824 2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/ajps African Journal of Plant Science Full Length Research Paper
More informationComparative Morphological and Anatomical Studies of Two Herbal Drugs: Nepeta Cataria L. and Melissa Officinalis L.
Comparative Morphological and Anatomical Studies of Two Herbal Drugs: Nepeta Cataria L. and Officinalis L. Nguyen Thi Hai Yen 1*, Yakovleva O. V. 2, Terninko I. I. 1 1 Saint Petersburg State Chemical-Pharmaceutical
More informationMicroscopical Studies on the leaf and petiole of Vernonia amygadlina Del.
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Advances in Applied Science Research, 2011, 2 (2): 398-406 ISSN: 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC Microscopical Studies on the leaf and petiole of Vernonia
More informationBotanical pharmacognosy of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex. Nees
PHCOG J ORIGINAL ARTICLE Botanical pharmacognosy of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex. Nees Sudhakaran MV Department of Drug Standardisation, Government Ayurveda College, Thiruvananthapuram-695
More informationUnit 3: Lesson 12 Plant Structure: Leaves
NAME: DATE: Unit 3: Lesson 12 Plant Structure: Leaves Use these words to label the picture of the simple leaf. petiole midrib veins blade stoma stem blade - the broad flat part of a leaf midrib the central
More informationPHARMA SCIENCE MONITOR AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
PHARMA SCIENCE MONITOR AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATIONS OF THE LEAVES OF HOLOPTELIA INTEGRIFOLIA ROXB. Dharmeshkumar Prajapati* and Natvarlal
More informationCONTRIBUTIONS REGARDING THE LEAF HISTO-ANATOMY OF SOME PELARGONIUM SPECIES
Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat., Iaşi 2013 vol. 117, no. 3 PHARMACY ORIGINAL PAPERS CONTRIBUTIONS REGARDING THE LEAF HISTO-ANATOMY OF SOME PELARGONIUM SPECIES Cristina Elena Iancu, Oana Cioanca, Cornelia
More informationAnatomical Study of Species Ipomoea carnea Jacq. (Convolvulaceae) in Iraq
ISBN-978-93-86878-24-3 14th LISBON International Conference on Agricultural, Biological, Environmental and Medical Sciences (LABEMS-18) Lisbon (Portugal) Dec. 17-19, 2018 Anatomical Study of Species Ipomoea
More informationInvestigating Stomata
Investigating Stomata Learning Objectives: To be able to identify stomata and compare stomata on leaves of a plant To understand the function of stomata and the role they play in a plant To understand
More informationII. SIMPLE TISSUES Bot 404--Fall A. Introduction to Tissues (DIAGRAM allow a full page)
II. SIMPLE TISSUES Bot 404--Fall 2004 A. Introduction to Tissues (DIAGRAM allow a full page) B. Definitions Adaxial = facing the axil; upper surface of leaf Abaxial = facing away from the axil; lower surface
More informationSTOMATAL DEVELOPMENT IN AERIAL AXES OF PSILOTUM NUDUM (PSILOTACEAE)
Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science, 128(3/4), 2012, pp. 95 99 STOMATAL DEVELOPMENT IN AERIAL AXES OF PSILOTUM NUDUM (PSILOTACEAE) JAMES E. MICKLE Department of Plant Biology, Box 7612, North
More informationVegetative anatomy and systematics of Triphorinae (Orchidaceae)
Eastern Illinois University The Keep Faculty Research & Creative Activity Biological Sciences January 2009 Vegetative anatomy and systematics of Triphorinae (Orchidaceae) Barbara S. Carlsward Eastern Illinois
More informationAzizian, D : Anatomical studies of Mentha mozaffarianii (Labiatae) and a related species. -Iran. Joum. Bot. 7 (1): Tehran.
ANATOMICAL MOZAFFAIUANII SPECIES STUDIES OF MENTHA (LABIATAE) AND A RELATED D. Azizian Azizian, D. 1996 12 25: Anatomical studies of Mentha mozaffarianii (Labiatae) and a related species. -Iran. Joum.
More informationHistology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. The transverse section of a plant material shows the following anatomical features: a) The vascular bundles are conjoint, scattered
More information2.2 Page 3 Gas exchange S. Preston 1
AS Unit BY2: Biodiversity and Physiology of Body Systems Name: Date: Topic 2.2 Adaptations for Gas Exchange Page 3 1. Read pages 2 and 3 Label the diagram showing the cross section of a leaf. Complete
More informationLEAF DRUGS General Account I. Morphology: II. Surface preparation: III. Microscopy:
LEAF DRUGS General Account I. Morphology: (a) Type of leaf - simple, compound, pinnately compound, palmately compound. (b) Condition - fresh/dried. (c) Shape - ovate, lanceolate, cordate etc. (d) Petiole
More informationPlant Organization. Learning Objectives. Angiosperm Tissues. Angiosperm Body Plan
Plant Organization Learning Objectives 1. List and give the major function of the three main types of plant tissues 2. Identify a monocot verses a eudicot plant by observing either root, stem, leaf, or
More informationstomata means mouth in Greek because they allow communication between the internal and
Name: Date: Period: Photosynthesis Lab #1: Leaf Structure and Function Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to explore the structure of a leaf, specifically the stomata and guard cells. Once we have an
More informationObservation on the Cotyledonary Stomata and Trichomes and their Ontogeny in some Genera of Lamiaceae
Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, downlo unter www.biologiezentrum.at Phyton (Austria) Vol. 1 Fasc. 1 1-15 15.. 191 Observation on the Cotyledonary Stomata and Trichomes and their
More informationTerrific trichomes (and other specialised cells) in African violets: how to get a lot from one plant in the classroom
Terrific trichomes (and other specialised cells) in African violets: how to get a lot from one plant in the classroom Vicki M. Cottrell ABSTRACT African violet (genus Saintpaulia) was identified as a particularly
More informationLeaf Anatomy of Vatica L. (Dipterocarpaceae) in Thailand
The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University 8(2): 121-134, October 2008 2008 by Chulalongkorn University Leaf Anatomy of Vatica L. (Dipterocarpaceae) in Thailand ANITTHAN SRINUAL AND ACHRA
More informationHistopathology of 'Green Ear' of Bajra
Phyton (Austria) Vol. 19 Fasc. 3 4 217-223 10. 9. 1979 Histopathology of 'Green Ear' of Bajra By Jyotindra Pahyabhai PATBL *) With 3 Figures (2 Plates) Received April 29, 1976 Summary The inflorescence
More informationOverview. Revised through 30 June Initial Groups ("naked-eye" characters)
Overview Revised through 30 June 2010 Initial Groups ("naked-eye" characters) Plants essentially leafless, consisting of strongly inclined, highly asymmetric capsules on a stout papillose seta; the "bug-on-a-stick"
More informationabout leaves Lesson 6
about leaves 88 Name Date What Do You Remember? Review Questions 1. Why are the leaves of a plant so important? 7. What kind of food does the plant make? 2. What do stomata do for a plant? 8. What happens
More informationNon Permanent Tissues - Meristematic Tissue
PLANT TISSUES Non Permanent Tissues - Meristematic Tissue Undifferentiated plant cells that are continually dividing by mitosis Large thin walled cells No vacuole Dense cytoplasm Large nucleus Found at
More information