School of Plant Morphology, Meerut College, Meerut

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1 Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Vol. 83 B, No. 2~ 1976, pp Structure and development of hairs in Tinantia fugax (Commelinaceae)* V. SINGH AND D. K. JAIN School of Plant Morphology, Meerut College, Meerut MS received 17 September 1975: after ~evision. 22 Octoker 1975 ABSTRACT Structure, developmel,t ard organographic distribution of hairs have beeu studied o~t both vegetative avd floral parts of Tinantia fugax (Commelinaceae). A total of eight types of n.on-glandular and glandular hairs have been recognised. Of tl~.ese, unicellular, bicelled vesicular, uniseriate acicular and fusifmm gtardular hairs have r.ot ~een ~epo~ted in Commelinaceae by the previous workers. l INTRODUCTION TOML1NSON a when describing the vegetative anatomy of the Commelinaceae, has reported in detail on the various types of hair found in this family. His observations are based oll some 99 species. Recently, when working with Tinantia fugax Scheidw. the authors have come across some types of hairs which are not reported ['or this family. Incidentally, it may be mentioned here that Tinantia Jugax is not included in the list of the species studied by Tomlinson 1. Hence a detailed investigation on the structure, development and organographic distribution of various types of hairs found on the vegetative and floral parts of this species has been undertaken. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Shoot apices and floral buds of Tinantia fugax Scheidw. in different stages of development were collected from naturally growing plants in Mussoorie hills. They were fixed in formaline-acetic acid-alcohol and processed for sectioning by following customary methods. Both longitudinal and transverse sections were cut at 6-8 microns and stained with crystal violet- erythrosin and safranin - fast green combinations. Some semi-permanent whole mounts of epidermal peels were also made following the technique of Boulos and Beakbane 2. They were found very useful in the study of early developmental stages and the structure of mature hairs. * Research contribution No, 157 from School of Plant Morphology, Meerut College, Meerut. 79

2 80 V. SINOH AND D. K. JAIN 3. OBSERVATIONS A total of eight types of hair were observed on Tinantia fugax. A brief description of structure and ontogeny of each type is given below and their organographic distribution in table Papillaeform unicellular.--they arise as protrusions of various shapes from the epidermal cells. They are short papillae with swollen base and conical or blunt apex (figures 1-3). The walls are thin or thick an$ the contents are thin or evanescent at maturity. The hair is either inserted in the epidermal surface or borne on a more or less protuberant emergence. Each hair is produced from a single protodermal initial which swells up greatly and as a result of this a large vacuole is formed in the centre of the hair. The surrounding cells divide to form a rosette-like girdle around the foot of the hair (figures 1-3). 2. Vesicular unicellular.--they are roughly cylindrical, vesicular, tough and bladder-like structures with thickened walls. The cell lumen is almost obliterated. The foot is broad and is inserted among the ordinary ceils of the epidermis. The distal end of hair protrudes all around at the top (figures 4, 5). They also develop from papillose initials as in the preceding type. 3. Bicelled vesicular.--the mature hair is a thick-walled protuberance (figure 6). It develops from a protodermal cell which divides periclinally to folm an upper cell and a lower cell. q-he latter matures into a one-celled foot, while the folmer ass~:mes a vesicular shape; the distal end of which protrudes all arotmd at the top. "lhe body of the hair shows verrucose thickenings on their walls. The contents are thin or evanescent at maturity. Table 1. Orga~ographic distribution of eight types of hair on Tinantiafugax. SI. Type of Stem Leaf Inflores- Tepals Stamens Carpels No. trichomes cence axis 1. Papillaeform unicellular Vesicular unicellular BiceUed vesicular Bicelled prickle ~ _ 5. Uniseriate acicular ~- -r, Uniseriate conical - + * Glandular mierohairs Fusiform glandular t = absent; +,= rare; + + = frequent; = common,

Hairs of Tinantia fugax 81 4. Bicelled prickle.--in this type the hair initial bends towards the apex of the organ and then undergoes a periclinal division forming a basal cell and an apical cell.

3 Hairs of Tinantia fugax Bicelled prickle.--in this type the hair initial bends towards the apex of the organ and then undergoes a periclinal division forming a basal cell and an apical cell. The basal cell develops into a broad and swollen foot, while the apical celi elongates considerably to form a flagellate structure (figure 7). The walls are slightly thickened and the contents are exhausted at maturity. 5. Uniseriate acicular.--this type also develops from a protodermal initial which elongates and then divides into two by a periclinal wall (figures 8-11). One more periclinal division in the upper cell results in the formation of three cells (figure 12). Of these the uppermost cell elongates considerably assuming a stiff and conical appearance with a pointed apex (figures 13, 14). Occasionally it may undergo a periclinal division (figure 15). The middle cell also elongates and swells up to form a structure with concavo-convex and wavy radial walls (figures 13-15). The basal cell usually remains sunken (figure 11) or occasionally projected above the epidermal surface and acts as the foot. The cytoplasmic contents of the hair are gradually lost during maturity. 6. Uniseriate conical.--a perieline in the papillose protodermal initial forms a basal cell and an apical cell. One or more successive periclinal divisions in the apical cell result in an uniseriate 2--4-celled trichome. Usually the basal cell remains undivided and forms a simple foot (figure 16). However, occasionally the foot becomes highly swollen and evanescent (figure 17). 7. Glandular micro-hairs.--the hair develops from a protodermal initial which has dense cytoplasm and a conspicuous nucleus. It becomes papillose and vacuolated and protrudes beyond the outer surface of the epidermis (figure 18). During further growth it shows axiate elongation accompanied by migration of the nucleus from the base upwards. Then, it divides periclinally into a basal cell and an apical cell (figure 19). The former protrudes above the other epidermal cells and eventually forms the foot of the hair. The latter which has dense cytoplasm and comparatively larger nucleus, divides by a periclinal wall into two cells (figure 20). The larger upper cell develops into the head cell and the smaller lower forms the stalk cell. At maturity the head becomes inflated and obtuse with a delicate wall. Occasionally the foot cell divides by a periclinal wall and in such eases the upper cell contributes to the stalk (figure 21). 8. Fusiform glandular.--the development of this type of hair is similar to the preceding type up to three-celled stage. The lowermost cell forms the foot of the hair. The middle cell undergoes one or more perielinal

4 82 V. S NGH AND D. K. JA1N Figures Developmental stages of various types of hairs in Tinantia fugox. Figs Papillaeform unicellular. Figs Vesicular unicellular. Fig. 6. Bicelled vesicular. Fig. 7. Bicelled prickle. Figs Protodermal initials of uniseriate acicular at various stages of development. Figs Stages in the development of an uniseriate aeieulax- hair. Figs Mature uniseriate acicular hairs, Figs Uniseriate conical hairs. Fig. 18. A papillate initia of glandular microhair. Fig. 19. A 2-celled stage of the same. Figs Mature glandular microhairs. Fig. 22. A fusiform glandular hair. AC--apieal cell; BC--basal cell ; SC--stalk cell; HC--head cell; F--foot; S--stalk; H--head.

Hairs of' Tinantia fugaxe 83 divisions resulting in a 3-4-celled stalk. During maturity the stalk cells elongate considerably. The cell of the stalk next to the basal cell becomes balloon-like.

5 Hairs of' Tinantia fugaxe 83 divisions resulting in a 3-4-celled stalk. During maturity the stalk cells elongate considerably. The cell of the stalk next to the basal cell becomes balloon-like. OccasionaUy. on the hairs present on the stamens there are as many as seven cells in the stalk and all the ceus are of uniform size. The head cell does not divide and forms an elongated fusiform head with dense granular contents (figure 22). 4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Tomlinson' has reported that two main types of hair, glandular microhairs and macrohairs, occur in the family Commelinaceae. He further divided the macrohairs into eight subtypes, viz., papillae, 2-celled prickle, 2-celled hook, uniseriate, flagelliform, rugose, eapitate and branched hairs. We have observed the hairs of both the main types in Tinantia fugax. Our papillaeform unicellular, biceued prickle, uniseriate conical and glandular microhairs are similar to papillae, 2-celled prickle, uniseriate and glandular microhairs of Tomlinson 1 reported for other taxa of the Commelinaceae. In addition to these types, we have also observed unicellular, bicelled vesicular, uniseriate acicular and fusiform glandular hairs in Tinantia fugax. These types of hair have not so far been reported in Commelinaceae by the previous workers including Tomlinson 1. In all the types recorded here, a triehome is derived from a single protodermal initial, a mode of origin of trichomes reported for several other taxa by Netolitzky a, Carlquist 4,5, Uph6f G, RamayyaT! ~, etc. The hairs present on both the vegetative and the floral organs show a uniform ontogenetic pattern. The findings of De Bary 9, Netolitzky 3 and Uph6f are in agreement with ours that the hairs present on vegetative and floral organs do not differ in their mode of development. In contrast to these fiindings, Ramayya7, 8 reported that in several angiospermic families there is difference in the development of hairs on vegetative and floral organs. REFERENCES 1. Tomlin.son, P. B., Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. IIL Commelinales-Zingiberales. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1969). 2. Boutos, S. T. and Beakbarte, A. B., A chemical method for separating leaf epidermis from mesophyll tissues. U.A.R.J. Bot (1931). 3. *Netolitzky, T., Die Pflanzenhaare. In Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie. Ed. K. Linsbauer Berlin (1932). * Not seen in original.

6 84 V. SINOI~ A~D D. K. JAr~ 4. Carlquist, S., The leaf of Calycadenia and its glandular appendages. Am. J. Bot (1959 a). 5. Carlquist, S., Glandular structures of Holocarpha and their ontogeny. Ant..1. IBot (1959 b). 6. UphOf, J. C. T., Plant hairs. In: Encyclopedia of Plant Anatomy. Ed. K. Linsbauer, , Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin (1962). 7. Ramayya, N., The development of trichomes,in the Compositae. In Recent advance~ in the anatomy of tropical #eed plants. (Ed. K. A. Chowdhury). Hindustan Publication Corpn., Delhi (1969). 8. Ramayya, N., Classification and Phylogeny of the Trichomes of AngiosFcm, s. In ge.'earth Trend~" in Plant Anatomy. K. A. Chowdhury Commemoration V~lume. (~-d. Ghcuse and Yunus). Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi (1972). 9. De Bary, A., Comparative anatomy of the vegetative organs of the phanerogams and ferns. Oxford, London (1884).

On the ontogeny of stomata and glandular hairs in some Indian mangroves

Acta Bot. Croat. 61 (2), 199 205, 2002 CODEN: ABCRA 25 ISSN 0365 0588 On the ontogeny of stomata and glandular hairs in some Indian mangroves SAUREN DAS* Agricultural Science Unit, Indian Statistical Institute,