Introduction to. Professor Philip Stevenson. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich

Transcription

1 Introduction to Herbaria Professor Philip Stevenson Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich

2 The Herbarium A collection of dried plants A store of reference material A means of identification An arbiter of correct names A comprehensive data-bank The essential working tool for systematics

3 Role of the Herbarium Identification Taxonomic research Data repatriation (including databasing) IUCN Conservation ratings Voucher specimens Ecological DNA sequencing Phytochemical

4 Fieldwork and the Herbarium Field Identifications difficult Tropical habitats very diverse Family or genus level Floras often not available (tropics especially) Floras bulky Ecological fieldwork: Plots, often sterile vouchers, shorter-term Taxonomic fieldwork: General collecting, fertile material, long-term

5 Herbaria around the world General or international herbaria National and regional E.g., Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) Forest Herbarium, Sarawak (SAR) Forest Research Centre, Sabah (SAN) University herbaria Local botanists = local contacts Index Herbariorum

6 Herbaria from around the world

7 Field to specimen

8 Specimen Determinavit slip Loose parts Label Barcode Herbarium stamp

9 The Kew Herbarium Approx. 5 million specimens Comprehensive collections from all regions Wing C Wing A

10 The Kew herbarium contd. Specimen arrangement Phylogenetic according to Bentham and Hooker (1880) Re-arrangement with the new wing Mabberley s Plant Book (new edition) Staff arrangement Regional teams Systematic teams

11 Regional Teams South-East Asia and Pacific Drylands Africa Africa Wet tropics South America Temperate Name all material except systematic families Sorts, identification, field guides, and research

12 Systematic Teams Malpighiales (Euphorbs) Myrtaceae (Eucaplypts pyp etc.) Labiatae/Lamiaceae (Mints) Rubiaceae (Coffee) Leguminosae (Peas and beans) Monocots Monographic and phylogenetic research

13 Digitisation progress Data repatriation of 4000 specimens from Mexico and Central America Nearly 50,000 legume specimens on-line 32 legume species pages

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19 Tephrosia vogelii Plants reportedly used (%) in Malawi for pest control (n=167) Some farmers report no activity from Tephrosia

20 Callosobruchus maculatus

21 viposition by fecund bruchid beetles on cowpea seeds treated with powdered w/v after 48 h. eggs ber of e n numb Mean

22 Rotenoids from Tephrosia vogelii leaves H H Deguelin R=H Tephrosin R = H R Me Me Rotenone R=H 12α-hydroxyrotenone R = H R Me Me Sarcolobine H Me Me Toxicarol H Me Me

23 Is T. candida effective? Tephrosia vogelii. Controls bruchids Tephrosia candida Promoted for soil improvement (N 2 fixing & green mulch) and (assumed) pest control properties. (growing at an International Agroforestry Centre)

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25 h its actually T. vogelii Tephrosia vogelii. Controls bruchids Tephrosia candida 1 Promoted for soil improvement (N 2 fixing & green mulch) and (assumed) pest 2 control properties. Plastid Ltrn region, ITS nuclear DNA sequences & morphology indicate both to be T. vogelii

26 Effect on C. maculatus of cowpea treated t with acetone extracts t of T. vogelii chemotypes after 48 h Numb ber of inse ects (%) Dead 40 Sick 30 Healthy % 0.20% 0.02% 2% 0.20% 0.02% Ac Chemotype 1 Chemotype 2 Control Sick insects are alive but paralysed

27 LC-MS chromatograms of T. vogelii chemotypes 1 & 2 Tvogelii herb specimen 34mg/ml 3 x Fig 150 mm 1a Phenomenex HPLC Luna C18(2), chromatogram 95:0:5(0 min) 0:95:5(20 min) of 0:95:5(25 T. vogelii min), water : MeH chemotype : ACN +1% formic acid 1 PhilSAPP Tvogelii herb specimen ct-2009 PhilSAPP 3: Diode Array Range: 4.337e e+2 3.0e deguelin deguelin 2.5e+2 2 AU 2.0e e+2 1.0e+2 5.0e tephrosin tephrosi sarcolobine n e rotenone rotenone toxicarol Tcandida BI : Diode Array Range: 6.261e+1 Fig 5.0e+1 1b HPLC chromatogram of T. vogelii chemotype 2 4.0e bovatin bovatin 5-methylether 5-methylether AU 3.0e e+1 1.0e+1 Me Z-tephrostachin 4 & 5 tephrostachin & Time Compound IDs based on 700MHz NMR and rbitrap HR-EI MS

28 Flavanones and flavones from T. vogelii chemotype 2 (inactive) H 2 H Me Me bovatin 5-methylether R 3 Me Deguelin R=H Tephrosin R = H Me Me Z-tephrostachin Me H *two of 6 new flavonoid aglycones Yukovanol 5-methylether * Tephrovogelone* * Stevenson et al., Phytochemistry (submitted)

29 Mildbraediodendron excelsum Herbarium sheet: Specimen collected by Johannes Mildbraed in 1928 Living specimen: Grown from seed collected in 1996, Mt. Kupe, Cameroon

30 LC-UV Analysis of Mildbraediodendron excelsum AU Living specimen AU Mildbraed t (min) ANALYTES: 50% aq. MeH LC chromatogram (total scan PDA) extracts of leaflet material

31 MILDBRAEDIN: a flavonol tetraglycoside from Mildbraediodendron excelsum H α-rhai H 7 H CH H 3 H H β-gal HH CH3 CH H 3 6 H CH H α-rhaii 2 α-rhaiii H 1 H Main phenolic component of: (1) Herbarium leaf fragment (1928) (2) Living i specimen Veitch et al. (2005) Tetrahedron Lett. 46, 8595

32 Flavonol pentaglycosides of Cordyla haraka 100 LC m/z = 1033 UV MS 1033 Abundance Relative m/z = 1047 λ (nm) t (min) Relative Abun ndance Ion current chromatogram m/z Cordyla haraka D. Du Puy Electrospray mass spectrum

33 Distribution of flavonol pentaglycosides in Cordyla s.l. CH 3 H H H α-rhaiv 1 7 α-rhaiii Amburana Mildbraediodendron Cordyla C f i Aldina H H CH H 3 H H β-gal HH CH3 CH H 3 6 H CH 2 H H 1 H M. excelsum C. africana C. densiflora C. haraka C. madagascariensis α-rhai C. pinnata C. richardii C. somalensis 1 α-rhaiiα Dupuya haraka Dupuya madagascariensis CNCLUSINS: C. haraka allied with C. pinnata & C. richardii No support for transfer of C. haraka to Dupuya R = H, Cordylasin B R = H, Cordylasin A Veitch, Kite & Lewis (2008) Phytochemistry 69, 2329