OSU Plant Clinic 2007 Annual Report

Transcription

1 OSU Plant Clinic 2007 Annual Report

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3 OSU Plant Clinic Activities 2007 Cover illustration: Apple (Malus domestica) with skin lesions due to the San Jose scale insect (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Order Homoptera, Family Diaspididae). Photo by Melodie Putnam

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5 OSU Plant Clinic Activities, 2007 Summary In 2007, 2,7 samples were received in the OSU Plant Clinic, 74% of which originated in Oregon and came mostly from Marion, Clackamas and Benton counties. 40% of samples were associated with woody ornamentals or arthropods. Fungal diseases were most prominent, and this year fewer bacterial diseases were diagnosed. Arthropod identification samples increased 9% from 2006, and arthropod related problems accounted for 2% of the total samples received. The expertise of the OSU Plant Clinic was once again sought in the CSREES Asian Soybean Rust Monitoring Program, and this year included diagnostics of three legume viruses. Diagnostic support was provided to the Oregon Department of Forestry and the Washington Department of Natural Resources as part of the National Phytophthora ramorum Early Detection Survey of Forests conducted by the U.S. Forest Service. Diagnostic support was also provided to the Alaska Cooperative Extension Service. Research efforts have resulted in the development of a new protocol for reliably producing symptoms in commercially valuable indicator plants to determine the efficacy of biological and chemical control products against crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) and leafy gall (Rhodococcus fascians), two economically significant greenhouse ornamental bacterial diseases. A new virus, Coleus vein necrosis virus, found in Verbena x hybrida was characterized. Two new powdery mildew fungi were described from Leucothoë and Limnanthes. Information available to our clients and the public continues to expand through our website, giving access to detailed diagnostic resources, fact sheets, and the new Insect Identification and Honey Bee Diagnostics sites. OSU Plant Clinic personnel include the Chief Diagnostician, an Insect Diagnostician, one part-time Research Associate, one Senior Faculty Research Assistant (since August 2007), one part-time Faculty Research Assistant, a part time Secretary, a part-time volunteer, and seven undergraduate students. The OSU Plant Clinic continues to provide an essential service to Oregon growers, with expertise highly valued both State-wide and nationally. 5

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7 Introduction The Oregon State University Plant Clinic is a diagnostic facility housed in the department of Botany and Plant Pathology. The Plant Clinic has been operational since 954. As part of the OSU Cooperative Extension Service, the primary mission of the Plant Clinic is educational. Extended education is provided by helping our clients recognize the nature of their plant problem (diagnosis), whether caused by insects and other arthropods, diseases, or non-pathogenic conditions, and by helping them to manage the disease or disorder using proper control methods, including cultural, biological, and chemical measures. Emphasis is on prevention of problems by proper management. Our clients include individual growers; field representatives of chemical and fertilizer companies and food processors; home gardeners; and employees of State and Federal organizations in Oregon. In 2003 the Plant Clinic became part of the newly established National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN), and shortly thereafter it was designated an expert laboratory for the Western Region of the NPDN. As such the Plant Clinic serves as a resource lab and conducts specialized tests for Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Alaska. In 2003 the Plant Clinic also joined forces with OSU s Insect Identification Service so that all insect, arthropod, mollusk, and plant samples come to one location. Operations and Personnel The Plant Clinic is open to the public from 8:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. each working day, although the diagnostic activities continue throughout the day. Phone calls received during the afternoon hours are directed to our voice mail system which is checked frequently. Samples may be delivered to the Botany and Plant Pathology main office (Cordley 2064) after :00 p.m. Melodie Putnam is the Chief Diagnostician and oversees the operation of the Plant Clinic. Maryna Serdani joined the Plant Clinic in August 2007 as Senior Faculty Research Assistant, assisting with plant disease diagnoses. Maryna has more than years experience in plant pathology research. Most recently she worked with Dr. Robert Spotts at the Mid-Columbia Research and Extension Center in Hood River on diseases of pears and cherries. James Young is the Insect Diagnostician. He provides identification of insects and arthropods submitted to the Plant Clinic, and instruction services for the University, Extension, and the Master Gardener Programs. Susan Jepson, Research Associate, has a half-time appointment managing the Plant Clinic diagnostic information and resources to increase their accessibility for our extension faculty and state clients. 7

8 Marilyn Miller, part-time Faculty Research Assistant works on grant funded applied research projects involved with bacterial diseases of plants. The late Jennifer Kraus held a position as half-time Research Associate and also worked on grant funded research, investigating bacterial and viral diseases of nursery plants. Jenni Heinen, a part-time secretary, aided with the administrative activities of the Plant Clinic, which include receiving and logging in samples, invoicing, answering the phone, and maintaining the Distance Diagnostics through Digital Imaging database system through which we communicate with the National Plant Diagnostic Network. Gene Newcomb has volunteered his services each morning for over ten years, assisting with logging the arrival of samples, answering the phone, sending out replies and billing, seeing to overdue invoices, and managing the databases. Gene s assistance over the years has been invaluable, as he has provided much needed continuity in office functions. Assistance with laboratory operations has been ably provided by undergraduate students Molly Elliott, Cecily Decker, Tara Salehpour, Shannon Proctor, Vi Bui, Ben Doron, and Megan Lamb. We are also grateful to the faculty and staff who continue to generously contribute their expertise to the Plant Clinic (Table ) on an as-needed basis. Table. Faculty and staff who assisted with diagnoses of samples submitted to the Plant Clinic in 2007 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Number of samples Richard Halse Everett Hansen 4 Jeff Stone 9 Jay Pscheidt 4 Chris Mundt James Young 6 Paul Reeser 5 Department of Crop and Soil Science Glenn Fisher Department of Horticulture Patricia Skinkis Hermiston Agricultural Research & Extension Center Stacy Gieck 2 USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit Robert Martin 6 8

9 USDA-ARS Beltsville Robert Davis Texas A & M University Larry Barnes 2 Samples submitted 27 samples were received during 2007 (Figure ). This was similar to the numbers we received in 2004 and The larger numbers we received in 2005 would appear to have been an exception, owing to large number of soil samples from outside Oregon. In addition to the physical samples, we received around 600 phone enquires and over 200 ed messages from the general public. Figure. Number of samples processed by the OSU Plant Clinic Number of samples Year Special projects Website The Plant Clinic website has continued to expand ( Again in 2007, detailed sample data was added to the Oregon county pages, and, where available, high quality images of actual samples were linked to the diagnoses. We plan to add data for 2008, however such a large body of data will soon become overwhelming for users, necessitating the introduction of a modified and more condensed format that will hopefully retain the level of information users need. In August 2007 the Insect Identification ( and Honey bee Diagnostics ( sites were launched. The information available on these sites will increase over time, to include 9

10 fact sheets and information about the most common submissions from home and commercial clients. Figure 2. Number of visitors to the Plant Clinic website Number of pageloads Jan Mar May Jul Month Sep Nov county information page 2007 We are encouraged by the increased number of visits to our websites in 2007 (Figure 2). Currently we have counters on three of the main pages: there were 6082 visitors to the Plant Clinic index page, an increase of 7% over 2006; there were 4864 visitors to the Oregon County page, which is the gateway to the detailed plant disease diagnosis and insect identification data with linked images, an increase of 450% over 2006; and there were 470 visitors to the new Insect Identification and Honey Bee Diagnostics site in 4 months. Soybean rust monitoring For the second year running we participated in the CSREES Asian soybean rust (SBR) monitoring program. SBR (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) is spread by air-borne spores, and occurs on a wide range of hosts including snap and dry beans which are grown in Oregon. This year a pilot project was added: legume viruses. Eight sentinel plots were planted and monitored in Benton, Marion, Malheur, and Jefferson counties and data were uploaded to the USDA Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education ( for SBR, soybean aphid, Bean common mosaic, Beet curly top, and Alfalfa mosaic virus. As expected, neither SBR nor soybean aphids were detected in the plots. Although some plots contained plants that tested positive for Beet curly top virus, the plants were asymptomatic and the infections were not confirmed. Networking of the Extension Plant Pathology Image Collection In 2006 the Extension Plant Pathology Image Collection was digitized. In 2007 Cerious ThumbsPlus image software was used to organize and keyword this collection. This database is networked through COSine for use by the Plant Clinic personnel and Extension Plant Pathology faculty. Approximately 6000 high quality images are searchable and editable for use in the Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Handbook and in extension presentations. 0

11 P. ramorum diagnostics Phytophthora ramorum is a quarantine status pathogen that has been found, over the years, in nurseries primarily in California, Washington, and Oregon. The Plant Clinic has participated in P. ramorum diagnostics for other states in past years, and has once again in Stream bait (rhododendron leaves floated in streams) samples were received and analyzed, using PCR, as part of the National Phytophthora ramorum Early Detection Survey of Forests conducted by the U.S. Forest Service. Diagnostic support was provided to the Oregon Department of Forestry and the Washington Department of Natural Resources. Additional support was provided to growers and the general public whenever P. ramorum was a concern. Alaska Cooperative Extension Service The OSU Plant Clinic provides diagnostic support for personnel in the Alaska CES. Digital samples are received and, if necessary, are followed by physical samples. Research The Plant Clinic has become a national resource for diagnosticians and growers for the detection and confirmation of crown gall disease (caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens) and leafy gall disease (caused by the bacterial pathogen Rhodococcus fascians). This has been a result of our applied research program with these two diseases, and many of the out of state samples involve one or both of these bacteria. Often, plants used as indicators for these pathogens are those that are not used in the nursery trade (e.g. tobacco or Arabidopsis), and symptoms may not be produced on all plants inoculated. This year we developed a protocol for reliably producing symptoms in commercially valuable indicator plants so that we can determine the efficacy of a number of biological and chemical control products. In a separate project, Jennifer Kraus was successful in characterizing an unknown virus in Verbena x hybrida. The symptomatic plant was obtained in one of our prior research projects. Additionally, two new powdery mildew fungi were described. The publications resulting from our research efforts are presented in the Appendix.

12 Statistics Samples per year 27 samples were processed in As we expect, most samples were received from April through September, although an average of 99 samples per month were received at the beginning and end of the year (Figure 3). Only in April and December Figure 3. In-State and Out-of-State samples received monthly during 2007 Number of samples In-state Out-of-state Apr Mar Feb Jan Jun May Jul Dec Nov Month Oct Sep Aug were more than half the samples received from outside Oregon, and only in April and June were more than 00 out-of-state samples received, most months accounting for an average of 32 out-of-state samples. Outside the busiest months of the year, most samples were requests for Rhodococcus, Agrobacterium or Phytophthora diagnostics, or other bacterial identifications. Method of sample submission Following a trend seen in past years, most samples were mailed to the clinic, with only 29% arriving directly by hand (a slight increase over the 2% from 2006), and % arriving by shuttle or by electronic means (Figure 4). Ten years ago over 50% of our samples were submitted by people who visited the Plant Clinic. This decline in walk-in traffic may be due to the implementation of fees in 997, which resulted in a steep decline of samples from home gardeners. 2

13 Figure 4. Method of delivery to the Plant Clinic shuttle/digital % walk-in 29% mail 70% Users of the Plant Clinic Samples may be submitted to the Plant Clinic directly by the submitter on their own behalf, or by the submitter on behalf of a client. Both types of submitter are categorized in Table 2. Table 2. Users of the Plant Clinic Submitter and Client category County and regional Extension agents Growers Consultants Specialists Home Research Other Explanation Problem-solve on behalf of growers and home gardeners Produce commercial crops and include field, nursery and greenhouse growers Help the growers make management decisions; e.g. by scouting the crops for pests and diseases. Extension specialists from OSU Home gardeners and non-commercial growers Scientists from OSU and other state or federal agencies, including the USDA and EPA Commercial landscapers and arborists as well as people who did not fit into the previous categories or whose category was unknown 3

14 In 2007 the proportion of submissions increased for agents/specialists (up 9%), consultants (up 2%), home gardeners (up 3%), research faculty (up 3%), and others (up 5%) and consequently samples received directly from growers was reduced from 49% in 2006 to 27% in 2007, although growers remained as the largest category (Figure 5). Figure 5. Categorization of submitters of samples in 2007 (% of total of 27) Research 2% Agent/Specialist 24% Other 5% Home gardener 5% Consultant 7% Grower 27% Origin of samples received 74% of the samples received in 2007 were from Oregon. This was an increase of 0% over As in previous years the majority of Oregon samples came from Marion, Clackamas and Benton counties (5%), and this year most came from Marion county (24%) in contrast to 2006 when most came from Clackamas county (Figure 6). We are encouraged to see an increase in plant pathology samples from 22 of the other counties, in particular the significant increases from Benton, Clackamas, Jackson, Jefferson, Josephine, Lane, Linn, Malheur, Marion and Polk counties. We are also pleased that the arthropod samples have increased 9% since the new Insect Diagnostician arrived, with the overall proportion of arthropod samples increasing from 0% in 2006 to 20% in Most of the 557 out-of-state samples were received from Florida and Washington, with small numbers from Michigan, Utah, Georgia, Iowa, California, Ohio, Montana, Nevada, Minnesota, Maine, Idaho, Alaska and Colorado. The ODF samples in Figure. 6. represent the stream bait samples from the National Phytophthora ramorum Early Detection Survey of Forests (see page ). 4

15 Out-of-USA Out-of-State Figure 6. County of origin of samples received during 2007 (Total = 27) ODF * Yamhill Wheeler Washington Wasco Wallowa Union Umatilla Tillamook Sherman Polk Multnomah Morrow Marion Malheur Linn Lincoln Lane Lake Klamath Josephine Jefferson Jackson Hood River Harney Grant Gilliam Douglas Deschutes Curry Crook Coos Columbia Clatsop Clark Clackamas Benton Baker Insects/ arthropods Plant Pathology County 5 Number of samples

16 Types of samples received Arthropods and woody ornamentals were equally abundant and accounted for 40% of the samples (Figure 7). Soil, bacterial and water pathogen tests were mostly herbaceous ornamental related and together with herbaceous ornamentals accounted for 29% of samples. Combined with the woody ornamentals received, samples relating to ornamentals comprise 49% of the total number of samples. The remaining samples were mostly small fruits and vegetables (2%), with small numbers (0%) of fruit and nut trees, field crops, seed crops and turf. Figure 7. Types of samples received water pathogen tests % miscellaneous 2% bacterial identification 5% arthropods 20% field crops 2% herbaceous ornamentals 8% fruit/nut trees 4% seed crops % soil pathogen tests 5% woody ornamentals 20% turf % vegetables 9% small fruits 2% Causal agent In 2007, we saw fewer bacterial diseases, and more arthropod related samples than in Otherwise the cause of disorders of the plant samples we received were in similar proportions to those we have seen in the past (Figure 8.). The healthy category refers to samples that tested negatively for a specific pathogen. 6

17 Figure 8. Cause of disorders of samples received other 3% virus 3% poor/dead sample 2% abiotic 5% arthropod 2% bacteria 8% healthy 22% fungi 26% Response time Despite having only one diagnostician January through July 2007, nearly half the samples received were processed within one week, and 8% within 2 weeks. Soil, water and bacterial samples take much longer to process, with some protocols requiring up to eight weeks. 7

18 APPENDIX I Peer reviewed publications Kraus, J., I.E. Tzanetakis, M.L. Putnam, and R.R. Martin Complete nucleotide sequence of an isolate of coleus vein necrosis virus from verbena. Archives of Virology 53: Putnam, M.L Brown stripe downy mildew (Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae) of maize. Plant Health Progress doi:0.094/php dg. 7 pp. Putnam, M.L. and M.L. Miller Rhodococcus fascians in herbaceous perennials. Plant Disease 9: (Feature article; invited) Putnam, M.L., and D.A. Glawe New North American records of anamorphic powdery mildew fungi (Erisiphales) parasitizing species of Leucothoë and Limnanthes. Pacific Northwest Fungi 2:-6. Abstracts presented Kraus, J., I.E. Tzanetakis, M.L. Putnam, and R.R. Martin, Sequence analysis of a new Carlavirus that infects Verbena x hybrida. Phytopathology 97:S60. Kraus, J., E. Sandberg, M.L. Miller, Q. Huang,, and M.L. Putnam, S rdna phylogenetic analysis of isolates of Rhodococcus fascians. Phytopathology 97:S60. Miller, M.L., M.L. Putnam, and J. Kraus, Survival and spread of Rhodococcus fascians in greenhouse grown herbaceous perennials. Phytopathology 97:S77. Harmon, C.L., J.M Bryne, D.E. Hershman, H. Schwartz, and M.L.Putnam, Soybean Rust: Detection and Diagnosis in the U.S. NPDN st National Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL. Plant Management Network Putnam, M Brown Stripe Downy Mildew of Corn. NPDN st National Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL. Plant Management Network Tidwell, T., C. Blomquist, J. Falacy, U. Kodira, N. Osterbauer, and M. Putnam Phytophthora ramorum in the USA: A Time Line of Knowledge and Events. NPDN st National Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL. Plant Management Network 8

19 APPENDIX II Summary of Samples and Diagnoses for 2007 Woody Ornamentals p. 9 Field Crops p. 27 Grasses p. 28 Vegetables p. 29 Small Fruits p. 3 Fruit/Nut Trees p. 33 Herbaceous Ornamentals p. 34 Abiotic Disorders p. 38 Disease does not occur by itself. In all cases there are circumstances which have predisposed the plants to infection. These records cannot indicate the entire ecology of disease, and no claim is made that the organism reported in association with the plant listed was necessarily the cause of the symptom given. Instead, this is more of a report of the organisms found in association with diseased plant material. In some cases the organism was responsible for the symptoms (e.g. Phytophthora species), but in other cases the relationship is less clear. We include all organisms here as a matter of interest; their contribution to the disease listed may be revealed with time. WOODY ORNAMENTALS SUMMARY, 2007 Host common name Host scientific name Symptoms Organism recovered Number of samples alder, red Alnus rubra stem canker Phomopsis sp. almond, flowering Prunus triloba brown rot Monilinia fructicola Angel's trumpets Brugmansia sp. leaf mosaic Potyvirus arborvitae Thuja occidentalis leaf & twig dieback Pestalotiopsis sp. 2 aspen, quaking Populus deltoides leaf blight Marsoonina sp. oystershell scale, dieback Lepidosaphes ulmi 9

20 barberry, Japanese Berberis thunbergii leaf spot Phoma sp. bacterial blight Pseudomonas syringae boxwood Buxus sp. whole plant dieback Phytophthora sp. boxwood, English Buxus sempervirens root rot & dieback Phytophthora sp. 2 branch dieback Phytophthora sp. leaf blackening Pseudomonas fluorescens boxwood, Korean Buxus microphylla var. koreana cutting rot Fusarium lateritium dieback Phytophthora sp. broom Cytisus sp. dieback, root rot Pythium sp. dieback, root rot Thielaviopsis basicola cedar, deodar Cedrus deodara dieback, root rot Phytophthora sp. cedar, incense Calocedrus decurrens branch canker Sphaeropsis sp. 3 cherry, ornamental Prunus sp. blossom blight Monilinia fructicola stem canker Phytophthora sp. leaf blackening Pseudomonas fluorescens bud and leaf dieback Pseudomonas syringae 2 cherry, Yoshino flowering Prunus x yedoensis bud and leaf dieback Pseudomonas syringae crabapple Malus sp. fire blight Erwinia amylovora 2 cypress, true Cupressus sp. tip dieback Seiridium cardinale daphne, Burkwood's Daphne x Burkwoodii no symptoms Cladosporium sp. no symptoms Geotrichum sp. 20

21 no symptoms Phoma sp. dogwood, Chinese Cornus angustata root rot Cylindrocarpon sp. root rot Fusarium sp. dogwood, Eastern Cornus florida root rot Phytophthora sp. dogwood, red osier or redtwig Cornus stolonifera stem cankers Pseudomonas sp. dogwood, Tartarian Cornus alba leaf spot Septoria cornina Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii heart rot Phaeolus schweinitzii root death Phaeolus schwenitzii conk ID Phellinus pini laminated root rot Phellinus weirii elm, American Ulmus americana branch canker Nectria galligena elm, English Ulmus procera Dutch elm disease Ophiostoma sp. elm, Siberian Ulmus pumila Dutch elm disease Ophiostoma sp. 2 false-cypress, Hinoki Chamaecyparis obtusa branch canker & dieback Phytophthora sp. leaf necrosis & root rot Phytophthora sp. fir, noble Abies procera twig swellings balsam woolly adelgid twig canker Phomopsis sp. stem & branch canker Phytophthora sp. 4 top dieback & root rot Phytophthora sp. needle cast Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii fir, true Abies sp. twig galls & poor growth Adelges picea 2

22 hebe, boxleaf Hebe buxifolia leaf spot Stemphylium sp. hemlock, Canadian Tsuga canadensis stem canker Phytophthora sp. holly, hybrid Ilex x meserveae branch canker Phytophthora ilicis honeysuckle Lonicera sp. root rot Phytophthora sp. honeysuckle, Himalayan Leycesteria formosa leaf spot Phoma sp. honeysuckle, northern bush Diervilla lonicera leaf spot Septeria diervillae honeysuckle, sweet-berry Lonicera caerulea whole plant dieback Phytophthora sp. huckleberry, evergreen Vaccinium ovatum leaf spot Pestalotiopsis sp. hydrangea, garden or florists Hydrangea macrophyllum leaf distortion no virus detected Irish moss Sagina subulata web blight Rhizoctonia sp. juniper Juniperus sp. branch dieback, root rot Phytophthora sp. witches broom unknown 2 tip dieback unknown- insect feeding? kinnikinick Arctostaphylos uva-ursi branch dieback Phytophthora sp. laurel, English cherry- Prunus laurocerasus root rot Phytophthora sp. leaf tip necrosis, shot hole Pseudomonas sp. leaf spots, shot hole Pseudomonas syringae 2 leaf necrosis, root rot Thielaviopsis basicola 22

23 lavender, English Lavandula angustifolia cutting rot Phoma sp. leucothoe, drooping Leucothoe fontanesiana powdery mildew Oidium ericinum 2 lilac Syringa vulgaris leaf spot Botrytis sp. leaf spot Cladosporium sp. bacterial blight Pseudomonas syringae linden or basswood, American Tilia americana bleeding canker Phytophthora citricola linden, little leaf Tilia cordata bubbly bark, cankers Fusarium lateritium bubbly bark, cankers Phoma sp. locust, hybrid Robinia x ambigua brown bud scars Cladosporium cladosporoides maackia, Amur Maackia amurensis branch cankers Sclerotinia sclerotiorum branch dieback Verticillium dahliae madrone Arbutus menziesii branch cankers Cytospora sp. maple Acer sp. poor growth, root rot Fusarium sp. maple, Amur Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala anthracnose Kabatiella apocrypta maple, Japanese Acer palmatum stem canker Botrytis cinerea stem canker Botrytis sp. stem canker Discula sp. stem canker Fusarium lateritium root rot Fusarium sp. stem canker Fusarium sp. anthracnose Kabatiella apocrypta 23

24 stem canker, wilt Nectria cinnabarina tip dieback Phoma sp. (likely secondary) stem canker Phomopsis sp. root rot Phytophthora sp. 2 top dieback, root rot Pythium sp. root rot Pythium sp. wilt Verticilium dahliae 3 maple, Norway Acer platanoides wood discoloration wetwood maple, red Acer rubrum brank cankers & dieback Pseudomonas following cold injury wilt Verticillium dahliae Mayday tree Prunus padus var. commutata cutting rot Rhizoctonia solani mountain-ash, American Sorbus americana stem canker fungal (secondary) following flat headed borer ninebark Physocarpus opulifolius powdery mildew Podosphaera sp. leafy gall Rhodococcus fascians ninebark, Pacific Physocarpus capitatus leafy gall Rhodococcus fascians oak, Northern red Quercus rubra mushroom ID Bulgaria inquinans oak, pin Quercus palustris oak leaf blister Taphrina caerulescens phlox, creeping Phlox stolonifera ring spots viral (undetermined) photinia Photinia x fraseri crown gall Agrobacterium sp. 24

25 pine Pinus sp. tip blight Sphaeropsis sapinea pine, limber Pinus flexilis tip dieback Hormonema sp. pine, mugo or Swiss mtn. Pinus mugo needle necrosis Sclerophoma sp. pine, Scots Pinus sylvestris needle necrosis Sclerophoma sp. pine, shore Pinus contorta needle browning Lophodermium sp. needle cast Sirococcus sp. poplar, hybrid Populus hybrids root rot Pythium sp. redbud Cercis canadensis leaf malformation insect injury redwood, giant Sequoiadendron giganteum dieback Cylindrocarpon sp. rhododendron Rhododendron sp. leaf spot Cladosporium sp. stem swelling & malformation no Rhodococcus detected rock-rose, Skanberg's Cistus skanbergii leaf mosaic Potyvirus rose, garden Rosa sp. root galls Agrobacterium tumefaciens stem cankers Coniothyrium spp. petal tip necrosis thrips feeding injury rose-of-sharon Hibiscus syriacus leaf blight Pseudomonas syringae rupture wort Hernaria glabra leafy gall Rhodococcus fascians Russian-olive Elaeagnus angustifolia root galls Actinorrhizae 25

26 sage, herb Salvia officinalis dieback fungus gnat feeding injury leaf distortion no Rhodococcus detected silverberry Elaeagnus pungens branch cankers Botrytis cinerea smoke tree Cotinus coggygria stem canker Cylindrocladium sp. snowbell, Japanese Styrax japonica root rot Pythium sp. root rot Thielaviopsis basicola spiraea, white-flowered Spiraea albiflora cutting rot Fusarium sp. spruce Picea sp. needle necrosis Sclerophoma pithiophila spruce, blue Picea pungens needle blight Rhizosphaera pini spurge, Japanese Pachysandra terminalis leaf blight Volutella sp. sumac, fragrant Rhus aromatica branch dieback Phoma sp. branch dieback Phomopsis sp. sumac, staghorn Rhus typhina stem lesions Cylindrocarpon destructans viburnum, David's Viburnum davidii leaf spot Phoma sp. walnut, black Juglans nigra twig cankers Fusarium sp. twig cankers Leptographium sp. willow Salix sp. stem canker Pseudomonas syringae willow, Purple osier Salix purpurea stem breakage no Agrobacterium detected yew, English Taxus baccata root rot Phytopthora sp. 26

27 zelkova, Japanese Zelkova serrata stem canker Pseudomonas marginalis FIELD CROPS SUMMARY, 2007 Host common name Host scientific name Symptoms Organism recovered Number of samples alfalfa Medicago sativa mosaic Alfalfa mosaic virus crown rot Fusarium solani poor growth Fusarium sp. 2 crown rot, spring black stem Phoma sp. 2 poor growth Pythium sp. crown rot Rhizoctonia sp. 2 barley, meadow Hordeum brachyantherum stripe rust Puccinia striiformis chickpea Cicer arietinum wilt Fusarium oxysporum root rot Fusarium solani 2 clover, red Trifolium pratense crown & root rot Fusarium sp. hops Humulus lupulus rhizome rot Cylindrocarpon sp. 3 poor growth & rhizome rot Phacidiopycnis tuberivora 3 rhizome rot Phoma sp. poor growth Rhizoctonia sp. wilt Verticillium albo-atrum poor growth & wilt Verticillium dahliae peppermint Mentha piperita leaf necrosis Alternaria sp. 2 black stem rot Phoma strasseri 5 black stem Rhizoctonia sp. wilt Verticillium dahliae 8 27

28 spearmint, Scotch Mentha gentilis black stem Phoma sp. black stem Rhizoctonia sp. wheat Triticum aestivum sooty mold Alternaria sp. foliar chlorosis High plains virus foliar chlorosis Wheat streak mosaic virus GRASSES SUMMARY, 2007 Host common name Host scientific name Symptoms Organism recovered Number of samples bentgrass, creeping Agrostis stolonifera anthracnose Colletotrichum graminicola 4 take-all Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae dieback Rhizoctonia sp. 5 bluegrass, annual Poa annua leaf dieback Rhizoctonia sp. bluegrass, Kentucky Poa pratensis leaf necrosis Alternaria sp. leaf necrosis Ascochyta sp. leaf yellowing Barley yellow dwarf virus- 2 PAV dieback Bipolaris sorokiniana anthracnose Colletotrichum graminicola 2 fescue Festuca sp. take-all Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae slime mold Physarum cinereum fescue, sand Festuca arenaria rust Puccinia graminis fescue, tall Festuca arundinacea leaf chlorosis Barley yellow dwarf virus- PAV 28

29 patch disease Microdochium nivale ryegrass, Italian Lolium multiflorum brown stripe Cercosporidium graminis scald Rhynchosporium orthosporum ryegrass, perennial Lolium perenne leaf yellowing, stunting Barley yellow dwarf virus- 8 PAV stunting Fusarium sp. stunting Magnaporthe sp. yellowing Rhizoctonia sp. red thread Laetisaria fuciformis sloughgrass, American Beckmannia syzigachne rust Uromyces beckmanniae velvetgrass Holcus lanatus twist Dilophospora alopecuri VEGETABLES, SUMMARY, 2007 Host common name Host scientific name Symptoms Organism recovered Number of samples bean, dry Phaseolus sp. no symptoms no soybean rust 26 bean, lima Phaseolus lunatus leaf spot Pseudomonas syringae poor growth, root rot Pythium sp. bean, snap Phaseolus vulgaris leaf mosaic Bean common mosaic virus 3 root rot, dieback Fusarium solani 2 leafy yellowing insect feeding injury no symptoms no soybean rust 36 leaf yellowing thrips feeding injury beet Beta vulgaris stunting & poor growth Fusarium oxysporum 29

30 cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata stem rot Sclerotinia sclerotiorum corn, sweet Zea mays leaf chlorosis, seed rot Fusarium sp. cucumber Cucumis sativus wilt Fusarium oxysporum wilt Fusarium sp. stunting, yellowing Fusarium sp. 4 powdery mildew Goloviriomyces cichoracearum fruit lesions insect feeding injury garlic Allium sativum black rot Aspergillus sp. basal plate rot Fusarium culmorum root rot Fusarium sp. lettuce Lactuca sativa leaf necrosis Botrytis cinerea mosaic Potyvirus onion Allium cepa root rot Fusarium solani basal plate rot Fusarium sp. root rot Fusarium sp. oregano Origanum vulgare leaf blight Pseudomonas syringae parsnip Pastinaca sativa canker Iteronilia perplexans root lesions Pythium sp. root lesions Sclerotinia sclerotiorum potato Solanum tuberosum stunting, leaf curl Potato virus y 2 potato Solanum tuberosum scab Streptomyces sp. 2 radish Raphanus sativus leaf spots Alternaria (alternata type) 30

31 rhubarb Rheum rhabarbarum stunting, root rot Pythium sp. soybean Glycine max no symptoms no soybean rust 45 no virus detected 9 spinach Spinacia oleracea poor growth, root rot Fusarium oxysporum poor growth, root rot Pythium sp. squash Cucurbita sp. insect feeding on stem Diabrotica undecimpunctata stem canker Fusarium solani angular leaf spot Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans thale-cress Arabidopsis thaliana leaf necrosis & dieback Western flower thrips 2 tomato Lycopersicon esculentum wilt Fusarium sp. ring spots on fruit Tomato spotted wilt virus watermelon Citrullus lanatus root & stem rot Pythium sp. SMALL FRUITS SUMMARY, 2007 Host common name Host scientific name Symptoms Organism recovered Number of samples blackberry, commercial Rubus ursinus hybrids crown gall Agrobacterium rubi cane and leaf rust Kuehneola uredinis blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum flower & leaf necrosis, Blueberry shock virus 7 twig dieback twig dieback Botrytis cinerea leaf spots Botrytis cinerea flower and bud necrosis Botrytis cinerea leaf scorch Cladosporium sp. 3

32 leaf spot Epicoccum sp. stunting Fusarium sp. branch dieback Fusarium sp. leaf chlorosis insect feeding injury at subterranean stem leaf spots insect feeding injury followed 3 by secondary fungi leaf reddening normal root rot Phytophthora sp. 5 flower & bud necrosis, Pseudomonas syringae 2 twig dieback dieback Pythium sp. elderberry, black Sambucus nigra leaf blight massive mite infestation grape, wine Vitis vinifera dieback Armillaria sp. root rot Phytophthora sp. poor growth Schizophyllum sp. chlorotic leaf spot unknown kiwi, hardy Actinidia arguta fruit spots thrips feeding injury lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea fruit rot Allantophomopsis lycopodincia fruit rot Cladosporium sp. fruit rot Coleophoma empetri leaf spots Phoma sp. fruit rot Phoma sp. 2 raspberry, black Rubus occidentalis crown gall Agrobacterium sp. poor growth Cylindrocarpon sp. dieback, root rot Fusarium sp. 2 root rot Phytophthora sp. 2 32

33 branch dieback, wilt Verticillium dahliae raspberry, red Rubus idaeus stunting & root rot Fusarium sp. root rot Phytophthora fragariae 5 root rot Phytophthora sp. 24 bacterial blight Pseudomonas syringae stunting & root rot Rhizoctonia sp. strawberry Fragaria x ananassa black root rot Fusarium sp. 2 crown rot Phytophthora sp. powdery mildew Podosphaera sp. 2 black root rot Pythium sp. 2 black root rot Rhizoctonia sp. 2 FRUIT/NUT TREES SUMMARY, 2007 Host common name Host scientific name Symptoms Organism recovered Number of samples apple Malus domestica crown gall Agrobacterium tumefaciens stem canker Botryosphaeria obtusa 2 stem cankers Botrytis sp. anthracnose Cryptosporiopsis curvispora 2 fire blight Erwinia amylovora 2 stem cankers Fusarium sp. dieback of rootstock Phomopsis sp. collar rot Phytophthora sp. 2 red fruit spots San Jose scale apricot Prunus armeniaca shot hole Pseudomonas marginalis fruit lesions Wilsonomyces carpophilus cherry Prunus sp. cherry leaf spot Blumerrella jaapii stem cankers Botrytis sp. 33

34 stem cankers Fusarium sp. root rot Phytophthora sp. cherry, sweet Prunus avium blossom blight Monilinia fructicola fruit rot Monilinia fructicola root rot Phytophthora sp. leaf spot & shoot dieback Pseudomonas syringae 2 chestnut, edible Chinese Castanea mollissima poor growth, wilt Verticillium dahliae hazelnut or filbert Corylus avellana stem canker Phomopsis sp. root rot Phytophthora sp. 2 stem canker Xanthomonas sp. peach Prunus persica root rot Cylindrocarpon sp. stem canker Pseudomonas sp. pear Pyrus communis fire blight Erwinia amylovora plum, domestic or prune Prunus domestica poor growth & dieback Cylindrocarpon destructans stem swelling normal- branch stub poor growth & dieback Phomopsis sp. HERBACEOUS ORNAMENTALS SUMMARY, 2007 Host common name Host scientific name Symptoms Organism recovered Number of samples ajuga Ajuga reptans crown rot Phoma sp. bear's-breeches Acanthus mollis crown rot fungus gnat feeding followed by bacterial soft rot bird of paradise, giant Strelitzia nicolai leaf blotch Colletotrichurn sp. 34

35 black snakeroot Cimicifuga racemosa root & crown rot Phoma sp. blanket-flower Gaillardia x grandiflora crown gall Agrobacterium tumefaciens 2 white smut Entyloma sp. 2 calla-lily Zantedeschia aethiopica soft rot of rhizome Erwinia carotovora canna, garden Canna x generalis necrotic leaf stippling Badnavirus mosaic Potyvirus carnation Dianthus caryophyllus leafy gall Rhodococcus fascians chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum morifolium leaf spots Flavimonas oryzihabitans columbine Aquilegia canadensis phyllody Aster yellows phytoplasma coneflower, purple Echinacea purpurea root rot Fusarium solani phyllody Phytoplasma coral bells Heuchera sanguinea crown rot Phytophthora sp. crown rot Pythium sp. daisy, Shasta Leucanthemum x superbum crown gall Agrobacterium tumefaciens 2 leafy gall Rhodococcus fascians 2 euphorbia Euphorbia sp. downy mildew Peronospora sp. evergreen, Chinese Agalonema sp. leaf spot Colletotrichum sp. fuchsia Fuchsia sp. stem necrosis, root rot Botrytis cinerea stem necrosis, root rot Pythium sp. 35

36 geranium, Renard's Geranium renardii leaf spot Alternaria sp. gladiolus Gladiolus sp. basal plate rot Fusarium sp. basal plate rot Potyvirus grass, blue eyed Sisyrinchium sp. dieback Rhizoctonia sp. hellebore Helleborus sp. leaf spots Coniothyrium hellebori leaf spots Pseudomonas syringae following cold injury hellebore, hybrid Helleborus x hybridus crown rot Phytophthora sp. heucherella Heucherella sp. leaf necrosis Botrytis cinerea hollyhock Alcea rosea rust Puccinia malvacearum hosta lily or plantain-lily Hosta sp. leaf mosaic Hosta virus x shoot proliferation Rhodococcus fascians hosta lily, Siebold's Hosta sieboldiana leaf mosaic Hosta virus x hosta lily, wavy leafed Hosta undulata leaf mosaic Hosta virus x 4 hosta, Fortune's Hosta fortunei leaf mosaic Hosta virus x 6 hosta, kikut Hosta kikutii leaf mottle Hosta virus x hosta, tardy Hosta tardiana root rot Fusarium sp. mosaic Hosta virus x root rot Rhizoctonia sp. hosta, ventricose Hosta ventricosa leaf mosaic Hosta virus x 36

37 impatiens Impatiens sp. downy mildew Plasmopara sp. lily, Easter Lilium longiflorum bulb rot Fusarium sp. 3 bulb malformation Rhodococcus fascians 8 lomatium, Cook's Lomatium cookii damping off Pythium sp. Fusarium sp. mint, Corsica Mentha requienii dieback Pythium sp. monkshood Aconitum carmichaelii mosaic Potyvirus mullein Verbascum sp. shoot proliferation Rhodococcus fascians ox-eye daisy Heliopsis helianthoides leafy gall Rhodococcus fascians peony, herbaceous Paeonia lactiflora leaf and stem necrosis Botrytis spp. 2 root lesions Cylindrocarpon destructans 5 periwinkle Vinca minor stem canker Phoma sp. petunia Petunia x hybrida shoot proliferation Rhodococcus fascians poinsettia Euphorbia pulcherrima wilt Pythium sp. primrose Primula sp. leaf blotch Pseudomonas fluorescens 4 necrotic leaves Pseudomonas sp. 2 rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis leaf spots Phoma sp. rudbeckia Rudbeckia sp. leaf & stem necrosis Botrytis cinerea leaf & stem necrosis Erwinia sp. 37

38 salvia Salvia sp. no apparent symptoms Rhodococcus fascians speedwell, spike Veronica spicata leafy galls Rhodococcus fascians torenia Torenia sp. crown gall Agrobacterium tumefaciens ABIOTIC DISORDERS SUMMARY, 2007 Host common name Host scientific name Symptoms Organism recovered Number of samples Woody ornamentals almond, flowering Prunus triloba dieback abiotic-cold injury arborvitae Thuja occidentalis leaf necrosis abiotic tip browning abiotic root death abiotic- site related ash, not green Fraxinus sp. branch dieback abiotic- no pathogens recovered ash, Raywood Fraxinus angustifolia branch dieback abiotic dieback abiotic-no pathogens detected aspen, quaking Populus deltoides leaf spots abiotic azalea Rhododendron sp. branch dieback abiotic- cold injury defoliation abiotic- no pathogens recovered barberry, Japanese Berberis thunbergii poor growth abiotic- cold injury darkened roots abiotic- no pathogens recovered 38

39 birch, Himalayan Betula utilis ssp. Jacquemontii veinal leaf necrosis abiotic- herbicide injury birch, river Betula nigra bark discoloration abiotic bog rosemary Andromeda polifolia branch dieback abiotic- no pathogens recovered boxwood Buxus sp. leaf chlorosis abiotic tip dieback abiotic- followed by Volutella sp. boxwood, Korean Buxus microphylla var. koreana leaf distortion abiotic catalpa, western Catalpa speciosa leaf chlorosis abiotic cedar, Atlas blue Cedrus atlantica fine root necrosis abiotic- no pathogens recovered 2 cedar, incense Calocedrus decurrens needle dieback abiotic dieback abiotic- environmental stress twig dieback abiotic- no pathogens detected cherry, choke Prunus virginiana stem cankers abiotic- cold injury cherry, Higan Prunus x subhirtella stem cankers abiotic-no pathogens detected chestnut, horse Aesculus hippocastanum leaf chlorosis abiotic-no pathogens detected cottonwood, narrow leaved Populus angustifolia leaf dieback abiotic- herbicide injury 39

40 crabapple Malus sp. leaf spot abiotic- no pathogens recovered daphne, Burkwood's Daphne x Burkwoodii leaf discoloration abiotic- low ph Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii branch dieback abiotic- drought stress poor growth abiotic- freeze damage seedlings dieback abiotic- no pathogens recovered root rot abiotic- no pathogens detected 2 euonymus, winged Euonymus alatus leaf distortion, cupping abiotic - chemical injury fir, grand Abies grandis needle necrosis abiotic- sunscald fir, noble Abies procera branch tip dieback abiotic- drought or heat stress stem cankers abiotic- drought stress poor growth of seedlings abiotic- no pathogens recovered needle necrosis abiotic- sunscald fir, Nordmann Abies nordmanniana tip dieback abiotic- heat/drought stress fir, true Abies sp. dieback abiotic fothergilla, dwarf Fothergilla gardenii dieback abiotic- cold injury followed by Pseudomonas sp. golden-rain-tree Koelreuteria paniculata branch dieback abiotic- cold injury hebe Hebe sp. top dieback abiotic- chemical injury leaf spots abiotic- no fungi recovered honey-locust Gleditisia triacanthos stem necrosis abiotic- cold injury 40

41 bark discoloration abiotic- sun scald honeysuckle, sweet-berry Lonicera caerulea whole plant dieback abiotic hydrangea Hydrangea sp. leaf spots abiotic--mechanical injury laurel, English cherry- Prunus laurocerasus leaf spot abiotic leaf tip necrosis, shot hole abiotic- fertilizer burn shot hole abiotic- no pathogens recovered dieback abiotic--chemical injury lavender Lavandula x intermedia leaf necrosis abiotic lavender, English Lavandula angustifolia flower stalk necrosis abiotic lilac Syringa vulgaris leaf chlorosis abiotic 3 leaf cupping abiotic- low ph lilac, dwarf Korean Syringa meyeri branch dieback abiotic- cold injury lilac, pubescent Syringa pubescens ssp. patula weeping buds abiotic linden Tilia sp. leaf chlorosis abiotic-no pathogens detected 2 magnolia Magnolia sp. branch dieback abiotic--cold injury magnolia, Southern Magnolia grandiflora branch dieback abiotic- cold injury manzanita Arctostaphylos sp. twig dieback abiotic- drought stress maple Acer sp. leaf scorch abiotic 4

42 dieback abiotic branch dieback abiotic-no pathogens detected maple, Amur Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala leaf spot abiotic-no pathogens detected maple, big leaf Acer macrophyllum dieback abiotic maple, Japanese Acer palmatum dieback abiotic stem canker abiotic- cold injury dieback abiotic- cold injury twig lesions abiotic- copper toxicity leaf spots abiotic- sunburn stem canker abiotic- physical injury maple, Norway Acer platanoides leaf scorch abiotic leaf distortion, cupping abiotic- herbicide injury branch dieback, small leaves abiotic- chronic stress maple, vine Acer circinatum branch dieback abiotic nettle, spotted dead Lamium maculatum leaf distortion abiotic- cold injury oak Quercus sp. dieback abiotic oak, California black Quercus kelloggii bleeding trunk canker abiotic- no pathogens detected oak, Oregon white Quercus garryana blow down abiotic- no evidence of disease palm, lady Rhapis excelsa leaf spots abiotic- nutritional palm, paradise Howea forsterana leaf spots abiotic- nutritional 42

43 pine Pinus sp. dieback abiotic pine, jack Pinus banksiana needle cast abiotic pine, limber Pinus flexilis needle necrosis abiotic leaf chlorosis abiotic- nutrient deficiency pine, mugo or Swiss mtn. Pinus mugo dieback abiotic pine, white Pinus strobus needle tip necrosis abiotic plum, ornamental Prunus domestica tip dieback abiotic- no pathogens recovered poplar, white Populus alba leaf mottle abiotic- chemical injury redwood, giant Sequoiadendron giganteum needle cast abiotic- fall needle drop rose, garden Rosa sp. leaf spots abiotic- chemical injury 2 leaf necrosis abiotic- cold injury root galls abiotic- no pathogens detected 2 Russian-olive Elaeagnus angustifolia stem cankers abiotic- cold injury followed by secondary fungi branch dieback abiotic- poor root structure branch dieback abiotic- no pathogens detected serviceberry/shadbush Amelanchier sp. leaf distortion abiotic- growth regulator injury skimmia Skimmia japonica leaf necrosis & burn abiotic- chemical injury spruce, blue Picea pungens poor growth abiotic- no pathogens recovered 43

44 needle loss, chlorosis abiotic- possible chemical injury needle necrosis abiotic- sunscald 2 leaf necrosis abiotic- no pathogens recovered spruce, Norway Picea abies needle loss abiotic viburnum, toothed Viburnum dentatum leaf spot abiotic- oedema walnut, black Juglans nigra bark necrosis abiotic- no pathogens detected witch-hazel Hamamelis virginiana stem swellings abiotic- adventitious buds yellowwood, Kentucky Cladrastis lutea dieback abiotic- too wet zelkova, Japanese Zelkova serrata twig dieback abiotic- cold injury followed by Pseudomonas sp. Field crops barley, meadow Hordeum brachyantherum leaf yellowing abiotic-cold injury beet, sugar Beta vulgaris leaf necrosis abiotic meadowfoam Limnanthes alba flower necrosis abiotic-heat stress wheat Triticum aestivum leaf spots, chlorotic striping abiotic glume discoloration abiotic leaf spot abiotic -physiologic leaf spot Grasses bluegrass, annual Poa annua leaf chlorosis abiotic 44

45 fescue, tall Festuca arundinacea stunting abiotic orchard grass Dactylis glomerata leaf discoloration abiotic- cold injury ryegrass, perennial Lolium perenne poor growth abiotic- cold injury dieback abiotic- locallized dry spot Vegetables bean, snap Phaseolus vulgaris swollen hypocotyls abiotic- chemical injury broccoli cabbage Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Brassica oleracea var. capitata hollow stem abiotic- nutrient imbalance leaf necrosis abiotic followed by secondary invaders leaf lesions abiotic- hail followed by secondary fungi leaf yellowing abiotic- physiological cucumber Cucumis sativus skin splits abiotic lettuce Lactuca sativa leaf chlorosis abiotic onion Allium cepa stunting abiotic radish Raphanus sativus flower necrosis abiotic- weather related rhubarb Rheum rhabarbarum leaf discoloration abiotic- nutritional stunting abiotic- poor rooting red leaves abiotic--no pathogens recovered 45

46 squash Cucurbita sp. internal decay abiotic, followed by Pseudomonas syringae tarragon, French Artemesia dracunculus leaf chlorosis abiotic-ph too low tomato Lycopersicon esculentum leaf scorch abiotic abiotic- growth regulator leaf distortion injury watermelon Citrullus lanatus mosaic abiotic watermelon Citrullus lanatus stem swelling abiotic Small fruits blackberry, commercial Rubus ursinus hybrids cane dieback abiotic-cold injury blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum dieback abiotic leaf dieback abiotic leaf chlorosis abiotic no flowers abiotic fruit necrosis abiotic root rot, poor growth abiotic tip dieback abiotic 6 puckered leaves abiotic poor growth abiotic 2 dieback abiotic stem galls abiotic- callus tissue 2 leaf spots abiotic- chemical injury 2 leaf chlorosis abiotic- chemical injury no flower buds, poor abiotic- cold injury 4 growth stunting, poor growth abiotic- cold injury leaf spots abiotic- hail injury 46

47 narrow leaves abiotic- herbicide (Stinger) injury branch dieback abiotic- moisture stress leaf spots abiotic- no pathogens recovered poor growth abiotic- no pathogens recovered leaf tip purpling abiotic- physiological leaf chlorosis abiotic- salts burn stem swelling abiotic- callus tissue 2 leaf necrosis abiotic- drought stress 2 poor growth abiotic- low ph 6 leaf chlorosis abiotic- nutrient deficiency 2 root swelling abiotic- restricted roots poor growth abiotic- no pathogens detected blueberry, rabbiteye Vaccinium ashei flower necrosis abiotic cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon branch dieback abiotic- chemical injury poor growth abiotic- high ph currant Ribes sp. dieback abiotic grape, wine Vitis vinifera dieback abiotic leaf necrosis (interveinal) abiotic stem spots abiotic poor growth abiotic swelling at graft union abiotic- callus tissue leaf yellowing abiotic- genetic chimera leaf distortion abiotic- growth regulator injury leaf chlorosis abiotic- nutrient deficiency leaf necrosis abiotic- chemical injury 47

48 poor growth abiotic- cold injury poor growth abiotic- cropped too early poor growth abiotic- graft failure leaf distortion, cupping abiotic- herbicide injury poor fruit set abiotic- inflorescence necrosis dieback abiotic- water stress swollen graft union abiotic- no evidence of disease twig dieback abiotic- no pathogens detected raspberry, red Rubus idaeus root galls abiotic decline abiotic- no pathogens recovered strawberry Fragaria x ananassa leaf reddening abiotic fruit lesions abiotic- sunburn Fruit / nut trees apple Malus domestica dieback of new growth abiotic leaf necrosis abiotic 2 skin blemish abiotic leaf spots abiotic- cold injury 2 stem canker abiotic- poor cultural technique bitter pit abiotic- calcium deficiency swelling at graft union abiotic- callus tissue leaf spot abiotic- chemical injury burr knot abiotic- physiological stem swelling abiotic- root initials cherry Prunus sp. dieback of new growth abiotic- temperature related tip dieback abiotic--cold injury 2 pear Pyrus communis leaf & fruit blotch abiotic leaf spots abiotic- chemical injury 48