Todd A.Steinlage, Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Agriculture, Plant Materials Center

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1 Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in Alaska Greenhouses and Nurseries Todd A.Steinlage, Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Agriculture, Plant Materials Center Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a major disease in the horticultural trade. TSWV has an extremely large host range of over 1,000 species in more than 85 plant families. Hosts include many fruit, vegetable, ornamental, and weedy species. Symptoms are highly variable: Some hosts are asymptomatic, others show dramatic symptoms along with severe quality and yield losses. With increased global horticultural trade and greater distribution of its thrips vectors, TSWV has spread around the world in only a few decades. This presentation includes (1) an overview of TSWV epidemiology, (2) an overview of thrips biology, and (3) outreach efforts by the Division of Agriculture and Cooperative Extension Service.

2 Tomato spotted wilt virus in Alaska Greenhouses and Nurseries Todd Steinlage- AK Division of Agriculture/ Plant Materials Center CNIPM Oct , 2017

3 Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) 1915 Australia disease discovered 1970s-1980s spread worldwide with the horticultural trade Hasn t been reported in Alaska Huge host range: over 1000 species in 85 Families Tomato, potato, lettuce, spinach, cucurbits, cauliflower, peas, alfalfa, dahlia, delphinium, peony, chrysanthemum, impatiens, geranium, pelargonium, chickweed, lambsquarters, dandelion, shepherd s purse Many hosts are asymptomatic Many hosts are systemically infected Seed transmissible in tomato, few other species Mechanically transmissible, also by grafting

4 Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Symptoms variable, many hosts asymptomatic Necrotic: leaf spots, veins, petioles, stems, ringspots Line patterns or mosaic on leaves Chlorotic ringspots Wilting, stunting, tip die-back Tip die-back, premature leaf drop Poor fruit set, irregular ripening Spots or rings on fruit Flowers may show colored spots, line or ring patterns

5 Symptoms Tomato, TSWV, Edward Sikora, Auburn University, Bugwood.org

6 Symptoms Courtesy L. L. Black; Reproduced from J. B. Jones, T. A. Zitter, T. M. Momol, and S. A. Miller, eds Compendium of Tomato Diseases and Pests, 2nd ed. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

7 Symptoms Courtesy J. E. Thomas; Reproduced, by permission, from J. B. Jones, T. A. Zitter, T. M. Momol, and S. A. Miller, eds Compendium of Tomato Diseases and Pests, 2nd ed. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

8 Symptoms Impatiens, TSWV, Dept. Plant Pathology, NC State University, Bugwood.org

9 Symptoms Peony, TSWV, Tom Allen

10 Symptoms Pelargonium, Dr. Backhaus, Biologische Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Bugwood.org

11 Symptoms Chrysanthemum, Florida Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org

12 Symptoms Dahlia, Penn State Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Archives, Penn State University, Bugwood.org

13 Thrips Vectors Transmitted by at least 11 species of thrips Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca) Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) All 3 main vectors reported in Alaska Vector importance changes with time and ag/hort practices Large host ranges, many also TSWV hosts Multiple generations per year, especially in greenhouse Cryptic (hidden) in buds, flowers

14 Thrips Vectors Acquire virus in 1 st or 2 nd larval instar Virus circulates and propagates in thrips salivary gland Larvae can transmit virus Pupate in leaf litter or soil Adult thrips transmit for remainder of their lives Not transmitted transovarially (to eggs) Some evidence of preferential feeding on tospovirus infected plants (possibly due to changes in leaf color)

15 Management TSWV and Thrips Exclusion of infected plants and thrips infested plants Indicator plants (ex. petunia Calypso ) in greenhouse Blue or yellow sticky cards Removal of suspect plants, and destruction Sanitation practices and mesh screens Reflective mulches in some systems (thought to confuse thrips) Pesticides chosen carefully Contact insecticides often not effective Systemic insecticides may not kill fast enough Develop resistance quickly, rotation of effective chemistries vital

16 Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Mohammad Mirnezhad, Leiden University, Bugwood.org

17 Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) Bruce Watt, University of Maine, Bugwood.org

18 Tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca) David Jones, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

19 Dandelion thrips (Thrips physapus) Dandelion thrips are not a known vector of TSWV, but look at that face Dandelion thrips, John Dooley, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org

20 Outreach Efforts 2013-present: Pathology Lab at AK Div. of Ag (PMC) tests for TSWV and Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) in peonies, potato, other crops USDA APHIS/ AK Division of Ag, Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) Nursery Survey. Multiyear sampling of greenhouses/nurseries around state (many species, diseases including TSWV) USDA APHIS/ Cooperative Extension/ AK Division of Ag, Farm Bill: Exotic Plant Pathogen, First Detector Training and Outreach. While presenting information on diseases of Federal concern, also present on diseases of state concern.

21 Questions? Thanks! Todd Steinlage AK DNR Division of Agriculture Plant Materials Center

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