****************************************************************** Orchids of Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary, Karbi Anglong district, Assam.

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1 ****************************************************************** Orchids of Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary, Karbi Anglong district, Assam. Khyanjeet Gogoi TOSEHIM, Regional Orchid Germplasm Conservation & Propagation Centre (Assam Circle) Daisa Bordoloi Nagar, Talap, Tinsukia , Assam, India All photos are by the author (Part I of Article in II Parts) ABSTRACT The Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary has been a natural home of wide variety of interesting orchids. A survey for exploration of orchids at the Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary during the period of has been taken and 44 species of epiphytic orchids and only 7 species of terrestrial orchid are recorded. A morphological investigation of collected species was done for proper identification. Species are enumerated alphabetically providing correct nomenclature. est was given the status of a Wildlife Sanctuary. Geographically it is located between E to E and N to N. The climate is moist tropical, summers being hot and winters dry and cold. It receives an annual rainfall of approximately 2800 mm and annual temperature varies between 34 C to 7 C. The vegetation of the sanctuary is predominantly tropical semi-evergreen (Figs: 1, 2). Key words: Orchid, Garampani, Distribution, Enumeration. INTRODUCTION The orchid family is one of the largest, diverse and highly advanced monocotyledonous plant families. The incredible shapes and colour of their flowers and their long vase-life have attracted many generations of mankind. They include nearly 24,500 species under 788 genera (Dressler, 2006), and represent the second largest family of the flowering plants in the world. They are very widely distributed all over the world except in the extreme hot or cold regions. India represents 1331 species under 184 genera (Misra, 2007) is one of the major orchid habitats of the world. Phytogeographically Assam bears a separate identity and represents a number of plant communities. The forests of Assam possess a large number of beautiful important orchids. They are the major component of the vegetation of Assam. The total number of orchid species may be around 193 under 71 genera out of which 27 are endemics. The Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary has been the natural home of a wide variety of orchids. 51 species of orchids within 29 genera have been recorded from this Out of these 44 are epiphytic and 7 are terrestrial. It is amazing to realize that so many species of orchids are growing in such a small area and it is difficult to find out an area comparable to this one in this region of Asia. STUDY AREA The Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the most important forests of Assam. The Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary was notified during 1952 vide notification No. FR. 199/52 dated 10/07/52 with an area of 6 sq. km. The entire sanctuary is situated within the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council area and is rich with rare and endangered flora and fauna. Due to presence of hot-water springs the for- 8 Fig. 1. Upland forest-stream terrain in the Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary MATERIALS AND METHODS The present investigation is the outcome of several field trips encompassing all seasons. They were carried out in the Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary during the years 2010 through The specimens were collected in their flowering stages and were processed into dried and mounted herbarium specimens following Jain & Rao (1977). Identifications were done using standard orchid manuals and specimens authentications were done in the herbarium of Department of Botany Guwahati University and BSI Shillong (Assam herbarium). Herbarium specimens are deposited in the Herbarium, Department of Forest, Karbi Anglong, Assam. ENUMERATION OF SPECIES The result of the taxonomic survey is presented here by the enumeration of the specimens. In the enumeration generic name followed by name of the species, author citation, short references & short description of diagnostic characters are provided. Enumeration is presented as follows. ACAMPE Lindley About 10 species distributed in India, China, South East Asia and tropical Africa; 6 species in India, 3 species in Assam, 2 in the Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary. 9 Digital photo 01Mar-11.

Fig. 2. Typical forest-stream terrain in the Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary. Acampe ochracea (Lindl.) Hochr., Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 6: 270. 1910.

Flowering: November December. Habitat: Epiphyte on tree trunk in open forests. Acampe rigida (Buch-Ham. ex J.E. Smith) P.F. Hunt in Kew Bull. 24: 98. 1970; Chowdhery, Orch. Fl. Arunachal Prad.

Habitat: Epiphyte on tree trunks or large branches.

2 Fig. 2. Typical forest-stream terrain in the Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary. Acampe ochracea (Lindl.) Hochr., Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 6: Epiphyte; inflorescences several; flowers slightly fragrant; sepals and petals yellowish green with reddish brown transverse stripes and spots; lip white, spotted with purple-red. Flowering: November December. Habitat: Epiphyte on tree trunk in open forests. Acampe rigida (Buch-Ham. ex J.E. Smith) P.F. Hunt in Kew Bull. 24: ; Chowdhery, Orch. Fl. Arunachal Prad. 41, Epiphyte; flowers yellow with purplish brown transverse stripes; lip white, with purplish brown longitudinal stripes above. Flowering: June July. Habitat: Epiphyte on tree trunks or large branches. ACANTHEPHIPPIUM Blume 11 species distributed in South and North East India and Bangladesh, throughout South East Asia, to South Japan, New Guinea, and the South West Pacific islands; 3 species in India, 2 in Assam and 1 in Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary. Acanthephippium sylhetense Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl (Fig: 3). Terrestrial; Inflorescence cm, fleshy; rachis densely 3 5-flowered; Flowers white or yellow with purplish brown spots, campanulate-tubular, mm. Flowering: April July. Habitat: Shaded and Damp places in dense forests. 10 Digital photo 04Mar-11. Fig. 3. Acanthephippium sylhetense Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl AERIDES Loureiro About 20 species distributed Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, China, Thailand, Indochina, and Malaysia to the Philippines and Indonesia; 10 species in India, 5 species in North East India and 3 species in the Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary. Aerides odorata Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 2: ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India, 6:47, 1890 (Fig: 4). Epiphyte; flowers white with purple blotches at the extremeties, cm across, fragrant. Flowering: May June. Habitat: Epiphyte in lowland Aerides rosea Lodd. ex. Lindl. & Paxt. Fl. Gard. 2: ; Chowdhery, Orch. Fl. Arunachal Prad Epiphyte; flowers fragrant, purplishpink suffused with white, dark pink spotted, opening widely, about 2 cm across. Flowering: May. Habitat: Epiphyte in mixed deciduous forest and humid evergreen 11 Digital photo 10Jun-10. Fig. 4. Aerides odorata Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 2: Digital photo 10Jun-10.

ANOECTOCHILUS Blume About 40 species known from India and the East Himalayas, through South and South East Asia to Australia and the South West Pacific islands; 16 species in India, 3 species in

Petit Thouars About 1000 species distributed in South East Asia, Africa, Australia and tropical America; 100 species in India, 24 in Assam, 2 in Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary.

3 ANOECTOCHILUS Blume About 40 species known from India and the East Himalayas, through South and South East Asia to Australia and the South West Pacific islands; 16 species in India, 3 species in Assam, 1 in the Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary. BULBOPHYLLUM Du. Petit Thouars About 1000 species distributed in South East Asia, Africa, Australia and tropical America; 100 species in India, 24 in Assam, 2 in Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary. Bulbophyllum careyanum (Hook. f.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: ; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: Epiphyte; flowers purplish-brown, cm. long. Flowering: October December. Habitat: Epiphyte on tree trunks in dense humid evergreen Bulbophyllum delitescens Hance in J our. Bot. 14: ; Scidenf. Not. Cirrhopetalum Lindl Epiphyte; flowers reddish-brown. Flowering: June-July. Habitat: Epiphyte in dense humid evergreen forest near a waterfall. Fig. 5. Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. in J.F.Royle, III. Bot. Himal. Mts.: Digital photo 03Dec-11. Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. in J.F.Royle, III. Bot. Himal. Mts.: (Fig: 5). Plants up to 27cm long. Leaves velvety, purplish-red with golden reticulation; inflorescence laxly many flowered; flowers up to 2cm long, resupinate; sepals and petals pale pink-white, lip white. Flowering: July- August. Habitat: Terrestrial in dense humid evergreen BIERMANNIA King & Pantl. About 9 species distributed in China, India, Indonesia, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam. 2 species in India; 1 in Assam and the Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary. Biermannia bimaculata (King & Pantl.) King & Pantl in Pradhan, Indian Orchid-II, 433, 1979; Chowdhery, Orch. Fl. Arunachal Prad., 53, 1998; Mishra, Orch. India, 282, Epiphyte; flowers 2-3, distichous, cm across, white, sweet scented. Flowering: April May. Habitat: Epiphytic in dense humid evergreen 12 CALANTHE R. Brown About 150 species distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia, Australia, New Guinea, and the South West Pacific islands, as well as tropical Africa and Central and North West South America; 23 species in India, 9 in Assam, 1 species in the Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary. Calanthe sylvatica (Thouars) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: Calanthe masuca (D. Don) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid ; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: (Fig: 6). Terrestrial; flowers pale pinkish purple with purple lip sometimes flushed with orange. Fig. 6. Calanthe masuca (D. Don) Lindl., 1830 Digital photo: 04Jul-12. Flowering: August September. Habitat: Terrestrial in damp places on riversides. CLEISOSTOMA Blume About 100 species distributed in Sri Lanka, India, mainland South East Asia, Malaysia, and Indonesia to the Philippines, New Guinea, Pacific islands, and Australia; 19 species in India; 3 species grow in the Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary. 13

Cleisostoma appendiculatum (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Jackson in Index Kew. 1: 555. 1895; Chowdhery, Orch. Fl. Arunachal Prad. 200. 1998 (Fig: 7). Epiphyte; flowers 1.

Leafl. Harvard Univ. 23(4): 171. 1972; Chowdhery, Orch. Fl. Arunachal Prad. 204. 1998 (Fig: 8). Epiphyte; flowers about 1.

Habitat: Epiphytic on tree trunks in evergreen forests. Fig. 7. Cleisostoma appendiculatum (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Jackson in Index Kew. 1: 555. 1895 Digital photo: 03Nov-11. Fig. 8 Lower Left: Cleisostoma filiforme (Lindl.

4 Cleisostoma appendiculatum (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Jackson in Index Kew. 1: ; Chowdhery, Orch. Fl. Arunachal Prad (Fig: 7). Epiphyte; flowers 1.5 cm across, sepals and petals buff with purple longitudinal lines. Flowering: August October. Habitat: Epiphytic on tree trunks in evergreen forests. Cleisostoma filiforme (Lindl.) Garay in Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 23(4): ; Chowdhery, Orch. Fl. Arunachal Prad (Fig: 8). Epiphyte; flowers about 1.3 cm across; sepals and petals yellowish green, with purplish brown stripes; lip white with purple-red midlobe, column yellow. Flowering: April June. Habitat: Epiphytic on tree trunks in evergreen forests. Fig. 7. Cleisostoma appendiculatum (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Jackson in Index Kew. 1: Digital photo: 03Nov-11. Fig. 8 Lower Left: Cleisostoma filiforme (Lindl.) Garay in Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 23(4): Digital photo;02sept-11. Cleisostoma subulatum Blume, Bijdr ; Chowdhery, Orch. Fl. Arunachal Prad Epiphyte; flowers about 1 cm across, sepals and petals yellow with intra marginal brown bands, lip white at the base. Flowering: May June. Habitat: Epiphyte on tree trunk in dense humid evergreen CYMBIDIUM Swartz About 55 species distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia, south to Papua New Guinea and Australia; 30 species in India, 12 in Assam and 2 species in the Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary. Cymbidium aolifolium (Lindl.) Swartz in Nova Acta Upsal. 2, 6: ; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: Epiphytic; flowers 4-5 cm across, slightly fragrant; sepals and petals pale yellow to cream -yellow, with a broad central maroon-brown stripe; lip cream-colored. Flowering: April - May. Habitat: Epiphyte on tree trunk in dense humid evergreen Cymbidium bicolor Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid ; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6: (Fig: 9). Epiphytic; flowers 3 4 cm across; sepals and petals yellow with a central purplish red longitudinal stripe; lip creamyellow. Flowering: May June. Habitat: Epiphyte on tree trunk in dense humid evergreen DENDROBIUM Swartz About 1,100 species distributed in India across to Japan, south to Malaysia and Indonesia, east to Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific islands. Fig. 9. Cymbidium bicolor Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch Digital photo: 24Mar species in India, nearly 20 species in Assam, 9 species in the Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary. Dendrobium acinaciforme Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: ; Chowdhery, Orch. Fl. Arunachal Prad Epiphyte; flowers yellowish-white, about 1 cm long. Flowering: June - August. Habitat: Epiphyte on tree trunk in dense humid evergreen Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras ; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: Epiphyte; flowers, pale rose, cm across; lip yellow. Flowering: April - May. Habitat: Epiphyte in mixed deciduous forest or open 14 15

Fig. 11. Den. fimbriatum Hook., Exot. Fl. t. 71. 1823. Digital photo: 11Mar-09. Dendrobium cumulatum Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 756. 1855; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 731. 1890; Chowdhery, Orch.

Habitat: Epiphyte on tree trunk in forest along a small stream. Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook., Exot. Fl. t. 71. 1823; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 745. 1890 (Fig: 11).

Habitat: Epiphyte in mixed deciduous forest, also in humid evergreen Fig. 10. Dendrobium cumulatum Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 756. 1855. Digital photo: 24Jun 12. Fig. 12. Den. fugax Rchb.f., Gard.

5 Fig. 11. Den. fimbriatum Hook., Exot. Fl. t Digital photo: 11Mar-09. Dendrobium cumulatum Lindl. in Gard. Chron ; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: ; Chowdhery, Orch. Fl. Arunachal Prad (Fig: 10). Epiphytic; flowers white with purple; lip white suffused with yellow. Flowering: March - May. Habitat: Epiphyte on tree trunk in forest along a small stream. Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook., Exot. Fl. t ; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: (Fig: 11). Epiphytic; flowers 4-5 cm across, sepals and petals golden yellow; lip golden yellow, with or without maroon blotch. Flowering: March - May. Habitat: Epiphyte in mixed deciduous forest, also in humid evergreen Fig. 10. Dendrobium cumulatum Lindl. in Gard. Chron Digital photo: 24Jun 12. Fig. 12. Den. fugax Rchb.f., Gard. Chron ` Digital photo: 26Apr-12. Dendrobium fugax Rchb.f., Gard. Chron (Fig: 12). Flickingeria fugax (Reichb. f.) Seidenf. in Dansk Bot. Arkiv 34: Epiphyte; flowers white, 3-3.5cm across, fugacious. Flowering: March - October. Habitat: Epiphyte in humid evergreen forest, mixed deciduous 16

*Peer Reviewed Research Paper Orchids of The Karbi Anglong District of Assam, India

*********************Peer Reviewed Research Paper******************** Orchids of The Karbi Anglong District of Assam, India Khyanjeet Gogoi¹ and Rajendra Yonzone² Ed. Note: This is Part II of a paper in