THE USE OF ETHEPHON FOR PREVENTION OF FLOWERING IN SUGARCANE IN SUDAN
|
|
- Edwina Andrews
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Plant Physiology THE USE OF ETHEPHON FOR PREVENTION OF FLOWERING IN SUGARCANE IN SUDAN G. Hardy, H. Dove, Africa Sugar Consultants Limited, Mauritius M. Awad, Kenana Sugar Company Limited, Sudan ABSTRACT In experiments carried out at Kenana Sugar Company, Sudan, ethephon [(2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] applied at 840 g a.i.lha at one to three weeks before flower initiation provided excellent control of flowering in sugarcane varieties Co527 and Co6806, aged five to seven months at initiation. Increased yields due to flowering control attained 30 tons canelha (+ 33%) and 4.1 tons sugarlha (+ 36%) when variety Co527 was treated at five months. The extent of response to treatment varied with the date of application of ethephon and the age of cane at initiation. Responses were mostly due to increased growth and reduced pithiness. Quality of treated cane was improved, with lower fibre and sometimes, higher sugar content. INTRODUCTION Important environmental factors influencing flowering in sugarcane include day length, moisture and temperature. Day length is possibly the most important factor in determining when initiation takes place, while the other factors, moisture and temperature, affect the intensity of flowering (Moore8). The initiation of flowering for most commercial varieties takes place within fairly narrow parameters of day length, namely 12h30 and 12h35 (Brett, Harding3 and Brett4). It has been shown in Hawaii that high moisture and high temperature during the pre-initiation stage result in a high intensity of flowering (Anon.'). Flower initiation will not occur in sugarcane unless the cane plant has completed its tillering phase and is physiologically able to receive the photoperiodic stimulus, a stage which is normally reached approximately three to four months after harvest and four to five months after planting. Flowering could be beneficial during the early part of the harvest season, when there is a relatively short interval between flower initiation and harvest, by enhancing maturity and thus improving the sucrose content of the crop. However, adverse effects on yield can be expected when the crop is harvested from four to five months or more after flower initiation. Most of the adverse effect is due to a loss of cane yield because of excessive development of pithy tissue within the stalks. In certain varieties, poor cane quality has also been associated with high intensity of flowering. Keywords: Ethephon, sugarcane flowering, flowering control, cane fibre, cane quality. 305 i i (/
2 306 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Milling performance could also be adversely affected by an increased fibre content of flowered stalks. The control of flowering in sugarcane using growth regulating chemicals has been practised for many years. Experiments carried out in various parts of the world from about 1965 to 1975 showed positive effects using diquat, which became the preferred chemical for flower control until recently (5,2,6,12,7). However, diquat has the disadvantage of causing severe scorching of the crop foliage, which can lead to adverse effects on sugar production. The inhibition of flowering with ethephon was observed in about 1976 (Rostron"). When applied at the correct time before flower initiation, ethephon inhibits the process of initiation without detrimental effects on the growth of the crop. Good control of flowering was obtained in trials carried out in Hawaii (Osgood9) and trials in Brazil and in Malawi were also conclusive. Ethephon is now used commeri' cially in these three\countries for the inhibition of flowering. A veiy severe/ffowering problem exists at Kenana Sugar Company Ltd and in other parts of the Sudan sugar industry, where the main variety grown, Co527, flowers intensively. Kenana Sugar Company has an area of ha under cane. It is located at latitude 13'05' N and at an altitude of 410 m above sea level. The dry season (November to April) is characterised by a mean diurnal temperature range of 17 'C to 36 "C. The wet season (May to October) is characterised by a mean diurnal temperature range of 22 "C to 34 "C and an average rainfall of 325 mm. The harvest season is from November to April. The main flower initiation period occurs between 13th and 20th August. Because of the relationship of time of flower initiation with the harvest season, approximately 55% of the cane grown on the estate is prone to adverse effects from flowering, as illustrated in Figure 1. lnltiation Matur~ty Yield perlod benefit decline J J A S O N D J F M A M Harvest FIGURE 1. Possible effects of flowering on sugar production at Kenana, Sudan. This paper reports the results of six field experiments conducted at Kenana in in an investigation of the effect of ethephon on flowering and on yield. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five replicated small-plot trials and one large-scale trial were conducted to assess the efficacy of ethephon in controlling flowering and to quantify the benefits derived
3 Chemical Ethephon Ethephon Ethephon Rate 840 g a.i. ha-' 840 g a.i. ha-' 840 g a.i. ha-' Application Ground Ground Aerial Treatment Applied o n 1 25 Jul, Aug, Aug, Jul, Aug, Aug, Aug, Aug, 1984 Control 4 5 Aug, Aug, Aug, 1984 Control 6 Control Control Experiments 1 to 5 Ethephon was applied at 840 g a.i./ha using a knapsack sprayer fitted with an overhead boom carrying 3 TK 1.5 flood-jet nozzles. These covered an effective swath of two cane lines at a row spacing of 1.67 m and delivered 113 L/ha. Treatments in Experiments 1-4 consisted of five dates of application of ethephon, at intervals of three or four days over the period July 25 to August 9, 1984 (shortly before flower initiation) and an untreated control. In Experiment 5, there were four dates of application, at intervals of four days, covering the period approximately
4 308 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY at and shortly after flower initiation. The design in all these experiments was a 6 x 6 latin square. Nett plot size was four cane lines, 8 m long (53.4 m2). Experiments 1,2 and 3 were harvested at 11.3 months, 11.8 months and 12.5 months respectively. Experiments 4 and 5 were harvested at ten months. All these trials were harvested by hand. A tractor-mounted mechanical grab fitted with a scale was used for weighing the yields of individual plots. Cane mass, stalk population and the percentage of flowered stalks were determined for individual plots. Twenty representative stalks per plot were taken for analysis of cane quality. Experiment 6 In this large-scale experiment there were two dates of application, August 4 and 10, and an untreated control. Ethephon was applied at 840 g a.i./ha using a fixed-wing aircraft delivering 30 L/ha. The effective treated area for each of the sprayed plots was 600 m x 25 m (1.5 ha). There were two replications per treatment, with an untreated control area of 600 m x 50 m (3.0 ha) on both sides of each treated area. The trial was harvested at 12.3 months. Three 'data' plots, each consisting of four cane lines, 8 m long (53.4 m2), were harvested within each of the two replications of the sprayed plots. Six plots were also harvested from the untreated control areas. Cane mass, stalk population, percentage of flowered stalks and sucrose content were determined as in Experiments 1 to 5. Data were analysed as a nested (hierarchical) design of two replications. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS General effect of ethephon on growth Within a few days following the application of ethephon, the cane foliage turned to a yellow-orange colour, which seemed to be more pronounced on the lower leaves. This effect was short-lived and disappeared within two weeks, after which the production of green leaves was restored. A reduction in length of the leaves emerging after application was noticeable, with an average of six to eight leaves being affected, after which growth was back to normal. A premature senescence of the lower leaves was noticable and this was slightly more pronounced in variety Co6806. Ethephon also affected the development of the internodes on both varieties. There was a reduction in length of one internode only, after which the length of subsequent internodes exceeded the length of internodes below the affected one. A few stalks produced side-shoots from nodes in the area of the stalk around the shortened internode. The side-shoots grew to only 2 to 10 cm in length before dying off (Figure 2). Similar effects of ethephon on growth have been reported previously (Rostronl0). Experiment 1 Results from Experiment 1 are shown in Table 111. There was a marked reduction in the intensity of flowering with a mean of 14% fbr the first four dates of application, compared to 93% in the unsprayed plots. The increased incidence of flowering obtained by the last application, 52%, might indicate that the period of flower initiation was well defined and that this application was too late to be highly effective.
5 G. HARDY, H. DOVE AND M. AWAD 309 / FIGURE 2. Effect of ethephon on growth of Co 527 a: shortening of internode b: side-shooting average gain of 18.1 tons/ha (17%) for the first four application dates, even though the trial was harvested somewhat ear1y:at months. There was a slight but not significant reduction in sucrose content in the cane in the treated plots; from 12.1 to 11.4% ERS (estimated recoverable sucrose). This may have been due to the relatively short drying off period of three weeks, which was probably to the disadvantage of the treated plots. The benefit of higher cane yield was somewhat depreciated by the reduced ERS 070 cane and although there
6 310 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY TABLE Ill. Effect of ethephon on Co 527,7 months old at initiation (Experiment 1) Date of Cane ERS ERS Fibre Flowering application tonslha % cane tonslha % cane % stalks Jul ,9** 11,82 Jul ,9* * 10,99 Aug 1 124,0** 11,16 Aug d 125,7** 11,76 Aug 9 120,5* * 11,49 Control 107, f1 12,08 ERS = estimated recoverable sucrose. * Significant at 5% level of probability. ** Significant at l0/0 level of probability. was a mean increase of 1.4 t ERS/ha (11%) for the first four spraying dates, differences between the treatments in terys of sugar were not significant. There was a highly significant reduction in the fibre content of the cane for the first four dates of application, from 18.6% to a mean of 16.4%, with a trend of increasing fibre content from the first to the last date of application. Experiment 2 This trial site was accidentally burned and an accurate assessment of the intensity of flowering could not be made. However, from spot checks on a few plots and from the yield results, it is obvious that a high degree of control of flowering was achieved by most of the treatments. All treatments resulted in significantly higher yields of cane compared with the unsprayed plots, with an average increase of 17.6 TABLE IV. Effect of ethephon on Co 527,6 months old at initiation I(Experiment 2). Date of Cane ERS ERS Fibre application tonslha % cane tonslha % cane Jul ,9** 13,77* 16,79** 17,92 Jul ,4** 12,92 15,17** 18,30 Aug 1 120,2* * 13,05 15,69** 17,51 Aug 5 113,6** 12,74 14,49 17,69 Aug 9 113,6* 12,85 14,60* 18,74 Control 100,7 12,87 12,96 18,80 ERS = estimated recoverable sucrose. * Significant at 5% level of probability. ** Significant at 1 % level of probability.
7 G. HARDY, H. DOVE AND M. AWAD 311 I (35%). tons/ha (17%) for the first four applications. Reduced benefit from the applications made nearer the time of initiation was again evident (Table IV). The treatment with ethephon had no general effect on cane quality in this experiment, but there was a significant increase in ERS % cane from treatment on the first date of application. Treatment on the first four dates of application resulted in highly significant increases in yield of sugar, with a mean increase of 2.6 tons sugar/ha (20%). The greatest increase in yield of sugar, 3.8 tons/ha (30%) was obtained from the first treatment. Experiment 3 In Experiment 3, in which the cane was approximately five months old at flower initiation, there was almost complete control of flowering in all cases, and there was no trend of reduced control of flowering when ethephon was applied near initiation, as was observed with Experiments l and 2 (Table V). It appears that younger cane is more sensitive to treatment with ethephon. Treatment with ethephon on all five dates provided highly significant increases in cane yield, averaging 29.7 tons/ha Cane yields were similar in all the treated plots, reflecting the uniform control of flowering. TABLE V. Effect of ethephon on Co 527,5 months old at initiation (Experiment 3). Date of Application Cane tonslha ERS % cane E RS tonslha Fibre % cane Flowering % stalks Jul 25 Jul 28 Aug 1 Aug 5 Aug 9 Control 17,43 16,38 17,69 16,81 17,55 18,87 ERS = estimated recoverable sucrose. * Significant at 5% level of probability. ** Significant at 1 % level of probability. There was a significant increase in the sucrose content of cane in the plots treated on the last date of application and in general, sucrose content was increased slightly. All treatments resulted in highly significant increases in yield of recoverable sugar; such increases were greatest for the last two dates of treatment and the mean increase for all treatments was 3.9 tons/ha (39%). As in Experiments 1 and 2, the treatments showed a tendency fok reduced fibre content. Experiments 4 and 5 As the yields of the control plots in Experiments 4 and 5 on variety Co6806 were similar, the data from these two trials were combined and analysed as one experiment. The results are summarised in Table VI.
8 TABLE VI. Effect of ethephon on Co 6806,5,5 m6nths old at initiation (Experiments 4 and 5). Date of Cane ERS ERS Fibre Flowering application tonslha % cane tonslha % cane % stalks Jul 25 Jul 28 Aug 1 Aug 5 Aug 9 Aug 18 Aug 22 Aug 26 Aug 30 Control ERS = estimated recoverable sucrose. * Significant at 5% level of probability. ** Significant at 1 % level of probability. Excellent control of flowering was obtained by all the ethephon treatments throughout the period up to harvest. From the responses in cane yield that were obtained, it appears that the treatments between July 25 and August 9 in Experiment 4 were applied before flowtl ~~~itiation and that the later treatments in Experiment 5 were probably applied during and after flower initiation (Figure 3). If this is so, the good control of flowering in Experiment 5 must have been due to the failure of initiated flowers to develop, rather than inhibition of flower initiation.? Initiation - c cb Jul Aug 0 Application dates FIGURE 3. Effect of ethephon applied before and after flower initiation on flowering and yield of Co It was observed that flower emergence for untreated Co6806 occurred approximately four to six weeks later than that of Co527. Also, the observable effects of
9 G. HARDY, H. DOVE AND M. AWAD 313 ethephon treatment - shortening of internodes and development of side-shoots - were generally more pronounced on Co6806 than on Co527. These suggest that the "normal" level of ethylene within Co6806 at initiation is higher than that of Co527 and it is possible that a lower rate of application of ethephon could be used to prevent flower initiation in Co6806. Despite the experiments having been harvested two months earlier than normal, a highly significant increase in cane yield was recorded, averaging 16.5 tons/ha (16%) for the first five dates of application. Even greater benefit could have been expected if the trials had been harvested at 12 months. As in the case of Experiment 1, the drying off period was very short because of the early harvest, consequently, the sucrose content was significantly reduced by the treatments applied on the first five spraying dates in Experiment 4. In Experiment 5, the treatments applied from August had only a slight effect on sucrose content. The increases in cane yield benefit were depreciated by the reduction in sucrose content and, although not statistically significant, a mean increase of 1.2 tons/ha (9%) was obtained for the first five dates of application. It seems likely that, had the experiments been harvested at 12 months after a normal drying off period, much greater increases in yield of sucrose would have been obtained. The effect of ethephon on fibre content can best be shown by the data in Experiments 1 through 4. These experiments have common treatments, permitting an analysis of variance of fibre data by using experiments as replications. The average fibre content (18.15%) of the untreated controls was significantly higher (5% level) than that in each of the five treatments where ethephon was applied. The mean fibre content of the ethephon'treated cane in these experiments was 16.90%. Experiment 6 The results of Experiment 6, in which ethephon was applied aerially, are shown in Table VII. Excellent control of flowering was achieved with the treatment applied on August 4, but the treatment applied six days later was somewhat less successful, possibly because of inaccurate application, causing severe streaking in the treated plots. 1 TABLE VII. Effect of ethephon applied aerially on Co 527, 5,5 months old at initiation (Experiment 6). Date of Cane ERS ERS Fibre Flowering application tonslha O/O cane tonslha % cane % stalks Aug 8 131,7** 13,62 17,94* 16,32 3 Aug ,8* * 14,06 17,41* 17,33 32 Control 97,6 13,73 13,40 18,ll 92 ERS = estimated recoverable sucrose. * Significant at 5% level of probability. ** Significant at 1% level of probability.
10 314 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Highly significant increases in yield of cane, averaging 30.2 tons/ha (31%) for the two treatments, were again obtained. The first treatment gave the bigger response and this was associated with the greater degree of control of flowering. There were no significant effects of the treatment on sucrose content and the highly significant increases in yield of sugar reflected the increases in yield of cane. The mean increase in sugar yield from both treatments was 4.3 tons/ha (32%). Treatments with ethephon again showed a trend for reducted fibre content and this effect was greater with the first application, associated with the better control of flowering. CONCLUSIONS This series of experiments confirms the adverse effects of flowering when harvesting is delayed unduly after flowering. The experiments also show that ethephon can be used effectively to control flowering without any adverse effect on the growth of the cane, under the conditions prevailing at Kenana Sugar Company, in Sudan. The period of flower initiation for varieties Co527 and Co6806 at Kenana has been fairly well defined as occurring between August 13 and 20. Responses to treatment with ethephon, both in terms of cane and sugar yields, were greatest with younger cane at initiation. This is to be expected because of a greater degree of control of flowering when young cane is treated but mainly because of the longer period for effective growth between treatment and harvest (Figure 4). 5 mths 6 rnths 7 mths Age of cane at initiation FIGURE 4. Effect of ethephon applied to Co 527 at various ages at initiation on cane and sugar yields.
11 Jul Application dates FIGURE 5. Effect of ethephon applied at different dates on cane yields of Co 527. A significant relationship between fibre % cane and flowering intensity was evident from the experiments. Control of flowering therefore has a positive benefit in reducing the fibre content of cane, which is an added advantage in milling and processing. REFERENCES 1. Anon. Prediction of sugarcane flowering. Internal Communication USDA, ARS, Western Region Sugarcane Research Laboratory, 4 pp. 2. Benedicto, F. (1967). Victorias Milling Co. Exp. Stn. Bull., March-April, p Brett, P.G.C. and Harding, R.L. (1974). Artificial induction of flowering in Natal. ISSCT Proc. 15: Brett, P.G.C., Harding, R.L. and Paxton, J.G. (1975). Time and intensity of flowering as influenced by certain temperature and photoperiod treatments. SASTA Proc. 49: Aug
12 316 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 5. Evans, H. and Bates, J.F.'(1966). Proc. Br. West Indies Sugar Technol. 6. Humbelt, R.P., Lima, M., Goveas, J. (1968). Proc. 13th Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol. Taiwan, Moore, P.H. (1974). Flowering control with diquat. Hawaiian Planters' Record 58(23): Moore, P.H. (1983). Personal Communication. 9. Osgood, R.V., Moore, P.H., Carr, J.B. (1983). Comparison of diquat and ethephon for reve en ti on of flower initiation in sugarcane (Saccharurn spp. Hybrids). Proc. Plant Growth Regulator Soc. of America, loth Annual Meeting, Rostron, H. (1977). Prolonged chemical ripening of sugarcane following multiple applications of Ethrel. ISSCT Proc. 16, (1977). A review of chemical ripening of sugarcane with eth~el
THE PERFORMANCE OF SUGARCANE VARIETIES N23 AND N25 ON LOW YIELD POTENTIAL SOILS IN SWAZILAND
THE PERFORMANCE OF SUGARCANE VARIETIES N23 AND N25 ON LOW YIELD POTENTIAL SOILS IN SWAZILAND DWF BUTLER Swaziland Sugar Association, PO Box 367, Simunye, Swaziland Abstract South African sugarcane varieties
More informationEthephon in Sugarcane Cultivation
Ethephon in Sugarcane Cultivation by M. Edmond Lewis Sugar Industry Research Institute ABSTRACT Sugarcane remains an important commercial crop in Jamaica, and in spite of improved technology in production,
More informationCultural practices improve color, size of Crimson Seedless. Nick Dokoozlian o Don Luvisi o Mike Moriyama o Peggy Schrader
Cultural practices improve color, size of Crimson Seedless Nick Dokoozlian o Don Luvisi o Mike Moriyama o Peggy Schrader Poor color and small berry size associated with Crimson Seedless, a late-season,
More informationBreeding and Genetics
Breeding and Genetics I FLOWERING OF SUGARCANE WITH REFERENCE TO INDUCTION AND INHIBITION E. D. Paliatseas Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station Baton Rouge, Louisiana ABSTRACT The minimum,time required
More informationREDUCTION OF INITIAL FRUIT SET THROUGH THE USE OF A CHEMICAL FRUIT SET THINNER ETHEPHON
: 27-34 REDUCTION OF INITIAL FRUIT SET THROUGH THE USE OF A CHEMICAL FRUIT SET THINNER ETHEPHON J. Dixon, A.J. Mandemaker, T.A. Elmsly and E.M. Dixon Avocado Industry Council Ltd, P.O. Box 13267, Tauranga
More informationWeather Report 04 April 2018
Weather Report 04 April 2018 South Africa - Weather Alternating periods of rain and sunshine will evolve across South Africa during the coming week. Moisture totals through next Tuesday morning will range
More informationMAURITIUS CANE INDUSTRY AUTHORITY MAURITIUS SUGARCANE INDUSTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
MAURITIUS CANE INDUSTRY AUTHORITY MAURITIUS SUGARCANE INDUSTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Ref A 1/215 February 216 SUGAR CANE CROP 216 Status: End December 215 1. CLIMATE 1.1 Rainfall (Tables 1a and 1b, Figure
More informationIs that artificial turf or real grass? Its thicker than Bermuda!
Is that artificial turf or real grass? Its thicker than Bermuda! 1 Using Plant Growth Regulators Growth regulators DO NOT interfere with plant respiration, photosynthesis, or other internal plant functions
More informationSugar Beet Petiole Tests as a Measure Of Soil Fertility
Sugar Beet Petiole Tests as a Measure Of Soil Fertility ROBERT J. BROWN 1 The beet grower who owns his farm can maintain the fertility of the soil at a high point with no fear that money spent on surplus
More informationShoot Apex Development at Various Stages of Flowering in Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid)
2008 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 73(2): 173 177, 2008 Shoot Apex Development at Various Stages of Flowering in Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) M. Swapna* and Praveen Kumer Singh Division of Crop
More informationMAURITIUS SUGAR INDUSTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
MAURITIUS SUGAR INDUSTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Ref A 1/29 8 e 29 SUGAR CANE CROP 29 Status: 29 1. CLIMATE 1.1 Rainfall (Table 1a and 1b, Figure 1) The island s average rainfall for the month of 29 was 195
More informationResponse Of Blueberry To Day Length During Propagation
Response Of Blueberry To Day Length During Propagation Internal report for Young Plant Research Center Not for publication or reproduction in part or full without permission of the authors. Paul Fisher
More informationthose in Arizona. This period would extend through the fall equinox (September 23, 1993). Thus, pending variation due to cloudiness, total light flux
PERFORMANCE OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS SEED TREATED WITH METHANOL Fred J. Crowe, D. Dale Coats, and Marvin D. Butler, Central Oregon Agricultural Research Center Abstract Foliar-applied methanol was purported
More informationGrowth Regulator Effects on Flowering in Maize
Growth Regulator Effects on Flowering in Maize Eric Bumann July 14, 2008 My Background Research Associate at Pioneer Hi-Bred in Johnston, IA Production research 5 years in greenhouse research B.S. in Horticulture
More informationWest and East Africa The 2014 Rainfall Season
West and East Africa The 2014 Rainfall Season Highlights SAHEL The pronounced dryness that dominated the earlier stages of the season was alleviated by good rains in August. In September, rainfall was
More informationGarden Mum Crop Scheduling October 3, 2018 Mark Smith
Garden Mum Crop Scheduling October 3, 2018 Mark Smith mark.a.smith@syngenta.com 2018 Syngenta. Some or all of the varieties may be protected under one or more of the following: Plant Variety Protection,
More informationWeather Report 30 November 2017
Weather Report 30 November 2017 South Africa - Weather The frequent precipitation pattern will continue for portions of eastern and central South Africa during the coming week. Moisture totals through
More informationEl Nino: Outlook 2018
El Nino: Outlook 2018 VAM-WFP HQ December 2018 WFP VAM Food Security Analysis El Nino Outlook December 2018 2015-16 El Nino Peak Possible evolution of an El Nino indicator (Pacific sea surface temperature
More informationRussell W. Wallace. Student. California State University. Fresno. CA Floyd 0. Colbert. Research Scientist. Lilly Research Laboratories. Fresno.
YELLOW FOXTAIL LIFE CYCLE AND GERMINATION parential IN AN E..')TABLISIlliD ALFAl.fA liay ENVIRONMEN"f Russell W. Wallace. Student. California State University. Fresno. CA Floyd 0. Colbert. Research Scientist.
More informationNovember 2018 Weather Summary West Central Research and Outreach Center Morris, MN
November 2018 Weather Summary Lower than normal temperatures occurred for the second month. The mean temperature for November was 22.7 F, which is 7.2 F below the average of 29.9 F (1886-2017). This November
More informationEffect of gibberellic acid treatments on flowering of avocado
South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook 2000. 23:43-45 Effect of gibberellic acid treatments on flowering of avocado T Rossouw 1,2, PJ Robbertse 2, S Kremer-Köhne 1 and JS Köhne 1 1 Merensky
More informationMAURITIUS CANE INDUSTRY AUTHORITY MAURITIUS SUGARCANE INDUSTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
MAURITIUS CANE INDUSTRY AUTHORITY MAURITIUS SUGARCANE INDUSTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Ref A 1/2017 20 November 2017 SUGAR CANE CROP 2017 Status: End October 2017 1. CLIMATE 1.1 Rainfall (Table 1) Rainfall
More informationSudan Seasonal Monitor
Sudan Seasonal Monitor Sudan Meteorological Authority Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Issue 5 August 2010 Summary Advanced position of ITCZ during July to most north of Sudan emerged wide
More informationWest and East Africa The 2014 Rainfall Season
West and East Africa The 2014 Rainfall Season HIGHLIGHTS SAHEL The pronounced dryness that dominated the earlier stages of the season until July was alleviated by good August rainfall. In September, rainfall
More informationCalifornia 120 Day Precipitation Outlook Issued Tom Dunklee Global Climate Center
California 120 Day Precipitation Outlook Issued 11-01-2008 Tom Dunklee Global Climate Center This is my second updated outlook for precipitation patterns and amounts for the next 4 s of the current rainy
More informationEthephon : A Versatile Growth Sugar Cane Industry
Vol. 5 (4) : 213-223 (2003) REVIEW ARTICLE Ethephon : A Versatile Growth Sugar Cane Industry Regulator for Yangrui Li I and S. Solomon 2 JGuangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, P.R. China 21ndian
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE. Botany. Department of. and. Plant Sciences.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE Department of Botany and Plant Sciences www.ucr.edu $Plant Growth Regulator $ Strategies and Avocado Phenology and Physiology $ $ Carol Lovatt Professor of Plant Physiology
More informationG.T.A. Benda USDA-ARS-U.S. Sugarcane Field Laboratory, Houma, LA USA
Patholoev GROWTH INHIBITION IN SUGARCANE UPRIGHTS INFECTED WITH RATOON STUNTING DISEASE G.T.A. Benda USDA-ARS-U.S. Sugarcane Field Laboratory, Houma, LA 70361 USA I I ABSTRACT The effects on growth of
More informationVEGETABLE CULTIVAR AND CULTURAL TRIALS 2009
VEGETABLE CULTIVAR AND CULTURAL TRIALS 2009 PREPARED BY: D. WATERER D. ROY P. SZAROZ FUNDED BY: AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT FUND Department of Plant Sciences University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive Saskatoon,
More informationMISSISSIPPI SOYBEAN PROMOTION BOARD PROJECT NO FINAL REPORT
MISSISSIPPI SOYBEAN PROMOTION BOARD PROJECT NO. 45-2014 FINAL REPORT TITLE: EVALUATION OF SPRAY NOZZLE SELECTION ON DICAMBA DRIFT EFFECTS WHEN APPLIED UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS PI: Dan Reynolds EXECUTIVE
More informationPopulation Dynamics of Sugarcane Plassey Borer Chilo tumidicostalis Hmpson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 03 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.167
More informationPlant Growth and Development
1. Define plasticity. Give an example? A: Plant Growth and Development The ability of the plants to follow different pathways in response to the environment or phases of life to form different kinds of
More informationAvoiding Stink Bug Damage and Flat Pod Syndrome in Soybean with a MGVI Cultivar and Planting Date Beaumont, TX 2005
Avoiding Stink Bug Damage and Flat Pod Syndrome in Soybean with a MGVI Cultivar and Planting Date Beaumont, TX 2005 Agronomic and Cultural Information Land Preparation: Disked test area (Morey silt loam)
More informationDeveloping Off-season Production Technique for Rambutan
Developing Off-season Production Technique for Rambutan By Roedhy Poerwanto Center for Tropical Fruits Studies Bogor Agricultural University Indonesia 8/21/2009 1 Introduction As a tropical country, Indonesia
More informationEl Nino 2015 in South Sudan: Impacts and Perspectives. Raul Cumba
El Nino 2015 in South Sudan: Impacts and Perspectives Raul Cumba El Nino 2015-2016 The El Nino Event of 2015-2016 The 2015/16 El Nino Event Officially declared in March 2015 Now approaching peak intensity
More informationMonthly Overview. Rainfall
Monthly Overview Rainfall during August occurred mainly over the Western and Eastern Cape provinces, and KwaZulu- Natal. Rain in these provinces were regularly accompanied by cold fronts as they made landfall
More informationDr. S.S. Pandey Director
Sugarcane Research Institute, Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125 Dr. S.S. Pandey Director No. ------- / SRI, Pusa Date ------------------ To Dr. O. K. Sinha Project Co-ordinator
More informationANNUAL REPORT SUGARCANE ENTOMOLOGY
ALL INDIA CO-ORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT ON SUGARCANE Pyrilla perpusillla ANNUAL REPORT SUGARCANE ENTOMOLOGY 2012-13 SUGARCANE SECTION DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS PAU, LUDHIANA ANNUAL REPORT
More informationCONTROLLING CHRYSANTHEMUM FLOWERING BY ALTERING DAYLENGTH
CONTROLLING CHRYSANTHEMUM FLOWERING BY ALTERING DAYLENGTH H. KAMEMOTO AND H. Y. NAKASONE Although chrysanthemums are popular in Hawaii, their production has never reached major proportions. This is primarily
More informationEl Nino: Outlook VAM-WFP HQ September 2018
El Nino: Outlook 2018 VAM-WFP HQ September 2018 El Nino Outlook September 2018 2015-16 El Nino Peak Possible evolution of an El Nino indicator (Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly) generated by a diverse
More informationSeasonal Climate Watch January to May 2016
Seasonal Climate Watch January to May 2016 Date: Dec 17, 2015 1. Advisory Most models are showing the continuation of a strong El-Niño episode towards the latesummer season with the expectation to start
More informationFoliar Application of 2,4-D Reduces Damage to Potato Tubers by Common Scab
Foliar Application of 2,4-D Reduces Damage to Potato Tubers by Common Scab Common scab (Streptomyces scabies) is a persistent soil-borne disease that causes rough corky lesions on the surface of potato
More informationThe Climate of Payne County
The Climate of Payne County Payne County is part of the Central Great Plains in the west, encompassing some of the best agricultural land in Oklahoma. Payne County is also part of the Crosstimbers in the
More information2008 Growing Season. Niagara Region
28 Growing Season Niagara Region Weather INnovations Staff November 14, 28 Overview The start of the 28 growing season looked promising. After an extremely dry 27 growing season, soil moisture levels had
More informationPlant Water Stress Frequency and Periodicity in Western North Dakota
Plant Water Stress Frequency and Periodicity in Western North Dakota Llewellyn L. Manske PhD, Sheri Schneider, John A. Urban, and Jeffery J. Kubik Report DREC 10-1077 Range Research Program Staff North
More informationThe Climate of Bryan County
The Climate of Bryan County Bryan County is part of the Crosstimbers throughout most of the county. The extreme eastern portions of Bryan County are part of the Cypress Swamp and Forest. Average annual
More informationSeptember 2018 Weather Summary West Central Research and Outreach Center Morris, MN
September 2018 Weather Summary The mean temperature for September was 60.6 F, which is 1.5 F above the average of 59.1 F (1886-2017). The high temperature for the month was 94 F on September 16 th. The
More informationAPPLICATIONS OF CAPILLARY VISCOMETRY IN CANE SUGAR FACTORIES
APPLICATIONS OF CAPILLARY VISCOMETRY IN CANE SUGAR FACTORIES LIONNET G R E and PILLAY M Tongaat-Hulett Sugar Ltd, Private Bag 3, Glenashley, 40, South Africa raoul.lionnet@huletts.co.za melanie.pillay@huletts.co.za
More informationThe Climate of Seminole County
The Climate of Seminole County Seminole County is part of the Crosstimbers. This region is a transition region from the Central Great Plains to the more irregular terrain of southeastern Oklahoma. Average
More informationThe Climate of Texas County
The Climate of Texas County Texas County is part of the Western High Plains in the north and west and the Southwestern Tablelands in the east. The Western High Plains are characterized by abundant cropland
More informationThe Climate of Marshall County
The Climate of Marshall County Marshall County is part of the Crosstimbers. This region is a transition region from the Central Great Plains to the more irregular terrain of southeastern Oklahoma. Average
More informationUNITED STATES AND SOUTH AMERICA OUTLOOK (FULL REPORT) Wednesday, April 18, 2018
T-storm Weather Summary Coolness continues over the next week in much of the central U.S., most likely producing the coldest April since 1907 in the Corn Belt, but followed by seasonable to mild weather
More informationSoybean Agronomy and Host Plant Resistance Beaumont, TX 2009
Beaumont, TX 2009 North I II III IV V 1 HBK C5941 2 S49 W6 RR 3 8325 4 HBK C5025 5 HBK RR5425 6 HBK C5941 7 S49 W6 RR 8 8325 9 HBK C5025 10 HBK RR5425 11 Vernal 12 HBK RR5425 13 8360 14 8325 15 HBK C5941
More informationCOTTON DEFOLIATION IN GEORGIA UGA Cotton Agronomists: Jared Whitaker & Guy Collins
COTTON DEFOLIATION IN GEORGIA UGA Cotton Agronomists: Jared Whitaker & Guy Collins Cotton harvest-aids are used primarily to facilitate machine harvest. Timely defoliation and harvest of cotton also reduces
More informationEffect of 1-MCP on Water Relations Parameters of Well-Watered and Water-Stressed Cotton Plants
Effect of 1-MCP on Water Relations Parameters of Well-Watered and Water-Stressed Cotton Plants Eduardo M. Kawakami, Derrick M. Oosterhuis, and John L. Snider 1 RESEARCH PROBLEM The cotton crop in the U.S.
More informationClimate Change Impact on Air Temperature, Daily Temperature Range, Growing Degree Days, and Spring and Fall Frost Dates In Nebraska
EXTENSION Know how. Know now. Climate Change Impact on Air Temperature, Daily Temperature Range, Growing Degree Days, and Spring and Fall Frost Dates In Nebraska EC715 Kari E. Skaggs, Research Associate
More informationThe Climate of Haskell County
The Climate of Haskell County Haskell County is part of the Hardwood Forest. The Hardwood Forest is characterized by its irregular landscape and the largest lake in Oklahoma, Lake Eufaula. Average annual
More informationWeather Report 29 November 2017
Weather Report 29 November 2017 South Africa - Weather The erratic rain pattern will continue for portions of eastern and central India during the coming week. Moisture totals through next Tuesday morning
More informationIntraseasonal Characteristics of Rainfall for Eastern Africa Community (EAC) Hotspots: Onset and Cessation dates. In support of;
Intraseasonal Characteristics of Rainfall for Eastern Africa Community (EAC) Hotspots: Onset and Cessation dates In support of; Planning for Resilience in East Africa through Policy, Adaptation, Research
More informationThe Climate of Murray County
The Climate of Murray County Murray County is part of the Crosstimbers. This region is a transition between prairies and the mountains of southeastern Oklahoma. Average annual precipitation ranges from
More informationSUDAN METEOROLOGCIAL AUTHORITY
SUDAN METEOROLOGCIAL AUTHORITY FAO SIFSIA-N Sudan Seasonal Monitor 1 Sudan Seasonal Monitor Sudan Meteorological Authority Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Issue 2 July 2011 Summary The movement
More informationCLIMATOLOGICAL REPORT 2002
Range Cattle Research and Education Center Research Report RC-2003-1 February 2003 CLIMATOLOGICAL REPORT 2002 Range Cattle Research and Education Center R. S. Kalmbacher Professor, IFAS, Range Cattle Research
More informationNebraska experienced a wide
Issue 1 August 2016 CLIMATE UPDATE A MONTHLY SUMMARY FROM THE neclimate.unl.edu August saw reprieve from dryness, cooler temps Overview Nebraska experienced a wide range of conditions across the state
More informationSeptember 2016 No. ICPAC/02/293 Bulletin Issue October 2016 Issue Number: ICPAC/02/294 IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre Monthly Bulleti
Bulletin Issue October 2016 Issue Number: ICPAC/02/294 IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre Monthly Bulletin, For referencing within this bulletin, the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) is generally
More informationE XTREME D ROUGHT An oppressive, long-term
E XTREME D ROUGHT 2006-2008 An oppressive, long-term drought lasting from late March of 2006 until late August of 2008 impacted the entire state of Florida, with costly consequences in residential water
More informationHow to Maximize Preemergence Herbicide Performance for Summer Annual Weeds
How to Maximize Preemergence Herbicide Performance for Summer Annual Weeds Tim R. Murphy College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences The University of Georgia Preemergence herbicides form the base
More informationRainfall is the major source of water for
RESEARCH PAPER: Assessment of occurrence and frequency of drought using rainfall data in Coimbatore, India M. MANIKANDAN AND D.TAMILMANI Asian Journal of Environmental Science December, 2011 Vol. 6 Issue
More informationSudan Seasonal Monitor 1
Sudan Seasonal Monitor 1 Sudan Seasonal Monitor Sudan Meteorological Authority Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Issue 1 June 2011 Early and advanced movement of IFT northward, implied significant
More informationEast Africa: The 2016 Season
HIGHLIGHTS The first growing season of 2016 (March-May, Long Rains in Kenya, Belg in Ethiopia) brought good rainfall across Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somaliland. This was a welcome reprieve for many regions
More informationWeather Report 31 January 2018
Weather Report 31 January 2018 South Africa - Weather The erratic rain pattern will continue on a frequent basis for the eastern half of South Africa during the coming week. Moisture totals through next
More informationInternodes Farm Field Area (ha) Variety Class Age (mo) Sampled Bored % Bored
4 CROP PROTECTION 4.1 ENTOMOLOGY Sugar Cane Stalk Borer (Diatraea saccharalis) The sugar cane stalk borer remained the cane pest of most interest in 2006. Work continued in monitoring its level of activity,
More informationCrop / Weather Update
Crop / Weather Update Corn Crop Condition Percent of Acreage Rated Good or Excellent 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 Corn condition this week is the same as the last two weeks in the good/excellent category,
More informationThe Climate of Pontotoc County
The Climate of Pontotoc County Pontotoc County is part of the Crosstimbers. This region is a transition region from the Central Great Plains to the more irregular terrain of southeast Oklahoma. Average
More informationWest Africa: The 2015 Season
HIGHLIGHTS The West Africa 2015 growing season developed under an evolving El Nino event that will peak in late 2015. This region tends to have seasonal rainfall deficits in the more marginal areas during
More informationCommunicating Climate Change Consequences for Land Use
Communicating Climate Change Consequences for Land Use Site: Prabost, Skye. Event: Kyle of Lochalsh, 28 th February 28 Further information: http://www.macaulay.ac.uk/ladss/comm_cc_consequences.html Who
More informationComponents and science behind plant performance. Eric Tedford Technical Brand Manager Fungicides Syngenta Crop Protection
Components and science behind plant performance Eric Tedford Technical Brand Manager Fungicides Syngenta Crop Protection Sometimes it was just disease control Bravo Untreated Quadris 15 oz alt Bravo 2pt
More informationEffects of high plant populations on the growth and yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus)
Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge (1999), 132, 173 180. 1999 Cambridge University Press Printed in the United Kingdom 173 Effects of high plant populations on the growth and yield of winter oilseed
More informationEVALUATION OF AVOCADO COLD HARDINESS
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 88:496-499. 1975. EVALUATION OF AVOCADO COLD HARDINESS R. S. Scorza and W. J. Wiltbank IFAS Fruit Crops Department, Gainesville Abstract Cold hardiness of 'Gainesville' cuttings,
More informationYELLOW NUTSEDGE CONTROL IN LIBERTY AND ROUNDUP RESISTANT SUGAR BEETS
YELLOW NUTSEDGE CONTROL IN LIBERTY AND ROUNDUP RESISTANT SUGAR BEETS Corey V. Ransom, Joey K. Ishida, and Corey J. Guza Malheur Experiment Station Oregon State University Ontario, OR, 1999 Introduction
More informationSouthern Africa Growing Season : Recovery Hampered by Floods and Drought?
Southern Africa Growing Season 2016-2017: Recovery Hampered by Floods and Drought? HIGHLIGHTS Good performance of the current growing season (October 2016 - April 2017) is badly needed for Southern Africa
More informationMonthly overview. Rainfall
Monthly overview 1-10 August 2018 The month started off with light showers over the Western Cape. A large cold front made landfall around the 5th of the month. This front was responsible for good rainfall
More informationEl Nino 2015: The Story So Far and What To Expect Next
El Nino 2015: The Story So Far and What To Expect Next The El Nino Event of 2015-2016 The 2015/16 El Nino Event Officially declared in March 2015 Now approaching peak intensity Expected to last through
More informationEl Nino 2015: The Story So Far and What To Expect Next
El Nino 2015: The Story So Far and What To Expect Next The El Nino Event of 2015-2016 The 2015/16 El Nino Event Officially declared in March 2015 Now approaching peak intensity Expected to last through
More informationSELECTING NEW Brachiaria FOR BRAZILIAN PASTURES. 2 CNPq fellow. Abstract
ID # 13 14 SELECTING NEW Brachiaria FOR BRAZILIAN PASTURES C.B. do Valle 1,2, V.P.B. Euclides 1,2, M.C.M. Macedo 1,2, J R. Valério 1,2 and S. Calixto 1 1 Embrapa Gado de Corte, Caixa Postal 154, 79002-970
More informationMonthly overview. Rainfall
Monthly overview 1 to 10 April 2018 Widespread rainfall continued to fall over most parts of the summer rainfall region during this period. Unseasonably good rain fell over the eastern half of the Northern
More informationChanging Hydrology under a Changing Climate for a Coastal Plain Watershed
Changing Hydrology under a Changing Climate for a Coastal Plain Watershed David Bosch USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA Jeff Arnold ARS Temple, TX and Peter Allen Baylor University, TX SEWRU Objectives 1. Project changes
More informationInt. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2018). 5(6): 67-78
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences ISSN: 2348-8069 www.ijarbs.com DOI: 10.22192/ijarbs Coden: IJARQG(USA) Volume 5, Issue 6-2018 Research Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2018.05.06.006
More informationThe Climate of Grady County
The Climate of Grady County Grady County is part of the Central Great Plains, encompassing some of the best agricultural land in Oklahoma. Average annual precipitation ranges from about 33 inches in northern
More informationChampaign-Urbana 1998 Annual Weather Summary
Champaign-Urbana 1998 Annual Weather Summary ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY Audrey Bryan, Weather Observer 2204 Griffith Dr. Champaign, IL 61820 wxobsrvr@sparc.sws.uiuc.edu The development of the El Nìno
More informationTuberous root development and flower induction of. Manipulating DAHLIAS. By Garry Legnani and William B. Miller. crop cultivation
Manipulating DAHLIAS Photoperiod scheduling can inhibit tuberous root growth in Sunny Rose plugs and promote optimal flowering and height of Sunny Yellow pot plants. By Garry Legnani and William B. Miller
More informationEXECUTIVE BRIEF: El Niño and Food Security in Southern Africa October 2009
El Niño is a phenomenon which occurs in the Pacific Ocean, but affects climate globally. This document summarizes the known historic impacts of El Niño in southern Africa. The impact of El Niño in the
More information3. Potato / HARS / CPB Systemic Trial
Potato / HARS / CPB Systemic Trial 1 3. Potato / HARS / CPB Systemic Trial Soil-applied crop protectants in potato production for full-season pest management and yield enhancement Hancock Agricultural
More informationMonthly Overview. Rainfall
Monthly Overview Weather news during February 2017 was dominated by the arrival of Tropical Cyclone Dineo, the first cyclone to make landfall over southern Africa since cyclone Eline in February 2000.
More informationTHE IRON-CHLOROPHYLL RELATEONSHIP IN YOUNG HASS AVOCADO LEAVES
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 83:372-375. 1970. THE IRON-CHLOROPHYLL RELATEONSHIP IN YOUNG HASS AVOCADO LEAVES E. F. Wallihan and R. G. Sharpless University of California, Riverside ABSTRACT Young summer
More informationYELLOW NUTSEDGE CONTROL IN CORN AND DRY BEAN CROPS
YELLOW NUTSEDGE CONTROL IN CORN AND DRY BEAN CROPS Corey V. Ransom, Charles A. Rice, and Joey K. Ishida Malheur Experiment Station Oregon State University Ontario, OR, 2004 Introduction Yellow nutsedge
More informationPHOTOPERIOD CONTROL OF CONTAINER SEEDLINGS. James T. Arnott
PHOTOPERIOD CONTROL OF CONTAINER SEEDLINGS James T. Arnott ABSTRACT: Research at the Pacific Forest Research Centre, Victoria. on the use of photoperiod lighting to grow seedlings of white spruce, Engelmann
More informationIntroduction. Populus trichocarpa TORR. and GRAY. By M. G. R. CANNELL and S. C. WILLETT
Shoot Growth Phenology, Dry Matter Distribution and Root: Shoot Ratios of Provenances of Populus trichocarpa, Picea sitchensis and Pinus contorta growing in Scotland By M. G. R. CANNELL and S. C. WILLETT
More informationLife Cycle of Convective Systems over Western Colombia
Life Cycle of Convective Systems over Western Colombia Meiry Sakamoto Uiversidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Colombia Life Cycle of Convective Systems over Western Colombia Convective System (CS)
More informationThe Climate of Kiowa County
The Climate of Kiowa County Kiowa County is part of the Central Great Plains, encompassing some of the best agricultural land in Oklahoma. Average annual precipitation ranges from about 24 inches in northwestern
More informationImproving the Efficiency of Mechanical Olive Harvest. Evaluation of fruit loosening agents. Pub. No. 08/052. RIRDCInnovation for rural Australia
Improving the Efficiency of Mechanical Olive Harvest Evaluation of fruit loosening agents Pub. No. 08/052 RIRDCInnovation for rural Australia Improving the Efficiency of Mechanical Olive Harvesting: Evaluation
More information