Division: Rhodophyta. Division: Rhodophyta species Class: Florideophycidae-6199 species
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1 Division: Rhodophyta Division: Rhodophyta species Class: Florideophycidae-6199 species - advanced reds - always multicellular: filaments or psuedoparenchymat ous -marine, freshwater -almost always multinucleate -many discoid chloroplasts -primary and secondary pit plugs - triphasic life history Part II 1 2 1N gametophytes 2N carposporophyte on Triphasic Life Histories :Terminology mitosis 1N Multiple produced through mitosis in gominoblast filaments Connecting filament or Ooblast filament = tube that carries the zygote nucleus from fertilized egg to internal auxiliary cell where it is cloned and differentiates into carpospores (in some Orders!) Carpogonium on a carpogonial branch 1N 2N Auxiliary cell = vegetative cell (N) that receives the 2N zygote nucleus after fertilization (in some Orders!) Gonimoblast = 2N filaments bearing carposporangia in the carposporophyte (ALL Florideophyceans have this) 1N growth meiosis 1N tetraspores 2N 2N tetrasporophyte 3 4 1
2 Post- fertilization Events Distinguishing between Orders of Florideophycidae Division: Rhodophyta species Auxiliary cell absent Gominoblast initiated from carpogonium cp oo Auxiliary cell present Ooblast filament transfers zygote nucleus to auxiliary cell Auxiliary cell present Auxiliary branch & carpogonial branch arise from same supporting cell Gominoblast initiated from a fused carpogonium & auxiliary cell Order: 29 orders but we will focus on 5 1. Nemaliales -255 species 2. Rhodomeniales-357 species 3. Ceramiales species 4. Gigartinales- 806 species 5. Corallinales- 649 species Gominoblast initiated from auxiliary cell Order: Nemaliales Auxiliary cell absent Gominoblasts initiated from carpogonium Pit plugs characterized by 2 cap layers 3.Class: Florideophycidae 1.Order Nemaliales Genus: Cumagloia Carpogonium Tricogyne Spermatium on gonimoblast filaments - cylindrical with branchlets - multiaxial - saxicolous - intertidal Carpogonial branch 2N carposporophyte on 7 8 2
3 2.Order: Rhodymeniales Auxiliary cell formed before fertilization Auxiliary branch & carpogonial branch arise from same supporting cell Gominoblast initiated from a fused carpogonium & auxiliary cell 3.Class: Florideophycidae 2. OrderRhodomeniales Genus: Rhodomenia Spermatium Carpogonium Carpogonial branch on gonimoblast filaments S A S Supporting Cell Auxiliary Cell -Subtidal, saxicolous - Associated with juvenile fish - Dichotomous branching 2N carposporophyte on 9 - Multiaxial 10 3.Class: Florideophycidae 2. OrderRhodomeniales Genus: Botryocladia 3.Order: Ceramiales Auxiliary cell develops from supporting cell of carpogonial branch after fertilization Ooblast filament forms between carpogonium & auxiliary cell Gominoblast initiated from axiliary cell -Subtidal, saxicolous - Mucus-filled sacs - Multiaxial - sea grapes Carpogonium Carpogonial Branch Tricogyne Spermatium After fertilization S S A S A 11 Supporting cell Ooblast filament trasfers zygote nucleus 2N carposporophyte on on gonimoblast filaments 12 3
4 3.Class: Florideophycidae 3. Order Ceramiales Genus Polysiphonia 3.Class: Florideophycidae 3. Order Ceramiales Genus Ceramium - Prominent trichoblasts which leave scars after they fall off. - Number of pericentral cells helps to identify to species - Polysiphonous 13 - saxicolous or ephiphytic -fully or partially corticated - uniaxial 14 3.Class: Florideophycidae 3. Order Ceramiales Genus Microcladia - saxicolous or epiphytic - fully corticated - distichous - uniaxial 4.Order: Gigartinales (former Cryptonemiales) Auxiliary cell present BEFORE fertilization but on a distant branch Ooblast filament transfers zygote nucleus to auxiliary cell Gominoblast initiated from auxiliary cell Spermatium Ooblast filament trasfers zygote nucleus alternate Supporting Cell A Auxiliary Cell A 2N carposporophyte on on gonimoblast filaments pectinate
5 4. Order Gigartinales- 806 species Genera Mazzaella 4. Order Gigartinales- 806 species Genera Mazzaella Common local species: M. flaccida yellow/green; mid to upper intertidal M. splendens red/purple; low intertidal Iridescence Proteinaceous cuticle Multiple layers Alternating opaque and translucent layers Layering produces light interference patterns that give iridescent appearance when submerged Adaptive advantage unknown - multiaxial - filamentous medulla Gametophyte Carposporophyte Tetrasporophyte 4. Order Gigartinales- 806 species Genus Mastocarpus species complex 1N gametophytes 2N carposporophytes on female gametophyte 4. Order Gigartinales- 806 species Genus Prionitis - multiaxial - filamentous medulla - smells like chlorine (antiherbivory) - often has epiphytes 2N tetrasporophyte
6 4. Order Gigartinales- 806 species Genus Endocladia - uniaxial - thallus covered with bumps (antiherbivory) - very high intertidal - saxicolous - can facilitate recruitment of other algae (Fucoids) Division: Rhodophyta species 5. Order Corallinales- 649 species Cell walls impregnated with CaCO3 Isomorphic alternation of generation Reproductive structures in conceptacles Ecological importance: stabilize reefs, induce invert settlement How do coralline algae become calcified? What is known: Sequestering of Calcium ions from the water column, synthesis of calcium carbonate (CaC0 3) in cell wall Synthesis of calcium carbonate(precipitation) requires a high ph High rates of photosynthesis correlated with high rates of calcification Coralline Algae and Global Warming Carbon reaction in seawater: CO2 + H20 H2C03 HCO3 + H+ CO3 + H+ Carbonic acid more acidic Bicarbonate Increasing CO2 pushes RXN in this direction 2 Carbonate more basic Calcification 2-3x faster in light than dark Global warming likely to lead to a lower in ph (raise in acidity of the world s oceans Highest in young tissue Photosynthesis may raise the ph immediately outside a cell 23 Acidic environment is bad for calcification process big (complicated) trouble for calcified critters and algae!! Lots of current research on this 24 6
7 Order: Corallinales (used to part of Cryptonemiales) Supporting cell acts as an auxiliary cell Carpogonial branches located in conceptacles Gominoblast initiated from a fusion of cells in carpogonial branch Supporting Cell Spermatium on gonimoblast filaments Geniculate corallines upright articulated Non-geniculate corallines Crustose or Unattached Encrusting Branching Geniculum (flexible joint) Intergeniculum (hard part between genicula) Carpogonial Branch Tricogyne Carpogonium 2N carposporophyte on Order Corallinales- 649 species Genera Corallina 5. Order Corallinales- 649 species Genus Bossiella - Common intertidally - Conceptacles on tips -Finely branched, more so than Bossiella or Calliarthron - Intergenicula are thin and tubular and smaller than those on Bossiella or Calliarthron - Common intertidaly - Intergenicula typically heartshaped - Conceptacles in pairs on the face of a segment, not margins - Intergenicula are larger than Corallina
8 5. Order Corallinales- 649 species Genus Caliarthron -Common intertidally -Intergenicula typically wingnut-shaped 5. Order Corallinales- 649 species Genus Lithothamnion rhodolith unattached free-living non- geniculate form biogenic habitat for lots of inverts! - Conceptacles mainly on margins of segments - Calcareous sections are larger than Corallina World Rhodolith Distribution Distributional Limits Depth -light limited in deep, dessicated in shallows Water motion-need intermediate amount of hydraulic energy Sedimentation -smothered by fine sediments low DISTURBANCE high Rhodolith Beds New Report Foster 2001 buried by siltation intact rhodolith bed reduced size, cover sand 8
9 Biogenic Ecosystems Foundation Species Rhodolith beds, reefs that rock and roll Kelp Forests Coral Reefs Seagrass Meadows Rhodolith Beds What are other important features of rhodolith beds? Form complex habitat for a variety of orgamisms Rhodolith Bed Community Cryptofauna/Infauna Epifauna/Epiflora Cover extensive ares of the seafloor, globally distributed hard bottom species soft bottom species 9
10 Longitud (mm) Seasonal Macroalgal Species Scinaia confusa Halymenia hollenbergii Sporochnus bolleanus Kallymenia pertursa Growth Rate L. muellerii 0.6 mm/yr L. margaritae 5.6 mm/yr S. trichotomum 7-8 mm/yr Internal Banding 30 Catalina rhodoliths 1.6 mm/yr New growth Lcal= (X) r2= 0.86 P= Número de bandas 10
11 Coralline algae as global palaeothermometers Banding reflects sea surface temperature signal using SrCO 3 and MgCO 3 Baja California They are found in Pleistocene and Pleiocene fossil deposits Lithothamnion glaciale Kamenos et al Post-fertilization in a nutshell auxiliary cell? Before Yes After Ceramiales Ooblast? (has ooblast) Yes. Gigartinales Auxiliary cell is anywhere in thallus No. Rhodymeniales Fusion with carpegonium No Nemaliales Gonimoblasts from carpegonium Corallinales Fusion of carpegonium with carpegonial branch * Supporting cell acts as auxiliary cell 43 11
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