Curriculum for Plant Biology 18 Kingdom Protoctista. Prerequisite Skills. Framework Standard(s) Biology. Skills

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1 Plant Biology 18 Kingdom Protoctista I. Introduction A. Oceanic Beginnings of Life B. Transition to Land and Origin of Lignin 1. coleochaete a. freshwater alga b. ancestor of today s land plants II. Features of the Kingdom Protoctista A. Eukaryotic cells 1. unicellular 2. colonial 3. filamentous 4. multicellular B. Nutritional mode 1. photosynthetic 2. ingestive 3. combination of both C. Life Cycles Vary 1. reproduction by cell division (asexual) 2. sexual processes III. Subkingdom Phycobionts Algae A. Division Chlorophyta -the green algae Biology 2.3 Distinguish between plant and animal cells. 2.4 Describe how cells function in a narrow range of physical conditions, such as temperature and ph, to perform life functions that help to maintain homeostasis. 2.7 Provide evidence that the organic compounds produced by plants are the primary source of energy and nutrients for most living things. 5.2 Illustrate how genetic variation is preserved or eliminated from a population through Darwinian natural selection (evolution) resulting in biodiversity. 5.3 Describe how the taxonomic system classifies living things into domains (eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes) and kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi, etc.) Students should be able to: 1. Know features that the members of Kingdom Protoctista share with one another, and note the basic ways in which they differ. 2. Understand how a diatom differs in structure and form from other members of the Division Chrysophyta. 3. Diagram the life cycles of Chlamydomonas, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, and Oedogonium ; indicate where meiosis and fertilization occur in each. 4. Learn at least two features that distinguish the Chrysophyta, Pyrrophyta, Euglenophyta, Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta from one another. 5. Know what holdfasts, stipes, blades, bladders, and thalli are. 6.Learn the function of each of the three thallus forms of a red alga such as Polysiphonia and know at Prerequisite Page 1 of 25

2 1. comprise the largest of the algal divisions with about 7,500 species 2. present in a wide variety of forms and habitats a. the most common member in lichen partnerships b. important part of the plankton 3. possess chlorophylls a and b 4. believed to have been ancestral to the green plants 5. carbohydrate food reserve is starch 6. the bryopsids have multinucleated cells 7. examples a. Chlamydomonas 1. general characteristics a. unicellular um long b. with a pair of whip-like flagella 6.4 Analyze changes in an ecosystem resulting from natural causes, changes in climate, human activity, or introduction of non-native species. 6.5 Explain how symbiotic behavior produces interactions within ecosystems. least twenty economically important uses of algae, in addition to the numerous uses of algin that are given. 7. Understand why the slime molds, chytrids, and water molds are not true fungi, and what they have in common with other members of Kingdom Protoctista Prerequisite Page 2 of 25

3 c. single, cupshaped chloroplast 1. chloroplast contains one or two pyrenoids 2. asexual reproduction a. flagella degenerate and fall off b. nucleus divides by mitosis c. sometimes as many as 32 cells may be produced within parent cell 3. sexual reproduction (isogamy) a. under certain conditions, pairs of cells are attracted to each other and function as gametes b. protoplasts fuse to form zygote Prerequisite Page 3 of 25

4 c. diploid protoplast undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid zoospores b. Ulothrix 1. general characteristics a. each alga consists of a single row of cells forming a filament b. basal cell functions as a holdfast c. nucleus is surrounded by the chloroplast, which contain one or more pyrenoids 2. asexual reproduction a. protoplast of any cell but holdfast can clump, undergo mitosis, and Prerequisite Page 4 of 25

5 give rise to zoospore b. protoplasts that do not produce flagella are aplanospores 3. sexual reproduction (isogamy) a. as in asexual reproduction, zoospores are produced, but they act as gametes b. zygotes formed which produce thick walls and become dormant c. Spirogyra 1. general characteristics a. form unbranched filaments of cylindrical cells b. chloroplasts are long and ribbon shaped Prerequisite Page 5 of 25

6 2. asexual reproduction a. do not form zoospores b. any cell capable of division c. new filaments form by fragmentation 3. sexual reproduction (conjugation) a. adjacent filaments form papillae which fuse to form conjugation tubes b. condensed protoplasts function as gametes c. zygotes develop thick walls and remain dormant, often over the winter d. protoplasts undergo meiosis, producing four Prerequisite Page 6 of 25

7 haploid cells d. Oedogonium 1. general characteristics a. an epiphyte b. terminal cell of each filament is rounded c. chloroplast large and netlike 2. asexual reproduction a. akinetes occasionally formed b. usually zoospores produced singly at tips of filaments c. each zoospore has about 120 small flagella forming a fringe 3. sexual reproduction (oogamy) a. short antheridia are formed in Prerequisite Page 7 of 25

8 the filaments b. pair of sperms produced in each antheridium c. oogonia, swollen roundish cells, each contain a single egg d. as egg matures, a pore develops on the side of the oogonium e. a sperm enters the pore and unites with the egg to form a zygote f. zygotes may become dormant, but each will produce four zoospores by meiosis e. other green algae 1. Chlorella a. used in investigations of Prerequisite Page 8 of 25

9 photosynthesis and respiration 2. desmids 3. Hydrodictyon a. water nets 4. Acetabularia a. mermaids s wine glass 1. used in experiments demonstrating influence of nucleus on cell form 5. Volvox a. colonial 6. Ulva a. sea lettuce 1. exhibits haploid and diploid blades B. Division Chromophyta Yellow-Green, Golden-Brown, and Brown Alga 1. Divided into four classes a. Xanthophyceae - yellow-green algae b. Chrysophyceae golden-brown alga Prerequisite Page 9 of 25

10 c. Bacillariophyceae diatoms d. Phaeophyceae brown algae 2. Some members of each class produce a resting statospore 3. Yellow-green algae (Xanthophyceae) 4. Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) a. best known and economically most important chrysophytes b. more than 5,600 living species known c. cell walls contain silica deposited in an organic framework d. chloroplasts 1. contain chlorophylls a, c1, and c2 2. fucoxanthin (brownish pigment) e. food reserve is chrysolaminarin Prerequisite Page 10 of 25

11 1. a carbohydrate f. reproduction is unique 1. after diploid protoplast undergoes mitosis and division, a new half wall fitting inside the old half is formed 2. eventually the protoplast undergoes meiosis, producing four gametes 3. gametes fuse to form auxospores which grow rapidly before the cell walls are formed 5. brown algae - (Phaeophyceae) a. includes 1,500 to 2,000 species b. most species are relatively large c. none are unicellular or colonial Prerequisite Page 11 of 25

12 d. almost all genera are marine e. body differentiated into holdfast, stipe, and blades f. chloroplasts 1. chlorophylls a & c 2. fucoxanthin (brownish pitment)- g. carbohydrate food reserve is laminarin h. cell walls contain algin 1. alginic acid i. Sargassum plentiful in tropical waters near Bermuda 1. Sargasso Sea named because this alga thrives in these warm waters j. Fucus 1. common rock weed 2. has separate male and female thalli 3. puffy fertile areas (receptacles) Prerequisite Page 12 of 25

13 develop at the tips of the thalli 4. receptacles have pores leading to hollow chambers called conceptacles 5. gametangia formed in conceptacles a. eight eggs produced in each oogonium b. 64 sperm produced in each antheridium C. Division Rhodophyta Red Algae 1. more than 5,000 species 2. to occur in warmer and deeper waters than the brown algae 3. most are filamentous 4. life cycles complex a. meiosis occurs in a thallus called a tetrasporophyte 5. reproduction in Prerequisite Page 13 of 25

14 Polysiphonia a. three types of thalli all resemble each other b. spermatangia attached to male gametophyte thallus 1. functions as a non-motile male gamete or spermatium c. carpogonia produced on female gametophyte thallus 1. each carpogonium consists of a single cell a. bottle-shaped cell with long neck called the trichogyne 2. a single nucleus at the base of the carpogonium functions as the egg d. zygote develops into cluster of Prerequisite Page 14 of 25

15 Carposporangia toward the base of the carpocyst 1. carpospores (diploid asexual spores) are produced 2. when settled in an appropriate location, carpospore germinates and develops into a tetrasporophyte a. tetrasporangia form along branches of the tetrasporophyte b. each tetrasporangium undergoes meiosis, giving rise to four haploid tetraspores c. when tetraspores germinate, they give rise to male & female gametophytes Prerequisite Page 15 of 25

16 6. red to purplish colors due to phycobilins 7. chloroplasts contain chlorophylls a and sometimes d 8. carbohydrate food reserve is floridean starch 9. a number of red algae produce agar D. Division Euglenophyta The Euglenoids 1. more than 750 species 2. Euglena is common example a. spindle-shaped with no rigid cell wall b. contains a pellicle, a type of modified cell wall lacking cellulose c. two flagella, one long, one very short (located within a reservoir) d. gullet present for ingesting food e. carbohydrate food reserve is paramylon Prerequisite Page 16 of 25

17 f. reproduction is by cell division g. some species can live without chloroplasts in a suitable environment E. Division Dinophyta The Dinoflagellates 1. responsible for red tides 2. over 3,000 species 3. plates of cellulose located just inside the plasma membrane 4. possess two flagella 5. chloroplasts a. contain chlorophylls a and c2 6. many species are non-photosynthetic 7. some have an eyespot 8. chromosomes remain condensed, contain large amount of DNA 9. carbohydrate food reserve is starch 10. a few, such as those producing the red tide, produce toxins Prerequisite Page 17 of 25

18 11. some are bioluminescent 12. reproduction by cell division a. sexual reproduction rare F. Division Cryptophyta The Cryptomonads G. Division Haptophyta The Haptophytes H. Division Charophyta The Stoneworts IV. Huymand and Ecological Relevance of the Algae A. Diatoms and Diatomaceous earth 1. filtration a. sugar refining b. swimming pools 2. polishes a. silver and other metal polishes b. toothpaste polishes 3. reflective signs 4. insulation a. around blast furnaces and boilers B. Other Algae 1. Chlorella Prerequisite Page 18 of 25

19 a. important protein source C. Algin 1. ability to regulate water behavior in a number of products 2. thickening agent a. pastry fillings b. gravies c. flavored syrups 3. emulsifier and suspension agent a. salad dressings b. barbecue sauces 4. stabilizer a. chocolate drinks b. ice cream c. coffee creamers 5. paper coating a. inks adhere better to paper 6. pharmaceuticals and cosmetics a. binder in pills b. cough syrups 7. brewing a. creamier beer foam with smaller, longer-lasting bubbles D. Minerals and Food Prerequisite Page 19 of 25

20 1. kelps contain a high concentration of iodine 2. kelps can be used as fertilizers a. high content of nitrogen and potassium 3. dulse, purple laver, and Irish moss used as food 4. carrageenan used as a thickening agent 5. funori is used as laundry starch or adhesive in hair dressings E. Agar 1. produced most abundantly by the red alga Gelidium 2. culture medium for bacterial growth 3. with added nutrients, can be used as culture medium for both plant and animal cells F. Potential medicinal use V. Subkingdom Myxobionta The Slime Molds Prerequisite Page 20 of 25

21 A. Habitat 1. rotten leaves 2. tree bark B. Shape 1. plasmodium 2. amoeboid movement 3. no cell walls C. Reproduction 1. Plasmodial slime molds a. when food supply dwindles, or environment changes, plasmodium converts into many separate sporangia, each with thousands of spores b. as spore is formed, a single nucleus and a little cytoplasm is surrounded by a wall c. meiosis occurs, and three of the four nuclei degenerate d. spore germinates, and one or more myxamoebae Prerequisite Page 21 of 25

22 emerge (called swarm cells if they have flagella) e. eventually the myxamoebae (or swarm cells) function as gametes 2. Cellular slime molds a. do not produce plasmodia b. when poplulation reaches certain size, the amoeba-like cells stop feeding and form a pseudoplasmodium, which crawls like a slug c. pseudoplasmodoium eventually is transformed into a sporangium-like mass of spores D. Human and Ecological Relevance of the Slime Molds 1. decomposers a. decomposition of organic matter 2. disease causing agents Prerequisite Page 22 of 25

23 a. several cause disease of cabbage, potatoes, and watercress VI. Subkingdom Mastigobionta The Chytrids and Water Molds A. Division Chytridiomycota the Chytrids 1. habitat a. parasites of aquatic flowering plants and algae 2. shape a. simplest of all fungal-like organisms b. spherical cell with colorless branching rhizoids c. other chytrids have coenocytic hyphae 3. reproduction a. asexual reproduction by zoospore production 1. single flagellum Prerequisite Page 23 of 25

24 b. sexual reproduction involves union of two motile gametes with haploid nuclei c. zygote becomes converted into a resting spore B. Division Oomycota The Water Molds 1. habitat a. aquatic organic material 1. cottony growths on fish, and dead insects b. crop plants 1. downy mildews of grapes 2. late blight of potato a. Irish potato famine, shape a. hyphae coenocytic 3. reproduction saprolegnia a. asexual 1. formation of numerous Prerequisite Page 24 of 25

25 biflagellated zoospores b. sexual 1. involves oogonia and antheridia where meiosis occurs 4. human and ecological relevance of the water molds a. downy mildew of grapes 1. threatened French wind industry in 19 th century b. late blight of potato 1. caused Irish famine of 1846 VII. Other Memebers of Kingdom Protoctista A. Protozoans and Sponges Prerequisite Page 25 of 25

26 Plant biology 18A A. Habitat 1. rotten leaves 2. tree bark B. Shape 1. plasmodium 2. amoeboid movement 3. no cell walls C. Reproduction 1. Plasmodial slime molds a. when food supply dwindles, or environment changes, plasmodium converts into many separate sporangia, each with thousands of spores b. as spore is formed, a single nucleus and a little cytoplasm is surrounded by a wall c. meiosis occurs, and three of the four nuclei degenerate d. spore germinates, and one or more myxamoebae Prerequisite Page 1 of 20

27 emerge (called swarm cells if they have flagella) e. eventually the myxamoebae (or swarm cells) function as gametes 2. Cellular slime molds a. do not produce plasmodia b. when poplulation reaches certain size, the amoeba-like cells stop feeding and form a pseudoplasmodium, which crawls like a slug c. pseudoplasmodoium eventually is transformed into a sporangium-like mass of spores D. Human and Ecological Relevance of the Slime Molds 1. decomposers a. decomposition of organic matter 2. disease causing agents Prerequisite Page 2 of 20

28 a. several cause disease of cabbage, potatoes, and watercress VI. Subkingdom Mastigobionta The Chytrids and Water Molds A. Division Chytridiomycota the Chytrids 1. habitat a. parasites of aquatic flowering plants and algae 2. shape a. simplest of all fungal-like organisms b. spherical cell with colorless branching rhizoids c. other chytrids have coenocytic hyphae 3. reproduction a. asexual reproduction by zoospore production 1. single flagellum Prerequisite Page 3 of 20

29 b. sexual reproduction involves union of two motile gametes with haploid nuclei c. zygote becomes converted into a resting spore B. Division Oomycota The Water Molds 1. habitat a. aquatic organic material 1. cottony growths on fish, and dead insects b. crop plants 1. downy mildews of grapes 2. late blight of potato a. Irish potato famine, shape a. hyphae coenocytic 3. reproduction saprolegnia a. asexual 1. formation of numerous Prerequisite Page 4 of 20

30 biflagellated zoospores b. sexual 1. involves oogonia and antheridia where meiosis occurs 4. human and ecological relevance of the water molds a. downy mildew of grapes 1. threatened French wind industry in 19 th century b. late blight of potato 1. caused Irish famine of 1846 VII. Other Memebers of Kingdom Protoctista A. Protozoans and Sponges Prerequisite Page 5 of 20

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