JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY
|
|
- Elaine Sutton
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY Volume Number 4 IS PAPILlO GOTHICA (PAPILIONIDAE) A GOOD SPECIES C. A. CLARKE AND P. M. SHEPPARD Department of Medicine and Department of Genetics, University of Liverpool, England Remington (1968) has named the Papilio zelicaon-like swallowtail butterflies from a restricted geographical range (the high mountains of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming) Papilio gothica Remington. Since the criteria used by Remington for claiming the existence of this newly named species are chiefly genetical and ecological rather than the usually used morphological and behavioural ones, it seems desirable to examine the genetic evidence more critically than Remington appears to have done. Genetical Evidence Obtained by Hybridization Experiments Remington showed that P. zelicaon Lucas and P. gothica are morphologically very similar and he also indicated that a number of specimens cannot be classified unless the place of their origin is known. However, the Fl hybrids between P. gothica and P. polyxenes Fabr. on the one hand, and P. zelicaon and P. polyxenes on the other, are distinguishable, as are thc Fl hybrids when P. bairdi is substituted for P. polyxenes. P. polyxenes and P. bairdi Edwards are much blacker insects than P. zelicaon. They show a great reduction in the amount of yellow on both wings and body. Clarke and Sheppard (1955, 1956) have demonstrated that the marked difference between the color patterns of P. polyxenes and P. zelicaon and, in fact, between P. polyxenes and the yellow European species, Papilio machaon L., is due to the presence of a single major gene which is dominant or nearly dominant in effect. The P. gothica x P. polyxenes hybrids differ from the P. zelicaon x P. polyxenes hybrids in that those involving P. gothica have a reduction in the yellow markings on the upper side of the wings and on the abdomen, even more marked than in the P. zelicaon hybrids (Remington, 1968). Consequently, it can be concluded that the P. gothica insects that have been
2 230 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY Fig. 1. Male offspring from the mating P. polyxenes «X P. machaon ~. Three offspring are from a single mating, the fourth (top left) is from a second mating. Note that even full brothers can differ more from one another than the polyxenes X gothica and polyxenes X zelicaon illustrated by Remington. tested contain different modifiers of the effect of the major dominant allelomorph of P. polyxenes from those of P. zelicaon. However, genetic work that has been undcrtaken in the Lepidoptera (Ford, 1955b; Clarke and Sheppard, 1963, 1968; Sheppard, 19K}) shows that different populations of a single species and even different individuals within a population often contain modifiers having a much more marked effect than those reported by Remington. Furthermore, the F 1 hybrids illustrated by Remington show differences no more extreme and of exactly the same type as those found by Clarke and Sheppard (1955) between individuals when they hybridized P. polyxenes and P. machaon (Fig. 1). Thus, there is good reason to' believe that the differences between the F 1 hybrids reported by Remington are no greater than those usually found within a single species. Furthermore, Remington's data do not suggest that the differences necessarily apply to all populations which he has designated as being composed of P. gothica but only to those from a limited area.
3 VOLUME 24, NUMBER Sex Ratio in Hybrids Remington also supported his argument by claiming that P. gothica and P. zelicaon "have different hybrid sex ratios in their crosses with P. polyxenes, gothica X polyxenes being nearly lethal for the sex of the polyxenes parent whereas zelicaon X polyxenes had more nearly equal sex ratio although deficient for the sex of the polyxenes parent." Even if Remington's claim were validated (it is not supported by his data, the statistical procedures he used being wrong) the mere fact that sex ratios can be profoundly different in reciprocal hybrid matings (Haldane, 1922) should warn the unwary that very small genetic differences may profoundly altcr sex ratios in hybrids. Furthermore, even a cursory knowledge of Lepidopteran genetics would acquaint one with the fact that very different sex ratios may appear even between the progeny of sibs of the same sex when hybridization is involved. In fact, the extreme sensitivity of sex ratio to minor genetic differences in the parents is demonstrated by Remington's own data. Thus, the two crosses he reports between female zelicaon X male polyxenes show significantly different sex ratios among the progeny (P = 0.004, Fisher's exact test). It is because of this heterogeneity that it is illegitimate to combine the two broods as Remington has done in his Table IB for comparison with the single cross of a female gothica X male polyxenes. If the correct statistical procedure is followed we find that one of the two zelicaon hybrid broods is significantly different from the gothica brood (P = 0.(007) but the other is not (P = 0.122). Thus, there is no evidence as yet that the two types of hybrid (those involving zeliraon and those involving gothica) generate different sex ratios. Even if such evidence is eventually forthcoming this would not indicate that the two forms are genetically very dissimilar. Polymorphism for Larval Spot Color Remington noted from his limited experience of wild P. zelicaon larvae (less than 50 independent observations) that they are polymorphic for the color of their sub-dorsal spotting. Previously, we had shown (Clarke and Sheppard, 1955, 1956) that this polymorphism is mainly controlled by a single gene. More extensive sampling in Napa, Yolo and Eldorado Counties (Sheppard, unpublished) is in agreement with Remington's view that the polymorphism is widespread in lowland Californian populations of P. zelicaon. On the other hand, in all of about 20 independent observations (Remington, 1968) the larvae of P. gothica were monomorphic, being homozygous for the allelomorph producing yellow spotting. Remington suggests tbat in this respect they are unusual. However,
4 232 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY although P. polyxenes is polymorphic for red spotting in some populations, as Remington states, the allelomorph responsible is often absent or at such a low frequency in P. polyxenes populations that these cannot be considered to be different from those of P. gothica with respect to the polymorphism on the available evidence. The gene frequencies in the populations of P. zelicaon and P. gothic([ so far reported are clearly different. However, since P. gothica has merely become monomorphic for a character polymorphic in other areas the difference does not indicate any profound genetic change. Parallel examples are common in the Lepidoptera in situations where there is no question of two different species being involved (Clarke and Sheppard, 1963, 1968). Even within the rnachllon group itself in North America the different frequencies of the fonds cornstocki and clarki in populations of P. rudkini Comstock may illustrate the point. Ecological Evidence P. gothica is strictly univoltine in Colorado, whereas P. zelicaon, as well as many other members of the rnachaon group, is multivoltine. This genetic difference has not yet been analyzed in detail. However, the difference is not surprising since P. gothica is from the high mountains where a single generation a year would seem to be ecologically advantageous. In fact, the difference from P. zelicaon merely suggests that both are ecologically adapted to their respective environments. Thus there are two ecotypes, as is so often found when montane or northern and lowland or southern types of a single species are compared. Examples from Lepidoptera in the British Isles which illustrate this point are the butterflies Aricia agestis Schiff., and Polyomrnatus icarus Rott. (Ford, 1945) and the moth Lasiocarnpa quercus L. (Ford, 1955a), the latter having races with a two year and a one year life cycle. P. gothica also differs from P. ZeliCllon in that thc larvae of the former appear to be found in nature only on Pseudocyrnopterus montanus (A. Gray) Coulter and Rose (five larvae and an unknown number of eggs reported by Remington, 1968) whereas several specics of Umbelliferae are utilized by P. zel'icaon. However, this restriction of P. gothica but not P. zelicaon to a single larval food plant, even if it is substantiated by more evidence, would not indicate that P. zelicaon and P. gothica are different species, for such ecotypic variation is common in the Lepidoptera and is found evcn within the machaon group itself. Thus, the P. rnachaon race from eastern England not only shows marked behavioural differences compared with the continental race but the larvae are confined to the milk parsley, Peucedanurn palustri L., whereas the con-
5 VOLUME 24, l\u!viber tinental form is not so confined (Ford, 1945). This is a striking parallel within a single species to the difference reported by Remington. All the genetic evidence presented by Remington suggests that gothica is only a minor high mountain ecotype of P. zelicaon and is not a good species in its own right. Unless evidence can be produced to show that the two forms arc sexually isolated if they come together in nature (a matter that should not be difficult to study experimentally), then the use of gothica as a specific name should be discontinued. Its continued use will only confuse and not clarify the taxonomy of the machaon group. Although genetic evidence is valuable in taxonomy it must not be interpreted in a parochial way. Only if it is considered in the light of studies on other material from other lands will it be useful in clarifying taxonomic relationships. We fully agree with Remington's (1968) statement that the machaon group "is much too complicated for grand conclusions based on scanty breeding experiments or on specimen samples from a few distant, randomly-chosen localities." Literature Cited CLARKE, C. A. AKD P. M. SHEPPARD A preliminary report on the genetics of the machaon group of swallowtail butterflies. Evolution 9: A further report on the genetics of the machaon group of swallowtail butterflies. Evolution 10: Interactions between major genes and polygenes in the determination of mimetic patterns of Papilio dardanus. Evolution 17: T he genetics of the mimetic butterfly Papilio memnon L. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 254: FORD, E. B Butterflies. Collins, London. 1955a. Moths. Collins, London. 1955h. Polymorphism and taxonomy. Hcredity 9: HALDANE, J. B. S Sex ratio and unisexual sterility in hybrid animals. J. Genet. 12: REMINGTON, C. L A new sibling Papilio from the Rocky Mountains, with genetic and biological notes (Insecta, Lepidoptera). Postilla 119: SHEPPARD, P. M Evolutionary genetics of animal populations: the study of natural populations. Proc. 12th Int. Congo Cenet. 3: A NEW RECORD FOR NORTH AMERICA OF A SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY (PAPILIONIDAE) While visiting with Mr. J. E. Lipes in El Salvador, I was privilegcd to examine some of the material collected by him. Among his material were three male specimens of Papilio (Gmphium) philolaus Esd. Mr. Lipes informed me that all three were taken in Texas. However, only one specimen had complete data, which are as follows : July 21, 1958, Padre Island, Port Isabel, Cameron County, Texas, leg. J. E. Lipes. Thc specimen is being donated to the Allyn Foundation eollection, Sarasota, Florida. RAYMOND J. JAE, 1286 South Umatilla Street, DenveT, Colorado.
THE L E PI D 0 PTE R 1ST S' SOC I E TY
I.-:, ~; JOURNAL OF THE L E PI D 0 PTE R 1ST S' SOC I E TY Volume 29 1975 Number 2 PAPILlO "GOTHICA" AND THE PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY OF P. ZELlCAON (PAPILIONIDAE) ARTHUR M. SHAPIRO Department of Zoology,
More informationJ, MARK SCRIBER,! ROBERT V, DOWELL,2 ROBERT C. LEDER HOUSEl
Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 44(4), 1990, 229-244 FEMALE COLOR AND SEX RATIO IN HYBRIDS BETWEEN PAPILlO GLAUCUS GLAUCUS AND p, EURYMEDON, P. RUTULUS, AND p, MULTICAUDATUS (PAPILIONIDAE) J, MARK
More informationTitle. Author(s)SHIMADA, Kimio. CitationLow temperature science. Ser. B, Biological sciences. Issue Date Doc URL. Type.
Title Disappearance of Diapause in Hybrid Pupae between Tw Author(s)SHIMADA, Kimio CitationLow temperature science. Ser. B, Biological sciences Issue Date 1980-03-15 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/17849
More informationS. W. FROST. Frost Entomological Museum, The Pennsylvania State University, Department of E ntomology, University Park, Penn.
VOLUME 26, NUMBER 3 173 criterion for specific status will not change this. Names are labels, and the amount of biological information that they can be expected to hold is limited. LITERATURE CITED BOWDEN,
More informationChapter 17: Population Genetics and Speciation
Chapter 17: Population Genetics and Speciation Section 1: Genetic Variation Population Genetics: Normal Distribution: a line graph showing the general trends in a set of data of which most values are near
More informationSpeciation and Patterns of Evolution
Speciation and Patterns of Evolution What is a species? Biologically, a species is defined as members of a population that can interbreed under natural conditions Different species are considered reproductively
More informationEVOLUTION Unit 1 Part 9 (Chapter 24) Activity #13
AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION Unit 1 Part 9 (Chapter 24) Activity #13 NAME DATE PERIOD SPECIATION SPECIATION Origin of new species SPECIES BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT Population or groups of populations whose members have
More informationBiology 213 Summer 2004 Midterm III Choose the most correct answer and mark it on the scantron sheet. (2 pts each)
Biology 213 Summer 2004 Midterm III Choose the most correct answer and mark it on the scantron sheet. (2 pts each) 1. Evolution is a. a change in allele frequency in a population b. occurred in the past
More informationWhat do we mean by a species? Morphological species concept. Morphological species concept BIOL2007 SPECIES AND BIODIVERSITY. Kanchon Dasmahapatra
BIOL2007 SPECIES AND BIODIVERSITY Kanchon Dasmahapatra What are species? How do species differ from each other? Biodiversity: How many species are there? What do we mean by a species? Darwin proved species
More informationMicroevolutionary changes show us how populations change over time. When do we know that distinctly new species have evolved?
Microevolutionary changes show us how populations change over time. When do we know that distinctly new species have evolved? Critical to determining the limits of a species is understanding if two populations
More informationBiology 2017 Mr. Johnson
Class Notes For EVOLUTION Biology 2017 Mr. Johnson Evolution genetic change over time *Theory = explanation based on much evidence (do not confuse with hypothesis ) *Not goal-oriented (can change and
More informationUntitled Document. A. antibiotics B. cell structure C. DNA structure D. sterile procedures
Name: Date: 1. The discovery of which of the following has most directly led to advances in the identification of suspects in criminal investigations and in the identification of genetic diseases? A. antibiotics
More information9-1 The Work of Gregor
9-1 The Work of Gregor 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Mendel 1 of 32 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel s Peas Gregor Mendel s Peas Genetics is the scientific study of heredity. Gregor Mendel
More informationSTUDY GUIDE SECTION 16-1 Genetic Equilibrium
STUDY GUIDE SECTION 16-1 Genetic Equilibrium Name Period Date Multiple Choice-Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. The smallest unit in which evolution occurs is a. an individual organism. c. a species
More informationBiological Evolution
Biological Evolution What is Evolution Evolution is descent with modification Microevolution = changes in gene (allele) frequency in a population from one generation to the next Macroevolution = descent
More informationSince we re not going to have review this week either
Since we re not going to have review this week either I am posting these slides to help with reviewing the material that we didn t cover during discussion sessions these past two weeks. Of course, take
More informationPart 1: Types of Speciation
Part 1: Types of Speciation Speciation Recall from Darwin s 6 main points of his evolutionary theory that speciation is : norigin of new species. nover numerous generations, new species arise by the accumulation
More information11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel. The Work of Gregor Mendel
11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel The Work of Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel s Peas! Gregor Mendel s Peas Genetics is the scientific study of heredity. " Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk. His work was important
More informationBiology Chapter 15 Evolution Notes
Biology Chapter 15 Evolution Notes Section 1: Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Charles Darwin- English naturalist that studied animals over a number of years before developing the theory
More informationSpeciation factsheet. What is a species?
What is a species? A species is a group of interbreeding individuals that share a gene pool and are reproductively isolated from other species. It is impossible to determine whether two organisms are from
More informationGuided Notes Unit 6: Classical Genetics
Name: Date: Block: Chapter 6: Meiosis and Mendel I. Concept 6.1: Chromosomes and Meiosis Guided Notes Unit 6: Classical Genetics a. Meiosis: i. (In animals, meiosis occurs in the sex organs the testes
More informationName Class Date. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. 33
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics Chapter Vocabulary Review Matching On the lines provided, write the letter of the definition of each term. 1. genetics a. likelihood that something will happen 2. trait
More informationConceptually, we define species as evolutionary units :
Bio 1M: Speciation 1 How are species defined? S24.1 (2ndEd S26.1) Conceptually, we define species as evolutionary units : Individuals within a species are evolving together Individuals of different species
More informationBULLETIN OF THE ALLYN MUSEUM
BULLETIN OF THE ALLYN MUSEUM 3701 Bayshore Rd. Sarasota, Florida 33580 Number 76 Published By The Florida State Museum University of Florida Gainesville. Florida 32611 15 October 1982 DISCUSSION OF PAPILIO
More informationEvolution. Before You Read. Read to Learn
Evolution 15 section 3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory Biology/Life Sciences 7.e Students know the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a population and why these conditions are not likely to appear
More informationReproduction and Evolution Practice Exam
Reproduction and Evolution Practice Exam Topics: Genetic concepts from the lecture notes including; o Mitosis and Meiosis, Homologous Chromosomes, Haploid vs Diploid cells Reproductive Strategies Heaviest
More informationThe Origin of Species
The Origin of Species Introduction A species can be defined as a group of organisms whose members can breed and produce fertile offspring, but who do not produce fertile offspring with members of other
More informationEvolution of Populations
Evolution of Populations Gene Pools 1. All of the genes in a population - Contains 2 or more alleles (forms of a gene) for each trait 2. Relative frequencies - # of times an allele occurs in a gene pool
More informationChapter 15 Evolution Darwin s Theory of Natural Selection 15.2 Evidence of Evolution 15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15 Evolution 15.1 Darwin s Theory of Natural Selection 15.2 Evidence of Evolution 15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory 15.1 Darwin s Theory of Natural Selection Main idea: Charles Darwin developed
More informationThe Origin of Species
Chapter 24 The Origin of Species PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationHeredity and Evolution
Heredity and Variation Heredity and Evolution Living organisms have certain recognisable heritable features such as height, complexion, colour of hair and eyes, shape of nose and chin etc. These are called
More informationSPECIATION. REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS PREZYGOTIC: Barriers that prevent fertilization. Habitat isolation Populations can t get together
SPECIATION Origin of new species=speciation -Process by which one species splits into two or more species, accounts for both the unity and diversity of life SPECIES BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT Population or groups
More informationis the scientific study of. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk. He is considered the of genetics. Mendel carried out his work with ordinary garden.
11-1 The 11-1 Work of Gregor Mendel The Work of Gregor Mendel is the scientific study of. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk. He is considered the of genetics. Mendel carried out his work with ordinary
More informationGENETICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PSEUDO- SELF-COMPATIBILITY IN PETUNIA HYBRIDA
JAPAN. J. GENETICS Vol. 48, No. 1: 27-33 (1973) GENETICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PSEUDO- SELF-COMPATIBILITY IN PETUNIA HYBRIDA HIDEJIRO TAKAHASHI Laboratory of Applied Botany, Faculty of Agriculture,
More informationChapter 14 The Origin of Species
Chapter 14 The Origin of Species PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Joan
More informationNOTES CH 17 Evolution of. Populations
NOTES CH 17 Evolution of Vocabulary Fitness Genetic Drift Punctuated Equilibrium Gene flow Adaptive radiation Divergent evolution Convergent evolution Gradualism Populations 17.1 Genes & Variation Darwin
More informationBiology 110 Survey of Biology. Quizzam
1. Mendel conducted his most memorable experiments on A) peas. B) roses. C) guinea pigs. D) fruit flies. E) clones. 2. Varieties of plants in which self-fertilization produces offspring that are identical
More informationEvolutionary change. Evolution and Diversity. Two British naturalists, one revolutionary idea. Darwin observed organisms in many environments
Evolutionary change Evolution and Diversity Ch 13 How populations evolve Organisms change over time In baby steps Species (including humans) are descended from other species Two British naturalists, one
More informationIntroduction to Genetics
Introduction to Genetics The Work of Gregor Mendel B.1.21, B.1.22, B.1.29 Genetic Inheritance Heredity: the transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring The study of heredity in biology is
More informationUON, CAS, DBSC, General Biology II (BIOL102) Dr. Mustafa. A. Mansi. The Origin of Species
The Origin of Species Galápagos Islands, landforms newly emerged from the sea, despite their geologic youth, are filled with plants and animals known no-where else in the world, Speciation: The origin
More informationEnvironmental Influences on Adaptation
Have you ever noticed how the way you feel sometimes mirrors the emotions of the people with whom you spend a lot of time? For example, when you re around happy people, do you tend to become happy? Since
More information3/4/2015. Review. Phenotype
Review Phenotype 1 Genes Crossing Over Frequency cn cinnabar eyes Cy curly wings L lobe eyes pr purple eyes sm smooth abdomen pr - L 9% Cy - L 33% sm - pr 19% cn - pr 2% Cy - sm 43% cn - sm 17% Polygenic
More informationSlide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3. Concepts of Evolution. Isn t Evolution Just A Theory? Evolution
Slide 1 Concepts of Evolution Slide 2 Isn t Evolution Just A Theory? How does the scientific meaning of a term like theory differ from the way it is used in everyday life? Can the facts of science change
More informationT TT Tt. T TT Tt. T = Tall t = Short. Figure 11 1
Chapt 11 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The principles of probability can be used to a. predict the traits of the offspring of genetic
More informationApplications of Genetics to Conservation Biology
Applications of Genetics to Conservation Biology Molecular Taxonomy Populations, Gene Flow, Phylogeography Relatedness - Kinship, Paternity, Individual ID Conservation Biology Population biology Physiology
More informationCharles Darwin. 0 Lived in England : Beagle s five-year voyage mapping the coastline of South America
Charles Darwin 0 Lived in England 0 1809-1882 0 1831-1836: Beagle s five-year voyage mapping the coastline of South America 0 1859: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection 0 EVOLUTION à
More informationLocal resource competition. Sex allocation Is the differential allocation of investment in sons vs. daughters to increase RS. Local mate competition
Sex allocation Is the differential allocation of investment in sons vs. daughters to increase RS Local resource competition Biased against the competing sex Fisher: Genetic model predicts 1:1 sex ratio
More informationEVOLUTION. - Selection, Survival, and Drift
EVOLUTION - Selection, Survival, and Drift Evolution Darwin on the HMS Beagle Darwin s role on the ship was as a geologist and companion to the captain. His goal was to collect biological and geological
More informationChapter 11 INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS
Chapter 11 INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel I. Gregor Mendel A. Studied pea plants 1. Reproduce sexually (have two sex cells = gametes) 2. Uniting of male and female gametes = Fertilization
More informationWHAT IS BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY?
WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY? Biological diversity or biodiversity is the variety of life - the wealth of life forms found on earth. 9 WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY? Wilcox s (1984) definition: Biological
More informationEvolution. Darwin s Voyage
Evolution Darwin s Voyage Charles Darwin Explorer on an observation trip to the Galapagos Islands. He set sail on the HMS Beagle in 1858 from England on a 5 year trip. He was a naturalist (a person who
More informationChapter 15 Evolution
Section 1: Darwin s Theory of Natural Selection Section 2: Evidence of Section 3: Shaping ary Theory Click on a lesson name to select. 15.1 Darwin s Theory of Natural Selection Darwin on the HMS Beagle
More informationPlant-animal interactions
Plant-animal interactions Co-evolution? Herbivory Plant defense Pollination Seed dispersal Interactions across the life cycle Conservation: butterflies/host plants Photos: Ricklefs (Economy of Nature),
More informationPRINCIPLES OF MENDELIAN GENETICS APPLICABLE IN FORESTRY. by Erich Steiner 1/
PRINCIPLES OF MENDELIAN GENETICS APPLICABLE IN FORESTRY by Erich Steiner 1/ It is well known that the variation exhibited by living things has two components, one hereditary, the other environmental. One
More informationMutualism Change to structure of Exam 3
Mutualism Change to structure of Exam 3 Equations you do not need to memorize will now be included as an Appendix Equations will no longer be included within the question in which they are used What does
More informationNOTES CH 24: The Origin of Species
NOTES CH 24: The Origin of Species Species Hummingbirds of Costa Rica SPECIES: a group of individuals that mate with one another and produce fertile offspring; typically members of a species appear similar
More informationEcology and Evolutionary Biology 2245/2245W Exam 3 April 5, 2012
Name p. 1 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 2245/2245W Exam 3 April 5, 2012 Print your complete name clearly at the top of each page. This exam should have 6 pages count the pages in your copy to make sure.
More informationLesson 1 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
Lesson 1 Name Date Class A. What is sexual reproduction? 1. produces an offspring when genetic materials from two different sex cells combine. a. The female sex cell, a(n), forms in an ovary. b. The male
More informationTitle: WS CH 18.1 (see p ) Unit: Heredity (7.4.1) 18.1 Reading Outline p Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
Title: WS CH 18.1 (see p.612-625) Unit: Heredity (7.4.1) 18.1 Reading Outline p. 612-625 NPD A. What is sexual reproduction? (p615) 1. _ produces an offspring when genetic materials from two different
More informationSpeciation Plant Sciences, 2001Updated: June 1, 2012 Gale Document Number: GALE CV
is the process of evolution by which new species arise. The key factor causing speciation is the appearance of genetic differences between two populations, which result from evolution by natural selection.
More informationPage 2. M1.(a) (i) any two from:
M.(a) (i) (dead) animal buried in sediment allow imprint in mud hard parts / bones do not decay or soft parts do decay allow (one of) the conditions for decay is missing accept example, eg oxygen / water
More informationMendel and the Gene Idea. Biology Exploring Life Section Modern Biology Section 9-1
Mendel and the Gene Idea Biology Exploring Life Section 10.0-10.2 Modern Biology Section 9-1 Objectives Summarize the Blending Hypothesis and the problems associated with it. Describe the methods used
More informationname: Worksheets for Ch 14, 15, 16 Evolution
name: Worksheets for Ch 14, 15, 16 Evolution Classify the following scenarios as examples of either artificial or natural selection by placing the letter for each scenario into the appropriate box below.
More information2 Numbers in parentheses refer to literature cited.
A Genetic Study of Monogerm and Multigerm Characters in Beets V. F. SAVITSKY 1 Introduction Monogerm beets were found in the variety Michigan Hybrid 18 in Oregon in 1948. Two of these monogerm plants,
More informationMicroevolution (Ch 16) Test Bank
Microevolution (Ch 16) Test Bank Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following statements describes what all members
More informationQuantitative characters - exercises
Quantitative characters - exercises 1. a) Calculate the genetic covariance between half sibs, expressed in the ij notation (Cockerham's notation), when up to loci are considered. b) Calculate the genetic
More informationBIOL EVOLUTION OF QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS
1 BIOL2007 - EVOLUTION OF QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS How do evolutionary biologists measure variation in a typical quantitative character? Let s use beak size in birds as a typical example. Phenotypic variation
More informationThese next few slides correspond with 23.4 in your book. Specifically follow along on page Use your book and it will help you!
These next few slides correspond with 23.4 in your book. Specifically follow along on page 462-468. Use your book and it will help you! How does natural selection actually work? Natural selection acts
More informationGENERAL CURRICULUM MULTI-SUBJECT SUBTEST
GENERAL CURRICULUM MULTI-SUBJECT SUBTEST SUPPLEMENTAL SAMPLE OPEN-RESPONSE ITEM WITH SAMPLE RESPONSES AND ANALYSES NOTE: This sample open-response item is provided as a supplement to the Test Information
More informationBiology 11 UNIT 1: EVOLUTION LESSON 2: HOW EVOLUTION?? (MICRO-EVOLUTION AND POPULATIONS)
Biology 11 UNIT 1: EVOLUTION LESSON 2: HOW EVOLUTION?? (MICRO-EVOLUTION AND POPULATIONS) Objectives: By the end of the lesson you should be able to: Describe the 2 types of evolution Describe the 5 ways
More informationCover Page. The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/65602 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Ruchisansakun, S. Title: Balsaminaceae in Southeast Asia: systematics, evolution,
More information4/4/2017. Extrinsic Isolating Barriers. 1. Biological species concept: 2. Phylogenetic species concept:
Chapter 13 The origin of species 13.1 What Is a Species? p. 414 Ways to identify species 1. Biological species concept: 1. There are many different concepts of species 2. Species are important taxonomic
More information15 Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection. Publication of The Origin of Species
Publication of The Origin of Species -He continued observing the specimens he collected and thinking about natural selection, but kept it to himself for the next 20 YEARS! -In 1858, he received a manuscript
More informationNatural Selection. Charles Darwin & Alfred Russell Wallace
Natural Selection Charles Darwin & Alfred Russell Wallace Darwin s Influences Darwin observed such variations in species on his voyage as a naturalist on the HMS Beagle Darwin s Influences Kept vast diaries
More informationNatural Selection: Genetics of Families and Populations
Biology, Quarter 4, Unit 4.1 Natural Selection: Genetics of Families and Populations Overview Number of instructional days: 12 (1 day = 53 minutes) Content to be learned Explain how information is passed
More informationHow Biological Diversity Evolves
CHAPTER 14 How Biological Diversity Evolves PowerPoint Lectures for Essential Biology, Third Edition Neil Campbell, Jane Reece, and Eric Simon Essential Biology with Physiology, Second Edition Neil Campbell,
More informationProcesses of Evolution
Processes of Evolution Microevolution Processes of Microevolution How Species Arise Macroevolution Microevolution Population: localized group of individuals belonging to the same species with the potential
More information3U Evolution Notes. Natural Selection: What is Evolution? -The idea that gene distribution changes over time -A change in the frequency of an allele
3U Evolution Notes What is Evolution? -The idea that gene distribution changes over time -A change in the frequency of an allele Let s look back to what we know: From genetics we can say that a gene is
More informationSpeciation. Today s OUTLINE: Mechanisms of Speciation. Mechanisms of Speciation. Geographic Models of speciation. (1) Mechanisms of Speciation
Speciation Today s OUTLINE: (1) Geographic Mechanisms of Speciation (What circumstances lead to the formation of new species?) (2) Species Concepts (How are Species Defined?) Mechanisms of Speciation Last
More informationTopic outline: Review: evolution and natural selection. Evolution 1. Geologic processes 2. Climate change 3. Catastrophes. Niche.
Topic outline: Review: evolution and natural selection Evolution 1. Geologic processes 2. Climate change 3. Catastrophes Niche Speciation Extinction Biodiversity Genetic engineering http://www.cengage.com/cgi-wadsworth/course_products_wp.pl?fid=m20b&product_isbn_issn=9780495015987&discipline_number=22
More informationTheory a well supported testable explanation of phenomenon occurring in the natural world.
Evolution Theory of Evolution Theory a well supported testable explanation of phenomenon occurring in the natural world. Evolution the process by which modern organisms changed over time from ancient common
More informationSpeciation. Today s OUTLINE: Mechanisms of Speciation. Mechanisms of Speciation. Geographic Models of speciation. (1) Mechanisms of Speciation
Speciation Today s OUTLINE: (1) Geographic Mechanisms of Speciation (What circumstances lead to the formation of new species?) (2) Species Concepts (How are Species Defined?) Mechanisms of Speciation Last
More informationHeredity and Evolution
CHAPTER 9 Heredity and Evolution Multiple Choice Questions 1. Exchange of genetic material takes place in (a) vegetative reproduction (b) asexual reproduction (c) sexual reproduction (d) budding 2. Two
More information7. Where do most crustaceans live? A. in the air B. in water C. on the land D. underground. 10. Which of the following is true about all mammals?
1 A flounder is a type of fish The flounder can change its color to match the surroundings If a shark approaches, the flounder lays still, blending into the sandy ocean bottom This is known as 2 Which
More informationMaster 2.1, Salamander Populations
Master 2.1, Salamander Populations The small salamanders of the genus Ensatina are strictly terrestrial. They even lay their eggs on land. Nevertheless, these salamanders need a moist environment and do
More informationGenetics (patterns of inheritance)
MENDELIAN GENETICS branch of biology that studies how genetic characteristics are inherited MENDELIAN GENETICS Gregory Mendel, an Augustinian monk (1822-1884), was the first who systematically studied
More informationBIOLOGY 321. Answers to text questions th edition: Chapter 2
BIOLOGY 321 SPRING 2013 10 TH EDITION OF GRIFFITHS ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT SET #1 I have made every effort to prevent errors from creeping into these answer sheets. But, if you spot a mistake, please send
More information1. they are influenced by many genetic loci. 2. they exhibit variation due to both genetic and environmental effects.
October 23, 2009 Bioe 109 Fall 2009 Lecture 13 Selection on quantitative traits Selection on quantitative traits - From Darwin's time onward, it has been widely recognized that natural populations harbor
More informationROGH Docent Program Week 4: Orchid Biology.
Orchid Classification, Structure & Diversity Monocots (one seed leaf) with parallel venation Derived from Lily-relative Fossilized orchid pollen - 76 to 84 million years ago (Late Cretaceous) Allopolyploidy
More informationSpeciation in the Rana pipiens Complex. Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61761
AMER. ZOOL., 13:73-79 (1973). Speciation in the Rana pipiens Complex LAUREN E. BROWN Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61761 SYNOPSIS. The long held view that
More informationAlternatives to competition. Lecture 13. Facilitation. Functional types of consumers. Stress Gradient Hypothesis
Lecture 13 Finishing Competition and Facilitation Consumer-Resource interactions Predator-prey population dynamics Do predators regulate prey? Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model Predator behavior matters:
More informationStation #5: Evolution. Read over the Theory of Evolution study guide Answer the following questions:
Station #5: Evolution Read over the Theory of Evolution study guide Answer the following questions: 1. Which of the following does not contribute to genetic variation among offspring? a. Division of cells
More informationName: Hour: Teacher: ROZEMA. Inheritance & Mutations Connected to Speciation
Name: Hour: Teacher: ROZEMA Inheritance & Mutations Connected to Speciation Let s Review What We Already Know: What Have We Learned? Lesson 26: PI 1 (Projected Image) - Human Karyotype (image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/karyotype#/media/file:nhgri_human_male_karyotype.png)
More informationName Date Class CHAPTER 15. In your textbook, read about developing the theory of natural selection. For each statement below, write true or false.
Name Date Class Study Guide CHAPTER 15 Section 1: Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection In your textbook, read about developing the theory of natural selection. For each statement below, write
More informationIntroduction to Genetics
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics Section 11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel (pages 263 266) This section describes how Gregor Mendel studied the inheritance of traits in garden peas and what his conclusions
More informationEvolution. Species Changing over time
Evolution Species Changing over time Objectives I can differentiate between natural selection and artificial selection and I can give examples of each. I can explain several reasons for genetic variation
More informationNOTES Ch 17: Genes and. Variation
NOTES Ch 17: Genes and Vocabulary Fitness Genetic Drift Punctuated Equilibrium Gene flow Adaptive radiation Divergent evolution Convergent evolution Gradualism Variation 17.1 Genes & Variation Darwin developed
More informationEvolution. Early Beliefs
Early Beliefs Evolution Chain of Beings- Life extended from lowest forms to humans, spiritual beings were highest. Single Creation- All species were links created at the same time at one center of creation.
More informationEvidence for Evolution Notes:
Evidence for Evolution Notes: Evidence that supports the theory of evolution is usually grouped into four main areas, such as 1. Biochemical DNA analysis 2. Comparative anatomy morphology, homologous structures,
More informationCh 11.Introduction to Genetics.Biology.Landis
Nom Section 11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel (pages 263 266) This section describes how Gregor Mendel studied the inheritance of traits in garden peas and what his conclusions were. Introduction (page 263)
More information