Part 1: Types of Speciation

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1 Part 1: Types of Speciation

2 Speciation Recall from Darwin s 6 main points of his evolutionary theory that speciation is : norigin of new species. nover numerous generations, new species arise by the accumulation of inherited variations. nwhen a type is produced that is significantly different from the original, it becomes a species. na species can reproduce successfully with its own kind.

3 Speciation: Not Speciation: Three-Spined Stickleback Fish Liger Cannot reproduce, therefore not a new species of animal Evolved from salt water into fresh water varieties. Examples of Speciation

4 Occurs when a new species evolves in geographic isolation from its ancestor. Example: One species could split into two if a physical barrier, such as a new river, divided its geographic range. If the barrier is large enough, gene flow between them would cease and the two separate populations would evolve independently. Over time, different alleles would be fixed in them, either because of the hazards of mutation and drift, or because selection favored different characters in the two. If the two populations are separated long enough for significant divergence to have taken place, then if the barrier is removed and the populations are reunited, they might remain distinct from each other. There would now be two species where there was formerly one. Allopatric Speciation

5 When a population of a species gets separated by geographic means (distance, mountains, rivers, oceans, etc.) that leads to reproductive isolation of that population. Example: New World Drosophila flies that have been extensively studied by evolutionists for several decades. Two subspecies live in continental South America D. willistoni quechua lives west of the Andes and D. willistoni willistoni east of the Andes. They are effectively separated by the Andes because the flies cannot live at high altitudes. It is not known whether their geographic separation is as old as the Andes, but it has existed long enough for reproductive isolation to occur. When the two subspecies are crossed in the laboratory the males that result are completely sterile. Geographic Isolation How Allopatric Speciation Can Happen

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8 Speciation that occurs without geographic isolation of a population. The speciating populations generally share the same territory. This type of speciation occurs when the gene flow between members of a population is restricted due to ecological isolation (niche differentiation). Some members of a population may be better adapted to a slightly different habitat in an ecosystem, and begin to specialize in that habitat. Different selective pressures in the two habitats lead to genetic changes in the organisms. The two populations become reproductively isolated, and two distinct species result, even though there are no physical barriers separating the population. Sympatric Speciation

9 Populations may occupy the same territory but live in different habitats and so not meet. Example: The Anopheles maculipennis group consists of six mosquito species, some of which are involved in the transmission of malaria. Although the species are virtually indistinguishable morphologically, they are isolated reproductively, in part because they breed in different habitats. Some breed in brackish water, others in running fresh water, and still others in stagnant fresh water. Ecological Isolation (niche differentiation) - How Sympatric Speciation Can Happen

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11 Among sexual organisms, individuals that are able to interbreed belong to the same species. The biological properties of organisms that prevent interbreeding are called reproductive isolating mechanisms (RIMs). Oaks on different islands, minnows in different rivers, or squirrels in different mountain ranges cannot interbreed because they are physically separated, not necessarily because they are biologically incompatible. Geographic separation, therefore, is not a RIM. Reproductive Isolation - How Sympatric Speciation Can Happen

12 There are two general categories of reproductive isolating mechanisms: prezygotic, or those that take effect before fertilization, and postzygotic, those that take effect afterward. Prezygotic RIMs prevent the formation of hybrids between members of different populations. Postzygotic RIMs reduce the viability or fertility of hybrids or their progeny. Reproductive Isolation

13 Examples of prezygotic would be: alterations in behaviour such as a group of nocturnal mammals that become active during the day so that they no longer interbreed with counterparts who are active at night. Example of postzygotic would be a horse and a donkey mate to produce a mule. The mule is sterile. Reproductive Isolation

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15 Part 2: Patterns of Evolution

16 Occurs when different organism that live in similar environments become more alike in appearance and behaviour. The environment selects similar adaptations in unrelated species. Organisms develop analogous structures (same function, but different origins) Convergent Evolution

17 Examples: Bird wings and insect wings Shark fins and dolphin fins

18 Placental vs Marsupial Animals

19 When 2 species evolve together. There is mutual evolutionary influence between 2 species Their species have a symbiotic relationship (interaction between members of 2 populations) Co-evolution

20 Examples Birds and Flowers Leafcutter ant and the fungus it farms Newts and garter snakes Examples of Coevolution

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23 The process by which an ancestral species gives rise to a number of new species that are adapted to different environmental conditions. Often occur when a species colonizes a new environment. Organisms develop homologous structures (similar or related structures in organisms ex. Human arm, bird wing, dog foreleg). Divergent Evolution

24 This often happens when a species colonizes a new environment in which there are unoccupied ecological niches. For example, the adaptive radiation of Hawaiian honeycreepers and Darwin s finches occurred on islands. In other cases, it occurred after the extinction of many other species. The rapid increase in the number of species of mammals took place after the mass extinction of the dinosaurs. Divergent Evolution

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